Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
10/11/02
3:41 PM
Page 170
Page 1 of 3
1. What are the dates of the two empires shown on the map?
2. What portion of India remained outside Mauryan control?
3. What geographic factors might have made further
expansion difficult for both empires?
For more information about the early empires of India and China . . .
CLASSZONE.COM
321 B.C.
Chandragupta Maurya
founds Mauryan Empire.
170
202 B.C.
Liu Bang establishes
Chinas Han Dynasty.
170-171-0207co
10/11/02
3:41 PM
Page 171
Page 2 of 3
500
500
1000 Miles
1000 Kilometers
Robinson Projection
GOB
Yello w Riv
e
g He
an
r)
TA K L I M A K A N
DESERT
Merv
I D
RT
Dunhuang
E
ES
Hu
Ye l l o w
Sea
Luoyang
YA
iv
an
g
R
es
R
us
MO
UNTAINS
iv
pu t r a R
ma
iv
ia n g
gJ
(Ya
30N
East
China
Sea
Brah
Pattala
er
Pataliputra
Cha
n
er
LA
Ind
Chang'an
(Xi'an)
R
iver)
e
z
t
g
P L AT E AU O F
TIBET
er
Taxila
Tropic of Cancer
PACIFIC
OCEAN
South
China
Sea
Bay of
Bengal
15N
Arabian
Sea
15N
INDIAN
OCEAN
75E
A.D. 65
Buddhism takes
root in China.
90E
A.D. 105
Chinese invent
paper.
A.D. 220
Han Dynasty
falls.
105E
120E
172-0207s1
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 172
Page 3 of 3
Would you
be a spy?
EXAMINING
Do citizens have the responsibility to
turn in people who are committing
crimes?
What kinds of tensions might exist in
a society where people spy on each
other?
Is it right for a government to control
people by spying on them?
172 Chapter 7
the
ISSUES
173-176-0207s1
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 173
Page 1 of 4
First Empires
of India
Mauryan Empire
Asoka
religious
toleration
Tamil
Gupta Empire
patriarchal
matriarchal
MAIN IDEA
SETTING THE STAGE By 600 B.C., almost 1,000 years after the Aryan migrations,
many small kingdoms were scattered throughout India. In 326 B.C., Alexander the
Great brought the Indus Valley in the northwest under Greek controlbut left the
region almost immediately. Soon after, a great Indian military leader, Chandragupta
Maurya (CHUHN druh GUP tuh MAH oor yuh), seized power for himself.
Background
Chandragupta
may have been
a younger son of
the Nanda king.
Kautilya (kow TIHL yuh), who was a member of the priestly caste.
Kautilya wrote a rulers handbook called the Arthasastra (AHR thuh
SHAHS truh). This book teaches how to hold a vast empire together.
Following Kautilyas advice, Chandragupta created a highly
bureaucratic government. He carefully chose his officials and had
them closely supervised. Chandragupta divided the empire into four
provinces, each headed by a royal prince. Each province was then
divided into local districts, whose officials assessed taxes and enforced
the law.
City Life and Country Life Eager to stay at peace with the Indian
emperor, Seleucus sent an ambassador, Megasthenes (muh GAS
thuh neez), to Chandraguptas capital. In his diary, Megasthenes wrote
glowing descriptions of Chandraguptas palace. The palace was filled
India and China Establish Empires 173
173-176-0207s1
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 174
Page 2 of 4
with gold-covered pillars, numerous fountains, and imposing thrones. His capital
city featured beautiful parks and bustling markets.
Megasthenes also described the countryside and how farmers lived:
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
[Farmers] are exempted from military service and cultivate their lands undisturbed
by fear. They do not go to cities, either on business or to take part in their tumults.
It therefore frequently happens that at the same time, and in the same part of the
country, men may be seen marshaled for battle and risking their lives against the
enemy, while other men are ploughing or digging in perfect security under the
protection of these soldiers.
MEGASTHENES, in Geography by Strabo
In 301 B.C., Chandraguptas son assumed the throne and ruled for 32 years.
Then Chandraguptas grandson, Asoka (uh SOH kuh), brought the Mauryan
Empire to its greatest heights.
269 B.C. At first, he followed Kautilyas philosophy of waging war to expand his
power. He led a long campaign against his neighbors to the southeast in the
state of Kalinga. During this bloody war, 100,000 soldiers were slain and even
more civilians perished.
This carved set
Although victorious, Asoka felt sorrow over the slaughter at Kalinga. As a
of three lions
result,
he
studied Buddhism and decided to rule by Buddhas teaching of nonviolence
appeared on top
of one of Asokas
and peace to all beings. Throughout the empire, Asoka erected huge stone pillars
pillars. This trio of
inscribed with his new policies. Some edicts guaranteed that Asoka would treat his sublions is still used as
jects fairly and humanely. Others preached nonviolence. Still others urged religious
a symbol of India.
tolerationacceptance of people who held different beliefsand acceptance of peo ple of all cultural backgrounds.
