Exam 3 Study Guide BIO 201 Fall 2015

This is not meant to be all inclusive of everything that might be on the exam.
Everything that might be on the exam was discussed in lecture every Tuesday and
Thursday at 10:30AM since October 17th, 2015.
Chapters 9-11
Chapter 9
How is muscle structured? Characterize the relationship between piemysium,
perimysium and endomysium and muscle fibers, fascicles and muscle organs.
What is the difference between the insertion and origin?
What is the difference between direct and indirect attachments?
Draw a model of a muscle cell and label the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm the sarcoplasmic
recitulum and the T-tubules. What function do these structures perform for the
muscle cell?
Draw a sarcomere and label the z-lines, the A bands and the I bands. What fibers are
present and how does their arrangement lead to the appearance of skeletal muscle?
When a sarcomere contracts, what happens to the A bands and the I bands?
What do actin and myosis do for a muscle cell? How does muscle contraction work on
the sarcomere level and molecular level?
What is the role of Ca2+, troponin-tropomyosin, myosin, ATP, in muscle contraction?
What toles to titin, dystrophin and other proteins play?
Can you recreate what happens during the cross bridge cycle? Give it a try.
Now, how do neurons talk to muscles? What are the events involved in activation and
excitation-contraction coupling?
Draw the neuromuscular junction. Include the axon terminal, synaptic cleft,
acetylcholine, sarcolemma.
How does the action potential travel down the muscle cell? How does it get into the
individual fibers (remember the t-tubules, what are they?). (the action potential is
essentially the same in muscle and neurons, so what happens during depolarization,
repolarization)
What is meant by the terms Muscle Tension, Load Isometric and Isotonic Motor Nerve
and Motor Unit?

How is the number of muscle fibers that a motor unit serves related to the type of
contractions that muscle may perform?
What are the events in a muscle twitch? Why do they exist?
What is involved in what we call Wave or Temporal Summation? What is involved in
what we call recruitment of multiple motor unit summation? How are these concepts
similar and how are they different?
With regard to a muscle twitch, what is a subthreshold stimulus, threshold stimulus
and maximal stimulus?
How does the size principle relate to muscle contraction?
What kinds of muscle contractions are involved in concentric contractions? Eccentric
Contractions? Are all muscles capable of these types of contractions? Outline the
types of muscle contractions that involved in you picking up your favorite 1118 page
book.
What is involved in maintain muscle. What is involved and contributes to muscle
growth?
What are the different sources of ATP that muscles use? How do we regenerate ATP?
How do muscles make more? what are the differences between the anaerobic
pathways and the aerobic pathways?
How are different sports and activities related to the type of ATP generating pathway
above (glygolytic and aerobic)
What is muscle fatigue? What is the cause?
What factors contribute to the force of contraction? How does length-tension
relationship work in contributing to force of contraction?
How do we classify muscle fiber types? How are they related to the ATP generating
pathways you mentioned earlier/
Can exercise change the types of muscle fibers you have? How so? What else
determines what kinds of muscle fibers are present in your muscles?
What are the fundamental differences between smooth muscle contraction and skeletal
muscle contraction? What are similarities?
How is a smooth muscle cell structured? How do the fibers align themselves in smooth
muscle tissue?
What kinds of nerve fibers innervate smooth muscle? How is this different from
skeletal muscle?

Are some smooth muscles pacemakers? What does this mean?

What is the role of calmodulin in smooth muscle contraction? What about Ca2+?
How do we regulate contraction of smooth muscle?
What are the differences between multi unit and unitary smooth muscle?
How is Duchenne muscular dystrophy related to dystrophin?
Chapter 10
Prime mover:(Agonist) Major responsibility for producing specific movement
Antagonist: Opposes or reverses particular movement
Synergist: help prime movers; adds extra force to same movement, reduces
undesirable or unnecessary movement
Fixator: synergist that immobilizes bone or muscles origin, fives prime mover stable
base on which to act.
What are some of the terms we use to name skeletal muscles? Location, muscle shape,
muscle size, direction of muscle fibers or fascicles (rectus, transverses, and oblique)
What are power levers? A slower more stable, used where strength priority
Speed levers? Force lost; speed, range of movement
Which of these levers offers a mechanical advantage? Effort FARTHER than load from
fulcrum
What kinds of muscles are speed levers?
What kinds of muscles are power levers?
How do we determine whether a lever is a speed lever or a power lever?
What muscles in the body are first class levers? Face (atlanto-occipital)
What muscles in the body are second class levers? Foot
What muscles in the body are third class levers? Flexing forearm (biceps)
Chapter 11
What are the 3 main generalized function of the nervous system? (sensory input,
integration and motor output are the answer, but what do we really mean by these
terms/)

