Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Simulated Competition Part I - Metabolic, Hormonal, Cellular Damage, and Heart Rate Responses

BRAZILIAN JIU-JITSU SIMULATED COMPETITION PART I:
METABOLIC, HORMONAL, CELLULAR DAMAGE, AND

HEART RATE RESPONSES
LEONARDO V. ANDREATO,1,2 URSULA F. JULIO,1 VALERIA L.G. PANISSA,1 JOAO V.D.C. ESTEVES,3
FELIPE HARDT,1 SOLANGE M.F. DE MORAES,4 CAMILA O. DE SOUZA,3 AND EMERSON FRANCHINI1
1
School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 2Center of Physical Education,
Physiotherapy, and Sports, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil; 3Department of Physiology and
Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and 4Department of Human
Physiology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Andreato, LV, Julio, UF, Panissa, VLG, Esteves, JVDC, Hardt, F,

de Moraes, SMF, de Souza, CO, and Franchini, E. Brazilian jiujitsu simulated competition part I: Metabolic, hormonal, cellular
damage, and heart rate responses. J Strength Cond Res 29(9):
25382549, 2015The aim of this study was to analyze physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during simulated
competition. To this end, 10 athletes (age: 28 6 4 years, body
mass: 81.8 6 7.4 kg, body fat: 13.0 6 4.8%, systematic practice: 11 6 4 years) were analyzed in simulated competition
(4 matches of 10 minutes). Blood samples were taken to assess
energy demand, hormonal responses, and cell damage. Additionally, the heart rate variability (HRV) response was analyzed.
The main results show that in simulated competition, during
the last matches, athletes had lower lactate (p , 0.001), epinephrine (p , 0.001), norepinephrine (p , 0.001), and insulin
(p = 0.002) concentrations. Increases observed in creatine
kinase (p , 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (p , 0.001),
alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.007), and creatinine (p ,
0.001) seen, especially, in the last matches are indicative of
possible cell damage. The HRV reflected a decrease in the
RR medium (average of the normal R-R intervals) (p = 0.001)
during the competition. Thus, it is concluded that successive
matches from competition generate a gradual decrease of
adrenergic and glycolytic activities, which is accompanied by
a gradual increase in cell damage markers and decrease in
the RR medium of the HRV.
KEY WORDS combat sport, energy demands, hormone,

physiology
Address correspondence to Leonardo V. Andreato, vidal.leo@hotmail.com.

29(9)/25382549
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association
2538
the
razilian jiu-jitsu is a grappling combat sport, in

which the main goal is the submission of the opponent through the application of a stranglehold or
joint locks. If it does not result in the submission of
the opponent, the match is decided by specific scores, and in
the case of a draw, the winner is decided by arbitration. In
recent decades, the modality has attracted practitioners and
athletes, especially as a result of the popularity gained with the
creation of mixed martial arts events, in which the Brazilian jiujitsu techniques are essential elements in ground fighting (34).
Along with this increase in popularity, there has been an
increase in Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions, a fact that created
the need for training to prepare athletes for competition. To
develop a prescription for effective training, it is indispensable to understand the characteristics and demands of the
sport (12,15). Because it is a grappling combat sport, it is not
possible to directly quantify the mechanical work performed.
Given this reality, it is necessary to measure the physiological variables considered relevant to the modality and rely on
indirect markers of effort (5,7,12,15,24). Some recent studies
have sought to understand the Brazilian jiu-jitsu by investigating the physiological demands in official competitions
(1,2,28) or simulations (2,11,31).
These studies have shown that during matches, there is
a moderate increase in glycolytic pathway activation (1,2),
an increase of cortisol (1,28), and increase in indicatives of
cell damage (3,11). However, most studies have analyzed
only one match, thus making this limited knowledge about
the characteristics of Brazilian jiu-jitsu because the athletes
perform various matches in a single day during the competitions. Because of insufficient information regarding the
specific demands of a competition, the process of planning
specific training becomes limited. In fact, in other modalities,
such as wrestling, research has been able to explain the metabolic, hormonal, and cell damage responses during simulations of competition (5,24), thus facilitating the planning of
training specific to the modality.
TM
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the
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Therefore, the present study aimed to increase knowledge
regarding the significant physiological changes that occur
during competition in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Our hypotheses,
based on what has been learned from other combat sports,
were that a decrease in glycolytic activity would occur
during the competition and that changes in hormonal
responses would generate an organic state with catabolic
predominance. For example, we expected a gradual increase
in cortisol concentrations concomitantly with a decrease in
serum testosterone levels. We also expected a gradual
increase in cell damage markers.
METHODS
Experimental Approach to the Problem
Four matches were performed, with measurements before