HISTORY
MAKERS
Asoka had extensive roads built
so that he could visit the far corners
Asoka
Chandragupta Maurya
of India. He also improved condi?232 B.C.
?298 B.C.
tions along these roads to make
One of Asokas edicts states,
Chandragupta feared being
travel easier for his officials and to
assassinatedmaybe because
If one hundredth part or
improve communication in the vast
he had killed a king to get his
one thousandth of those who
throne. To avoid being poisoned,
empire. For example, he had trees
died in Kalinga . . . should now
he made servants taste all his
suffer similar fate, [that]
planted to provide shade. Every
food. To avoid being murdered in
would be a matter of pain
nine miles, he had wells dug and
bed, he slept in a different room
to His Majesty.
rest houses built. This allowed travevery night. A guard of armed
Even though Asoka wanted to be
women surrounded him at all
elers to stop and refresh thema loving, peaceful ruler, he still had
times and killed anyone who
selves. Asoka even ordered the
to control a huge empire. To do so,
came inside their lines.
creation of watering places for anihe had to balance Kautilyas
Although Chandragupta was a
methods of keeping power and
mals. Such actions demonstrated
fierce warrior for most of his life, in
Buddhas urgings to be unselfish.
301 B.C., he voluntarily gave up his
Asokas concern for his subjects
After converting to Buddhism,
throne and converted to Jainism.
well-being.
Asoka softened Chandraguptas
Jainists taught nonviolence and
Noble as Asokas policies of tolharsher policies. Instead of spies, he
respect for all life. With a group
employed officials to look out for his
eration
and nonviolence were, they
of monks, he traveled to southern
subjects welfare. He kept his army
failed to hold the empire together
India. There he followed the Jainist
but sought to rule humanely. In
custom of fasting until he starved
once Asoka was gone. Soon after he
addition, Asoka sent missionaries to
to death.
died in 232 B.C., the empire began
Southeast Asia to spread Buddhism.
to break up.
A Period of Turmoil
Asokas death left a power vacuum that was felt through the entire subcontinent. In
northern and central India, regional kings challenged the imperial government. The
kingdoms of central India, which had only been loosely held in the Mauryan Empire,
174 Chapter 7
Vocabulary
edicts: official, public
announcements of
policy.
173-176-0207s1
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 175
Page 3 of 4
Indian Empires,
regained their independence soon
250 B.C.A.D. 400
after the death of Asoka. The Andhra
(AHN druh) Dynasty arose and domi.
MTS
Mauryan Empire, 250 B.C.
USH
K
nated the region for hundreds of years.
DU
Gupta Empire, A.D. 400
N
I
H
Because of their central position, the
Areas under Gupta influence
Tamil kingdoms
Andhras profited from the extensive
M
A
trade between north and south India
L
CHINA
A
Y
and also built up trade with Rome, Sri
s
A
u
d
S
n
I
THAR
Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
DESERT
At the same time, northern India
Ayodhya
R.
Mathura
utr a
had to absorb a flood of new people
ra h m a p
e
s
g
n
R
B
a
.
G
Prayaga
fleeing political instability in other
Pataliputra
regions of Asia. For 500 years, wave
R.
20N
N a r m a da
after wave of Greeks, Persians, and
f
Mout h s oes
Central Asians poured through the
ng
a
t
G
h
e
Go
dav
mountain passes into northern India.
Arabian
a r i R.
S
Bay
AT
Sea
Without a doubt, these invaders disH
G
of
rupted Indian society. But they also
Beng al
introduced new languages and cusCau
ver
toms that added to the already rich
INDIAN
y
R.
OCEAN
blend of Indian culture.
500
Miles
0
Southern India also experienced
turmoil. Some rulers in southern India
0
1,000 Kilometers
broke away from the empire after
G E O G R A P H Y S K I L L B U I L D E R : Interpreting Maps
Asokas death. In addition, Indias
1. Region Compare the region occupied by the Gupta Empire to
southern tip was home to three kingthat occupied by the Mauryan Empire. Discuss size, location, and
doms that had never been conquered
physical characteristics.
by the Mauryans. The people who
2. Place The two empires had one boundarythe northeast
lived in this region spoke the Tamil
boundarythat was roughly the same. Explain why neither
(TAM uhl) language and are called the
empire expanded further in this direction.
Tamil people. These three kingdoms often
were at war with one another and with other states.
R.
GHA
EAST
RN
ERN
WESTE
80E
TS
Background
When the Aryans
entered India about
1500 B.C., they drove
many of the preAryans south to
this region.
Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire The first Gupta emperor came to power, not
through battle, but by marrying the daughter of an old, influential royal family. After
this useful marriage, Chandra Gupta I took the title of Great King of Kings in A.D.