What are the two main division of the nervous system and what are their functions?
What are they made of?
When we divide the peripheral nervous system into two functional divisions, what do
we get? What are the functions of the sensory and motor divisions, then?
Can we divide the sensory division into two divisions? What are they? Can we
divide the motor division into two divisions? What are they? Can we divide the
Autonomic system further? What divisions arise then?

Why dont you draw a diagram that shows the divisions of the nervous system into
Central and Peripheral? Then divide the Peripheral into Sensory and Motor divisions.
Then divide the Sensory Division into Somatic and Visceral systems and divide the
Motor division into the Somatic and Autonomic Systems. Then divide the Autonomic
into the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Now write the major functions of each of
these divisions and systems. Now pour yourself a drink.
Now get back to work.
What are the basic types of cells we find in nervous tissue?
What is the general structure or a neuron? What are the different types of neurons?
Draw a multipolar neuron, a bipolar neuron, a unipolar neuron. Where do we find
these different types of neurons?
What are the types of neuronglia we find in the CNS? What do they do?
Who makes the myelin sheath in the CNS? How about in the PNS?
In terms of the nervous system, what are nuclei and what are ganglia?
In terms of neuron signals, what are graded potentials and what are action potentials?
What are the events that lead to the formation of these potentials?
What are the general features of a neuron as a cell? Is the axon different from the
dentrites and cell body? In what ways? Do we move things inside the axon? How so?
How is the myelin sheath built in the PNS?
The major function of the myelin sheath is to increase speed of the action potential.
How does the myelin sheath do this specifically?
How is white matter and grey matter related to myelin?
How do we classify neurons by function? Where do we find sensory neurons? Motor
Neurons? Interneurons?

How does nervous tissue respond to stimulation. What are the events involved in
propagating an action potential?
What is voltage, current and resistance and how is it related to neurons, Schwann cells,
membrane potential, etc?
Dont forget what leakage channels, voltage gated channels, and ligand gated channels
are and what roles they play in propagating an action potential. What are mechanically
gated channels and what do they do for the nervous system?
What are the events in a action potential and how do they relate to Na+ channels, K+
channels and being voltage gated? Know the terms depolarization, repolarization and
hyperpolarization with regard to action potentials. Why dont action potentials
propagate in many directions?
What are the fundamental differences between graded potentials vs action potentials?
What are group A, B, C nerve fibers? Where do we find them?
How do we classify synapses? What are the most common types?
When discussion nerve transmission between neurons, what is the presynaptic neurion
and what is the postsynaptic neuron?
What are the different types of neurotransmitters? How do neurotransmitters travel
across the synaptic cleft?
How do we stop neurotransmitter signals?
What causes postsynaptic potentials to vary in strength?
What are Excitatory synapses and Excitatosy post synaptic potentials? (ESPSs) How are
they achieved? Is this consistent with how you know graded and action potentials are
generated?
What are inhibitorys synapses and IPSP;s? how is the signal different between ESPSs
and IPSPs? What is this caused by?
What are some of the more common neurotransmitters?
How is acetylcholine degraded?
What are biogenic amines? Where do we find them?
What are some peptide neurotransmitters? What is the major function of substance P
and endorphins?
What are some purine neurotransmitters? What does adenosine do? Why does caffeine
make you feel awake and jittery?

Nitric oxide is another neurotransmitter. What does it do?

What are endocannabinoids? What do they do?
We can also classify neurotransmitters based on what they do (effects). How does
acetylcholine work to to inhibit and excite?
Neurotransmitters also can act directly or indirectly. What do we mean when we say
that? What is a 2nd messenger system again?
What are the four types of circuit patterns?
Could you draw
A diverging circuit?
How about a converging circuit?
How about a reverberating circuit?
How about a parallel after discharge circuit?
What are some examples of each of the above?

Ok, this is it for this exam. Again, you hopefully see a pattern here. I basically ask
what is, where, how does it, why for most every topic on every slide. We may not
get through all of chapter 11 for this exam, only on Tuesday will we know. See you
then.