and after each match, to investigate the changes occurring
during the simulation of competition. Between the prematch test and the beginning of the match, the athletes were
allowed a 5-minute interval for recovery; this time was also
used as warm-up. The warm-up was free; however, the
athletes were requested to maintain the same protocol
before all fights.
Each match was 10 minutes in duration, with a 20-minute
interval between them (time for data collection and passive
recovery). The matches were timed, and the time during the
pauses was not counted as match time, as happens in official
competitions. Moreover, the match did not involve interruptions in the event of submission, which would normally
result in the end of a combat. Although brown belt athletes
officially compete in 8-minute matches, those from our study
were adapted to this condition and preparing to graduate to
the black belt. This was adopted to guarantee that all
practitioners would be submitted to the same combat time.
Similar procedures have been adopted in studies with other
grappling combat sports (5,24).
The athletes were divided by body mass, with a goal of
performing the fights without significant weight differences
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between the athletes (less than 10% difference in body mass

between the athletes) because in official competitions, the
athletes are classified into weight categories.
The competition was conducted with the same opponents
during all 4 matches. This criterion was adopted so that
possible changes were not because of technical variations
between athletes. The experimental model is shown in Figure 1.
Subjects
The study included 10 male adult Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes

(age: 28 6 4 years, body mass: 81.8 6 7.4 kg, height: 175.9 6
6.6 cm, body fat: 13.0 6 4.8%), with 11 6 4 years of regular
and systematic practice (5 brown belts and 5 black belts).
The following inclusion criteria were adopted: adult
athletes (18 to 35 years old) graded brown belts or black
belts (to ensure the experience of the subjects), specific
modality training at a minimum frequency of 3 times per
week (typical duration of 1 hour 30 minutes per session), and
training for at least 3 months without interruption. Exclusion
criteria include athletes with injuries, those in the ultraheavyweight (.100 kg) category, those in the process of
weight loss, or those using illicit (e.g., anabolic steroids and
illicit drugs) or other drugs (e.g., antibiotics and antiinflammatory). Athletes who were using dietary supplements
were advised to maintain constant use during the study. Additionally, the athletes were instructed not to perform any kind
of physical activity during the 24 hours before data collection.
During the study, an injury occurred in one of the fingers
of an athlete. This injury did not compromise the achievement of the matches. Additionally, a smaller sample size was
reported for some variables because of some blood samples
being lost during centrifugation.
After being briefed on the procedures and purpose of the
study, the participants signed a written and informed term of
consent to participate. The study was done in accordance with
resolution 196/96 of the Brazilian National Health Council
and approved by the local ethics committee (2011/032).
Figure 1. Experimental designsimulated competition.
VOLUME 29 | NUMBER 9 | SEPTEMBER 2015 |
2539
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Simulated Competition

Anthropometry
The determination of the thickness of skinfolds (chest,

midaxillary, triceps, subcapular, abdominal, suprailiac, and
medial thigh) was performed in triplicate, and the average
value was used, according to the standardization method of
Lohman et al. (25). From the skinfold thickness, the body
density was determined by using the equation of Jackson and
Pollock (20) and the body composition was estimated by
using the equation of Siri (32).
The Nutritional Intake
Before data collection, the athletes were instructed to

maintain their normal diet and instructed to arrive fed, with
their last meal taken at least 1 hour before the start of the
tests. Additionally, athletes were oriented to keep the use of
supplements constant during the investigation (1 athlete
made use of whey protein and 1 athlete made use of nitric
oxide). The athletes answered a 24-hour dietary recall, to
estimate the intake of macro- and micronutrients, as
described previously (12). Nutritional calculations were conducted using Nutrilife 8.1 (Maringa, Brazil) software. The
comparison of dietary intake was based on daily nutritional
recommendations for male athletes (26). The athletes had
water available ad libitum and were not permitted to ingest
any food during the experimental protocol.
The calculation of the parameters in the time domain was

performed from the indices of RR medium (average of the
normal R-R intervals), RMSSD (square root of the mean
squared successive difference between adjacent RR intervals), and the SD of normal R-R intervals (SDNN). The
RMSSD is considered an indicator of parasympathetic activity, and the R-R medium and SDNN are global indicators of
autonomic activity by HRV (33).
In the frequency domain, the low-frequency component
(LF: 0.040.15 Hz) was considered as a dominant sympathetic component and the high frequency (HF: 0.150.4 Hz)
as an indicator of the cardiac parasympathetic nerve activity.
Both the LF and the HF are expressed in absolute values
(square millisecond) and in normalized units. The ratio of
LF/HF was used to quantify the changing relationship
between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activities
(33). The determination of the spectral and temporal components was performed in HRV Kubios software.
Blood Samples and Biochemical Analysis
Blood samples (15 ml) were collected from the antecubital