320. His empire included Magadha and the area just to the north of it, with the central region of the Ganges River as a power base.
Chandra Gupta Is son, Samudra (suh MU druh) Gupta, became king in A.D. 335.
Although he was a lover of poetry and music, Samudra also had a warlike side. He
expanded the empire with 40 years of war and conquest. This gave him control over
most of the lands immediately surrounding his fathers empire.
Daily Life in India The Gupta era is the first period about which historians have
much information concerning daily life in India. Most Indians lived in small villages,
where life followed a stable rhythm that beat steadily on for centuries. Craftspeople
and merchants clustered in specific districts. They had shops on the street level and
lived in the rooms above.
173-176-0207s1
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 176
Page 4 of 4
Gupta Empire
A.D. 420
320 B.C.
321 B.C.
Chandragupta
kills the king
and claims
the throne.
301 B.C.
Chandraguptas
son assumes
the throne.
500 years
of turmoil follow
Asokas death.
A.D.
415 Chandra
Gupta II dies.
The majority of villagers, however, were farmers, who walked daily from their
homes to the fields outlying the town. Most Indian families were patriarchal, headed
by the eldest male. Parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and children all worked
together to raise their crops. Because drought was common, farmers often had to
irrigate their crops. There was a tax on water, and every month, people had to donate
a days worth of labor to maintain wells, irrigation ditches, reservoirs, and dams. As in
Mauryan times, farmers owed a large part of their earnings to the king.
Southern India followed a different cultural pattern. Some Tamil groups were
matriarchal, which meant that the mother, rather than the father, was head of the
family. Property, and sometimes the throne, was passed through the female line. One
famous Tamil ruler was the queen of the Pandyas, whom Megasthenes described as
having an army of 500 elephants, 4,000 cavalry, and 13,000 infantry.
Height of the Gupta Empire While village life followed unchanging traditional
patterns, the royal court of the third Gupta emperor was a place of excitement and
growth. Many Indians consider this emperor, Chandra Gupta II, to be the prince of
princes among the Guptas because of his heroic and gallant qualities.
Chandra Gupta II defeated the Shakasan enemy kingdom to the west. He added
their west coast territory to his empire. This allowed the Guptas to take part in the
profitable trade between India and the Mediterranean world. Chandra Gupta II also
strengthened his empire through peaceful means by negotiating diplomatic and marriage alliances. For example, he arranged for his daughter to marry a king who controlled the western Deccan (a plateau in south-central India).
Chandra Gupta II ruled for 40 years. Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist who traveled in
India during Chandra Gupta IIs reign, recorded that his subjects seemed generally
happy. During the reign of the first three Guptas, India experienced a period of great
achievement in art, literature, religious thought, science, and mathematics. These will
be discussed in Section 2. After the death of Chandra Gupta II, another wave of
invaders again threatened northern India. These fierce fighters, called the Hunas,
were cousins to the Huns who were disrupting the Roman Empire at the same time.
Over the next 100 years, the Gupta Empire broke into small separate kingdoms.
Many of these were overrun by the Huns and other Central Asian nomads.
Section 1 Assessment
1. TERMS & NAMES
Identify
Mauryan Empire
Asoka
religious toleration
Tamil
Gupta Empire
patriarchal
matriarchal
2. TAKING NOTES
3. SUPPORTING OPINIONS
THINK ABOUT
Mauryan
Empire
Only
Both
Empires
Gupta
Empire
Only
176 Chapter 7
4. THEME ACTIVITY
177-180-0207s2
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 177
Page 1 of 4
Mahayana
Theravada
Brahma
Vishnu
Shiva
Kalidasa
Silk Roads
SETTING THE STAGE The 500 years between the Mauryan and Gupta empires was
a time of upheaval. Invaders poured into India, bringing new ideas and customs. In
response, Indians began to change their own culture.
This Buddha is
carved in the
Gandharan artistic
stylea blend of
Greco-Roman and
Indian styles. For
example, the
flowing robes are
similar to those
seen on Roman
imperial statues.
A Hindu Rebirth Like Buddhism, Hinduism had become remote from the people. By the time of the Mauryan Empire, Hinduism had developed a complex set
of sacrifices that could be performed only by the priests. People who werent
priests had less and less direct connection with the religion.
Gradually, through exposure to other cultures and in response to the popularity of Buddhism, Hinduism changed. Although the religion continued to
177-180-0207s2
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 178
Page 2 of 4
embrace hundreds of gods, a trend toward monotheism was growing. Many people
began to believe that there was only one divine force in the universe. The various gods
represented parts of that force. The three most important gods were Brahma
(BRAH muh), creator of the world; Vishnu (VIHSH noo), preserver of the world; and
Shiva (SHEE vuh), destroyer of the world. Of the three, Vishnu and Shiva were by far
the favorites. Many Indians began to devote themselves to these two gods. As Hinduism
evolved to a more personal religion, its appeal to the masses grew.
CONNECT to TODAY
Entertainment in India
Today, drama remains hugely
popular in India. India has the
largest movie industry in the world.
About twice as many full-length
feature films are released yearly
in India as in the United States.
India produces both popular
and serious films. Indian popular
films are often love stories that
blend music, dance, drama, and
action adventure. Indias serious
films have received worldwide
critical praise. In 1992, the Indian
director Satyajit Ray received a
lifetime achievement Academy
Award for making artistic films. His
films brought Indian culture to a
worldwide audience.
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
Literature and the Performing Arts One of Indias greatest writers, Kalidasa (KAHL ee DAHS uh), may have been the court poet for
Chandra Gupta II, who reigned from A.D. 375 to 415. Kalidasas most
famous play is Shakuntala. It tells the story of a beautiful girl who falls
in love with and marries a middle-aged king. After Shakuntala and her
husband are separated, they suffer tragically because of a curse that
prevents the king from recognizing his wife when they meet again.
Generations of Indians have continued to admire Kalidasas plays
because they are skillfully written and emotionally stirring.
Southern India also has a rich literary tradition. In the second
century A.D., the city of Madurai in southern India became a site of
writing academies. More than 2,000 Tamil poems from this period
still exist. In the following excerpt from a third-century poem, a
young man describes his sweetheart cooking him a meal:
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
There dwells my sweetheart, curving and lovely,
languid of gaze, with big round earrings,
and little rings on her tiny fingers.
She has cut the leaves of the garden plantain
and split them in pieces down the stalk
to serve as platters for the meal.
Her eyes are filled with the smoke of cooking.
Her brow, as fair as the crescent moon,
is covered now with drops of sweat.
She wipes it away with the hem of her garment
and stands in the kitchen, and thinks of me.
ANONYMOUS TAMIL POET, quoted in The Wonder That Was India
100
0
U.S.
Movies
advance of science. Because sailors on trading ships used the stars to help them
figure their position at sea, knowledge of astronomy increased. From Greek invaders,
Indians adapted Western methods of keeping time. They began to use a calendar
based on the cycles of the sun rather than the moon, adopted a seven-day week, and
divided each day into hours.
During the Gupta Empire (A.D. 320 to about 500), knowledge of astronomy
increased further. Almost 1,000 years before Columbus, Indian astronomers proved
178 Chapter 7
177-180-0207s2
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 179
Page 3 of 4
that the earth was round by observing a lunar eclipse. During the eclipse, the earths
shadow fell across the face of the moon. The astronomers noted that the earths
shadow was curved, indicating that the earth itself was round.
Indian mathematics was among the most advanced in the world. Modern numerals,
the zero, and the decimal system, were invented in India. Around A.D. 500, an Indian
named Aryabhata (AHR yuh BUHT uh) calculated the value of pi () to four decimal
places. He also calculated the length of the solar year as 365.3586805 days. This figure
is very close to modern calculations made with an atomic clock.
In medicine, two important medical guides were compiled. These works classified
more than 1,000 diseases and described more than 500 medicinal plants. Hindu physicians
knew how to perform surgeryincluding plastic surgeryand possibly gave inoculations.
C. Possible Answer
Trade routes carried
people and new ideas
along with resources
to other civilizations.
Overland Trade, East and West The groups who invaded India after the end of
Mauryan rule helped to expand Indias trade to new regions. For example, Central
Asian nomads brought Indians information about the caravan routes that crisscrossed
central Asia.
These caravan routes were known as Silk Roads because traders used them to
bring silk from China to Western Asia and on to Rome. Once Indians learned of the Silk
Roads, they realized that they could make great profits by acting as middlemen.
Caspian
Sea
80E
Ecbatana
R.
Herat
Ctesiphon
Eu
Tyre
Merv
PERSIA
Changan (Xian)
Taxila
ph
Luoyang
ate
120E
Antioch
T i g res
40E
To Rome
Charax
Persian
Gulf
EGYPT
u s R.
Persepolis
ng
Harmozia
ARABIA
Patala
Omana
Barbaricum
ng
Jia R.)
g
an tze
Ch ang
CHINA
(Y
Ga
Aelana
sR
nd
Gaza
Alexandria
es
R.
Pataliputra
Nanhai
(Guangzhou)
GUPTA EMPIRE
Tropic
of Cancer
Barygaza
Red
Trade route
Sea
Adulis
KINGDOM
OF
AKSUM
Trade products
produced
Arab i an
S ea
Cane
0
0
500 Miles
Ba y o f
Ben g a l
Muziris
Sopatma
1,000 Kilometers
Oc Eo
Takkola
G E O G R A P H Y S K I L L B U I L D E R : Interpreting Maps
1. Movement Since people usually trade for goods they do not make themselves, which
products were most likely to travel from Gupta India to Arabia?