veins of the athletes at predetermined time points (Figure 1).
The collections were performed using Injex 20-ml syringes
(Ourinhos, Brazil) and BD Vacutairner (Franklin Lakes, NJ,
USA) type Scalp 21 G disposable needles. After collection, 4
ml of blood was immediately dispensed into Petrodis (Sao
Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability
Paulo, Brazil) 4-ml tubes with ethylenediamine tetraacetic
Heart rate was measured by specific monitors (Polar Team
acid to subsequently obtain the plasma. The remaining conSystem, Kempele, Finland). The measures were obtained
tent was dispensed in glass tubes without anticoagulant for
before the venipunctures so that the venipuncture did not
serum extraction. Both tubes, with and without anticoaguinterfere with the heart rate results.
lant, were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 48 C, for
Heart rate variability (HRV) was determined using the
separation into serum and plasma. The serum and plasma
Polar 810 s (Kempele, Finland) heart rate monitor. The
from blood samples were stored in Eppendorf tubes and
athletes in the study remained at rest, seated calmly, during
frozen at 2708 C until the biochemical analysis.
5 minutes to record the HRV. The control measurement was
To determine the metabolic responses, the plasma conperformed before each match. There was no control of
centrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterols (total;
ventilation rate during the time points.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein;
and LDL, low-density lipoprotein), albumin, total protein,
uric acid, ammonia, and urea
TABLE 1. Food intake of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes who performed in the simulated
were measured by a colorimetcompetition (n = 10).*
ric method. Analyses were perIntake
Recommended dietary
formed using a commercial kit
(Gold Analisa, Belo Horizonte,
Energy intake (kcal)
3,431 6 1,468
Carbohydrate (g)
463 6 226
Brazil) and a Bioplus UV-2000
Carbohydrate (%)
54 6 7
60
(Sao Paulo, Brazil) spectrophoProtein (g)
166 6 95
tometer. The measures of gluProtein (%)
21 6 4
15
cose,
triglycerides,
total
Fat (g)
95 6 34
cholesterol, urea, and ammonia
Fat (%)
25 6 5
,30
Saturated fat (g)
31 6 16
1/3 of total fat
were analyzed in plasma, and
Monounsaturated fat (g)
26 6 13
1/3 of total fat
the other measures were meaPolyunsaturated fat (g)
23 6 10
1/3 of total fat
sured in the serum. To measure
the blood lactate concentration
*Data are presented as mean 6 SD.
([La]), blood samples (25 mL)
were collected at the earlobe
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TABLE 2. Physiological and biochemical responses of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a simulated competition (n = 10).*
Match 1
Pre
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
13
20
0.5
61
23
9
17
0.9
0.8
8
0.9
0.8
169
135
9.3
118
130
42
63
4.8
7.9
33
5.4
5.1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
40
2.5
57
23
8
21
0.6
1.0
6
0.9
0.7
Pre
100
128
4.9
101
125
38
65
4.8
6.7
33
5.0
6.2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12z
28
1.4z
49
38
6
37
0.8
0.6z
6
0.9
1.1
Post
172
139
9.9
115
135
44
67
4.6
8.0
35
5.2
5.8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10z
36
2.1z
51
35
10
34
0.7
1.0
6
0.9
1.2
Pre
100
135
5.2
108
118
38
57
4.4
6.9
36
4.7
6.8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10z
45
1.5z
45
27
7
24
0.5
1.5
7
0.5
1.4zk
Match 4
Post
162
118
7.3
120
139
43
72
4.6
7.9
35
5.1
6.6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
16z
28
2.2zk
51
36
9
35
0.8
0.9#
7
0.4
1.4z
Pre
100
116
3.8
93
124
41
64
4.6
7.1
32
4.8
7.4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
16z
34
1.0z
35
31
10
29
0.5
1.0
7
0.6
1.4z
Post
164
122
7.6
107
138
43
68
4.4
8.0
35
4.9
7.2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
14z
36
1.9z
53
25
8
18
0.7
0.8
5
0.6
1.4z
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*Data are presented as mean 6 SD. HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein.
Difference between pre- and post-match (p # 0.05).
zDifferent from the pre-match 1 (p # 0.05).
Different from the post-match 1 (p # 0.05).
kDifferent from the post-match 2 (p # 0.05).
n = 8.
#Different from the pre-match 2 (p # 0.05).
the
73
111
1.7
109
125
39
63
4.8
7.5
33
4.8
5.0
Post
Match 3
Heart rate (b$min21)