2. Movement How far did trade goods travel to get from Luoyang in China to
Alexandria in Egypt?
0 Equator
Cloth
Grains
Ivory
Metal
SouthPrecious stones
China
Silk
Sea Enslaved persons
Spices
Timber
Tortoiseshell
179
177-180-0207s2
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 180
Page 4 of 4
around the rim of the Arabian Sea and up the Persian Gulf to bring goods from India
to Rome. In addition, traders from southern India would sail to Southeast Asia to collect
spices. They bought the spices back to India and sold them to merchants from Rome.
Archaeologists have found hoards of Roman gold coins in southern India. Records
show that some Romans were upset about the amount of gold their
GlobalImpact countrymen spent on Indian luxuries. They believed that a state with
a healthy economy must collect gold rather than spend it.
Rome wasnt Indias only trading partner. India imported African
ivory
and gold and exported cotton cloth. Rice and wheat went to
2
Arabia in exchange for dates and horses. After trade with Rome
1
INDIA
declined around the third century A.D., Indias sea trade with China
increased. The Chinese imported Indian cotton cloth, monkeys,
3
parrots, and elephants and sent India silk.
4
The Spread of Buddhism
Buddhism became a missionary
religion during Asokas reign. From
his capital city (1), Asoka sent out
Buddhist missionaries. After Indians
began trading along the Silk Roads,
Buddhist monks travelled these
routes and converted people on
the way.
Buddhist monks from India
established their first monastery
in China (2) in A.D. 65, and many
Chinese became Buddhists. From
China, Buddhism reached Korea
in the fourth century and Japan in
the sixth century.
Today, Buddhism is a major
religion throughout East and
Southeast Asia. The Theravada
school is strong in Myanmar,
Cambodia (3), Sri Lanka (4), and
Thailand. The Mahayana school
is strong in Japan and Korea.
Vocabulary
oases: plural of
oasis, which is a
watering place in
a desert.
Section 2 Assessment
1. TERMS & NAMES
Identify
Mahayana
Theravada
Brahma
Vishnu
Shiva
Kalidasa
Silk Roads
2. TAKING NOTES
180 Chapter 7
3. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS
THINK ABOUT
the effect on people who
practiced the religion
the effect on art and culture
the effect on other countries
4. ANALYZING THEMES
THINK ABOUT
interaction because of trade
the influence of art, science,
religion
181-187-0207s3
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 181
Page 1 of 7
Han Emperors
in China
Han Dynasty
centralized
government
civil service
monopoly
assimilation
MAIN IDEA
SETTING THE STAGE Under Shi Huangdi, the Qin Dynasty had unified China. Shi
Huangdi conquered the rival kings who ruled small states throughout China and
established a strong government. After Shi Huangdi died in 210 B.C., his son proved
to be a weak, ineffective leader. Chinas government fell apart.
Background
In feudal societies,
nobles receive land
in exchange for
service to a higher
noble or king.
Liu Bang
256195 B.C.
Although Liu Bang was born a
peasant, legend says that dragons
attended his birth. According to
Chinese belief, this meant he would
rise to great power.
Liu Bang was a village official
who turned rebel general after Shi
Huangdi died. He wasnt a great
military leader. According to one
story, nomads once captured him
and held him for ransom.
However, Liu Bang had other
skills that made him a successful
emperor. Wisely, he chose educated
advisers. He strengthened the
central government. With foreign
powers, he knew when to negotiate
and when to use force. He was
such a strong leader that Chinese
historians call him Gaozu, which
means exalted founder.
The Empress L When Liu Bang died in 195 B.C., his son became
emperorin name only. The real ruler was his mother, Empress L.
Although L had not been Liu Bangs only wife, she had powerful
friends at court who helped her seize power. The empress outlived her
son and retained control of the throne by naming first one infant and
then another as emperor. Because the infants were too young to rule, she remained in
control. When Empress L died in 180 B.C., people who remained loyal to Liu Bangs
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 182
Page 2 of 7
MONGOLIA
Kuqa
Merv
AKAN
T A K L I M RT
DESE
Kashgar
Dunhuang
In
JAPAN
Yellow
Sea
Luoyang
Nanjing
Chang'an
(Xi'an)
60E
H
A
TIBET
Ga
ng
es
a
ll o n g H
wR e
.)
R.
Hu e
Y
Chang'an (
I N D I A
A S
PACIFIC
OCEAN
J
z e i a ng
R.)
Arabian
Sea
Luoyang
H u( Y
ASIA
ASIA
Lanzhou
R.
du
PERSIA
ER
a
e l l n g He
o w R .)
DES
GOBI
Ctesiphon
ng
Cha angt
(Y
Y e l l ow
Se a
South
China
Sea
(Y Ch
PACIFIC
OCEAN
1,000 Kilometers
Sou t h
C h i na
Se a
1,000 Miles
2,000 Kilometers
G E O G R A P H Y S K I L L B U I L D E R : Interpreting Maps
1. Place What was the approximate size, in square miles, of the Han empire at its
greatest extent?
2. Location Along which border did the Chinese build the Great Wall? Why did they
build it there and not in other places?
family, rather than to Ls family, came back into power. They rid the palace of the old
empresss relatives by executing them.
Such palace plots occurred often throughout the Han Dynasty. Traditionally, the
emperor chose the favorite among his wives as the empress and appointed one of her
sons as successor. Because of this, the palace women and their families
GlobalImpact competed fiercely for the emperors notice. The families would make
alliances with influential people in the court. The resulting power plays
Xiongnu and the Huns
distracted the emperor and his officials so much that they sometimes
Eventually, Wudi defeated the
could not govern efficiently.
Xiongnu. After their defeat, the
nomads moved deeper into Asia.
This had long-range effects. As the
Xiongnu pushed south and west,
they displaced other nomadic
peoples. Because of this, successive
waves of central Asian invaders
pushed into northwestern India.
In addition, some historians
theorize that over the centuries, the
Xiongnu wandered thousands of
miles westward across central Asia
into Europe. The fierce horse-riding
Huns who invaded the Roman
Empire may have been the distant
grandsons of the Xiongnu.
182 Chapter 7
g
ian
g J R.)
a n g tz e
an
500 Miles
20
Panyu
(Guangzhou)
Pataliputra
(Xi'an)
E
140
40
E
120
100E
80E
181-187-0207s3
Vocabulary
martial: warlike.
181-187-0207s3
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 183
Page 3 of 7
When Wudi realized that the bribes were simply making the Xiongnu stronger, he
sent more than 100,000 soldiers to fight them. To help defeat the Xiongnu, Wudi also
made allies of their enemies:
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
The Xiongnu had defeated the king of the Yuezhi people and had made his skull into a
drinking vessel. As a result the Yuezhi . . . bore a constant grudge against the Xiongnu,
though as yet they had been unable to find anyone to join them in an attack on their
enemy. . . . When the emperor [Wudi] heard this, he decided to try to send an envoy to
establish relations with the Yuezhi.
SIMA QIAN, Records of the Grand Historian
After his army forced the nomads to retreat into Central Asia, Wudi attempted to
make his northwest border safe by settling his troops on the Xiongnus former pastures. Although this tactic succeeded for a time, nomadic raiders continued to cause
problems during much of Chinas later history.
Wudi also colonized areas to the northeast, now known as Manchuria and Korea.
He sent his armies south, where they conquered mountain tribes and set up Chinese
colonies all the way into what is now Vietnam. By the end of Wudis reign, the empire
had expanded nearly to the bounds of present-day China.
Background
According to the
Mandate of Heaven,
divine forces appointed Chinese emperors
to ruleand would
take away the throne
if they governed badly.
SPOTLIGHT ON
Chinese Bureaucracy
The Chinese bureaucracy reflected
top-down rule. Each level of
officials had authority over the
officials below them. The emperor
had authority over all.
EMPEROR
Three
excellencies
Chancellor
Grandee Commanderin-chief
Secretary
Generals
Chancellor's
10
Office
Ministers
Armies
Local
Government
A. Possible Answer
Because people with
these qualities would
do what was best for
the emperor and the
people, rather than for
themselves.
181-187-0207s3
10/11/02
3:42 PM
Page 184
Page 4 of 7
After their studies, job applicants took formal examinations in history, law, literature, and Confucianism. In theory, anyone could take the exams. In practice, few
peasants could afford to educate their sons. So only sons of wealthy landowners had a
chance at a government career. In spite of this flaw, the civil service system begun by
Wudi worked so efficiently that it continued in China until 1912.
Vocabulary
commerce: the
buying and selling
of goods.
aspects of Chinese life. Paper was invented in A.D. 105. Before that, books were
usually written on silk. But paper was cheaper, so books became more readily available. This helped spread education in China. The invention of paper also affected
Chinese government. Formerly, all government documents had been recorded on
strips of wood. Paper was much more convenient to use for record-keeping, so
Chinese bureaucracy expanded.
Other technological advances included a collar harness that made it possible for
horses to pull heavy loads. The Chinese perfected a plow that was more efficient
because it had two blades, improved iron tools, and invented the wheelbarrow. In
addition, the Chinese began to use watermills to grind grain.
Agriculture Versus Commerce During the Han Dynasty, the population of China
swelled to 60 million. Because there were so many people to feed, Confucian scholars and ordinary Chinese people considered agriculture the most important and
Silk Roads
ra
Se
To Europe
Camel Caravans
Antioch
Ti gr
Damascus
rya
Euph
Bukhara
rat
Seleucia
Merv
TIA
ya
1,000 Kilometers
500 Miles
Kashgar
184 Chapter 7
Samarkand
Da
Ctesiphon
Amu
sR
.
Lake
Balkhash
Da
i s R.
Tyre
Syr
To Europe
Balkh
HI
KUSH
DU
us
ter
an
Ind
di
ne
60E
Me
R.
IM
AL
LU
AY
181-187-0207s3
10/11/02
3:43 PM
Page 185
Page 5 of 7
honored occupation. An imperial edict, written in 167 B.C., stated this philosophy
quite plainly:
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
Agriculture is the foundation of the world. No duty is greater. Now if [anyone] personally follows this pursuit diligently, he has yet [to pay] the impositions of the land tax and
tax on produce. . . . Let there be abolished the land tax and the tax on produce levied
upon the cultivated fields.
BAN GU and BAN ZHAO in History of the Former Han Dynasty
Although the same decree dismissed commerce as the least important occupation,
manufacturing and commerce were actually very important to the Han empire. The
government established monopolies on the mining of salt, the forging of iron, the
minting of coins, and the brewing of alcohol. A monopoly occurs when a group has
exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods.
For a time, the government also ran huge silk millscompeting with private silk
weavers in making this luxurious cloth. As contact with people from other lands
increased, the Chinese realized how valuable their silk was as an item of trade.
Because of this, the techniques of silk production became a closely guarded state
secret. Spurred by the worldwide demand for silk, Chinese commerce expanded
along the Silk Roads to most of Asia and, through India, all the way to Rome.
Unifying Chinese Culture As the Han empire expanded its trade networks, the
Chinese began to learn about the foods, animals, and fashions that were common in
foreign lands. Similarly, the expansion of the Han empire through conquest brought
people of many different cultures under Chinese rule. To unify the empire, the
Chinese government encouraged assimilation, or the process of making these conquered peoples part of Chinese culture. To accomplish this, the government sent
Connect
140
100E
Patterns of Interaction
Traded Gold
SEE SKILLBUILDER
HANDBOOK, PAGE R11
Connect
Anxi
Chang'an
(Xi'an)
Hu
an
TIBET
Luoyang
120
TAKLIMAKAN
DESERT
CHINA
Nanjing
To Japan
40
Dunhuang
HAN
to Today
SHAN
Turfan
to History
185
181-187-0207s3
10/11/02
3:43 PM
Page 186
Page 6 of 7
Chinese farmers to settle newly colonized areas. The government also encouraged them to intermarry with local peoples.
Government officials set up schools to train local people in
the Confucian philosophy and then appointed local scholars to government posts.
Several writers also helped to unify Chinese culture
by recording Chinas history. Sima Qian (SU MAH
chee YEHN), who lived from 145 to 85 B.C., is called the
Grand Historian for his work in compiling a history of
China from the ancient dynasties to Wudi. To write accurately, Sima Qian visited historical sites, interviewed eyewitnesses, researched official records, and examined artifacts. The
resulting book is called Records of the Grand Historian.
Another famous Chinese book was the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Ban
Biao (BAHN bee OW), who lived from A.D. 3 to 54, started the project. After his
death, his son Ban Gu (bahn goo) and later his daughter Ban Zhao (bahn jow)
worked on it. Ban Zhao also wrote a guide called Lessons for Women.
Wives, Nuns, and Scholars Although Ban Zhao gained fame as a historian, most
Background
In China, the family
name comes first and
the personal name
comes second. These
historians belong to
the Ban family.
women during the Han Dynasty led quiet lives at home. Confucian teachings dictated
that women were to devote themselves to their families. They were supposed to obey
their parents in childhood and their husband and husbands parents after they married.
To add to their familys honor, women were to be faithful, pure, and modest.
A few upper-class women broke out of this mold. As explained earlier, some empresses wielded great power. Daoist and later Buddhist nuns were able to gain
an education and lead lives apart from their families. Women in aristocratic and landowning families also sometimes pursued education and culture.
instability grew. At the palace, court advisers, palace servants, and rival influential families
wove complex plots to influence the emperors choice of who would succeed him as ruler.
From about 32 B.C. until A.D. 9, one inexperienced emperor replaced another. Chaos
reigned in the palace, and with peasant revolts, unrest spread across the land as well.
Finally, Wang Mang (wahng mahng), a Confucian scholar and member of the court,
decided that a strong ruler was needed to restore order. For six years he had been acting
as regent for the infant who had been crowned emperor. In A.D. 9, Wang Mang took the
imperial title for himself and overthrew the Han, thus ending the first half of the Han
Dynasty known as the Former Han.
186 Chapter 7
Vocabulary
regent: a person who
rules temporarily
while a monarch is
too young
181-187-0207s3
10/11/02
3:43 PM
Page 187
Page 7 of 7
S K I L L B U I L D E R : Interpreting Charts
1. How long did each empire last? During what years were they both in existence?
2. How were Han China and the Roman Empire similar? How were they different?
Wang Mang tried to bring the country under control. He minted new money
to relieve the treasurys shortage. He set up public granaries to help feed
Chinas poor. He took away large landholdings from the rich and planned to
redistribute the land to farmers who had lost their land. This plan angered powerful landholders. And Wang Mangs larger supply of money disrupted the
economy because it allowed people to increase their spending, which encouraged merchants to raise prices.
Then, in A.D. 11, a great flood left thousands dead and millions homeless.
The public granaries did not hold enough to feed the displaced, starving people. Huge peasant revolts rocked the land. The wealthy, opposed to Wang
Mangs land policies, joined in the rebellion. The rebels assassinated Wang
Mang in A.D. 23. Within two years, a member of the old imperial family took
the throne and began the second period of Han rulecalled the Later Han.
The Later Han Years With peace restored to China, the first decades of the
Later Han Dynasty were quite prosperous. The government sent soldiers and merchants
westward to regain control of posts along the Silk Roads. But this expansion couldnt
make up for social, political, and economic weaknesses within the empire itself. Within a
century, China suffered from the same economic imbalances, political intrigues, and
social unrest that had toppled the Former Han. By 220, the Later Han Dynasty had
disintegrated into three rival kingdoms.
Section 3 Assessment
1. TERMS & NAMES
Identify
Han Dynasty
centralized
government
civil service
monopoly
assimilation
2. TAKING NOTES
Centralized Government
3. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
THINK ABOUT
problems at court
problems with non-Chinese
peoples
economic and social problems
4. THEME ACTIVITY
188-189-0207cs
10/11/02
3:43 PM
Page 188
Visual Summary
Chapter
Assessment
Mauryan Empire
300 B.C.
Mauryan Empire
200 B.C.
Page 1 of 2
100 B.C.
1. Mauryan Empire
6. Silk Roads
2. Asoka
7. Han Dynasty
3. religious toleration
8. centralized government
4. Gupta Empire
5. Kalidasa
9. civil service
10. assimilation
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SECTION 1 (pages 173176)
Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty
202 B.C.Liu Bang started
Han Dynasty; strengthened
central government
141 B.C.Wudi began reign;
conquered neighboring
regions; started civil service
A.D.
100
200
Interact
Gupta Empire
A.D.
300
A.D.
400
Gupta Empire
500
188 Chapter 7
with History
188-189-0207cs
10/11/02
3:43 PM
Page 189
Page 2 of 2
CRITICAL THINKING
CHAPTER ACTIVITIES
1. INFLUENCING GOVERNMENT
Contrast
Buddhisms influence on Indias government with
Confucianisms influence on Chinas government.
Contrast the teachings, the motive of the rulers who
tried to implement those teachings, and how long
the influence lasted.
THEME RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS
2. COMPARING EMPIRES
Period of Key
Significant
Influence Leaders Achievements
Mauryan
Gupta
Han
THEME POWER AND AUTHORITY Your unit portfolio project focuses on people
who grab power and establish their authority (see page 107). For Chapter 7,
you might use one of the following ideas.
Draw a bar chart comparing how long five different rulers held power. In a
paragraph below the bar chart, explain which three rulers you think were
most significant and why. Is length of rule the main element in deciding
how significant a ruler was?
Create a collage of sketches and photocopies showing the methods of
exercising power used by rulers of the Mauryan, Gupta, and Han empires.
Write a newspaper editorial either praising or criticizing Asoka and his
methods of governing. Use historical examples to show the wisdom or the
foolishness of his actions.
2. CONNECT TO TODAY: Cooperative Learning
3. EVALUATING SUCCESS
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
Kalinga was conquered by his Sacred and
Gracious Majesty when he had been consecrated eight years. 150,000 persons were
thence carried away captive, 100,000 were
slain, and many times that number died. . . .
Thus arose his Sacred Majestys remorse for
having conquered the Kalingas, because the
conquest of a country previously unconquered involves the slaughter, death, and carrying away captive of the people.
ASOKA, in A History of Modern India
by Percival Spear
Revisit the unit time line on pages 106-107. On the Chapter 7 time line,
which events named reflect cultural achievements? Explain which of these
events influenced India or China.
FOCUS ON ART
Look carefully at this 16-inch high, bronze sculpture from Han China.
Would you describe this sculpture as realistic or not? Why?
Do you think the scene depicted by the sculpture was typical of Han
life? Why or why not?
Connect to History Think about the different classes that made up
Han society. Which do you think is most likely the subject of this
sculpture? Explain.
TEST PRACTICE
CL ASSZONE .COM
189