Glucose (mg$dl21)
Lactate (mmol$L21)
Triglycerides (mg$dl21)
Total cholesterol (mg$dl21)
HDL-cholesterol (mg$dl21)
LDL-cholesterol (mg$dl21)
Albumin (g$dl21)
Total protein (mg$dl21)
Urea (mg$dl21)
Ammonia (mg$dl21)
Uric acid (mg$dl21)
Match 2

with heparinized capillaries, and these were immediately
stored in Eppendorf tubes containing 50 mL of sodium fluoride at 1% for analysis in lactimeter Yellow Springs YSI 1500
(Yellow Springs, Ohio).
To measure hormonal action in the plasma, an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the cortisol
and testosterone concentrations with the use of Arbor (Ann
Arbor, Mich.) commercial kits. Insulin was measured with
Abcam (Cambridge, England) commercial kits, and epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured with Rocky Mountain
Diagnostics (Colorado Springs, CO, USA) commercial kits.
For markers of cell damage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
was measured in serum by the kinetic method and creatinine
levels by the colorimetric method. In plasma, creatine kinase
(CK) was measured by the kinetic method and the aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
levels by the colorimetric method. Analyses were performed
using a commercial kit (Gold Analisa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil)
and a Bioplus UV-2000 (Sao Paulo, Brazil) spectrophotometer.
The average intra-assay reliabilities, expressed by the
coefficients of variation, presented in the kits were of 1.2
and 0.9% for glucose, 1.7 and 0.7% for triglycerides, 1.1 and
0.9% for total cholesterol, 1.5 and 0.8% for HDL-cholesterol,
0.7 and 0.6% for LDL-cholesterol, 0.9 and 1.2% for albumin,
1.1 and 0.9% for total protein, 0.5 and 0.8% for urea, 0.5 and
0.8% for ammonia, 2.4, 1.4, and 1.1% for uric acid, 1.4 and
1.5% for AST, 1.8 and 2.8% for ALT, 0.5 and 0.6% for CK, 1.2
and 1.3% for LDH, 2.0 and 4.1% for creatinine, 15.0 and 6.9%
for epinephrine, 11.7, 8.4, and 15.6% for norepinephrine, 5.7,
11.1, and 15.8% for testosterone, 6.0, 5.6, and 14.7% for
cortisol, and ,10% for insulin. The precision of the lactate
was 62% of reading.
Statistical Analyses
The data are presented as mean, SD, percentage, and

delta (final value 2 initial value). A comparison across
the different time points was performed by conducting
a 1-way analysis of variance for repeated measures followed
by Bonferroni post hoc analysis. The analyses respected the
assumption of sphericity assessed by Mauchlys test and used
the Greenhouse-Geisser correction when necessary. Additionally, to evaluate the magnitude of difference, the Cohens
effect size was calculated (eta squared, h2). Threshold values
to effect size were ,0.2 (small), .0.2 and ,0.8 (moderate),
and .0.8 (large) (10). Significance level was set in 5%.
RESULTS
Table 1 presents the food intake of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes
who performed in the simulated competition.
Table 2 illustrates the physiological and biochemical responses of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a simulated
competition.
Heart rate differed significantly between time points (F7,63
= 208.3, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.96, large), with pre-match values
lower than the post-match values (p , 0.001 for all comparisons). Moreover, lower values were seen before the first
match compared with all other time points (p , 0.001 for
all comparisons). For blood lactate, we observed differences
between time points (F3,0; 26,8 = 43.6, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.83,
large): [La] increased between pre- and post-matches 1, 2,
and 4 (p , 0.001 for all comparisons); values after the third
match were lower than those measured after the first (p =
0.001) and second (p = 0.045) matches; values before the
first match were lower compared with all other time points
(pre-match 2, p , 0.001; post-match 2, p = 0.001; pre-match
TABLE 3. Variation (D) of the physiological and biochemical responses in the athletes during the simulated
competition (n = 10).*
Match 1
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Heart rate (b$min21)

Glucose (mg$dl21)
Lactate (mmol$L21)
Triglycerides (mg$dl21)
Total cholesterol (mg$dl21)
HDL-cholesterol (mg$dl21)
LDL-cholesterol (mg$dl21)
Albumin (g$dl21)
Total protein (mg$L21)
Urea (mg$dl21)
Ammonia (mg$dl21)
Uric acid (mg$dl21)
96
24
7.6
9
6
3
0
0.0
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
13
35
2.4
10
11
5
11
0.7
1.2
3.7
0.5
0.5
Match 2
71
11
5.0
13
10
6
2
20.2
1.3
2.0
0.2
20.4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
21
2.0
21
8
6
12
0.8
0.7
4.0
0.7
1.2
Match 3
62
217
2.2
12
21
4
15
0.1
1.0
21.5
0.4
20.2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
15
23
2.0z
11
17
6
16
0.5
0.7
5.0
0.4
0.6
Match 4
63
6
3.8
14
14
2
3
20.2
0.9
2.6
0.1
20.2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
13
27
1.7
34
16
5
23
0.5
1.1
6.0
0.2
0.8
*Data are presented as mean 6 SD. HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein.
Different from the match 1 (p # 0.05).
zDifferent from the match 2 (p # 0.05).
n = 8.
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TABLE 4. Hormonal responses and the cell damage markers of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a simulated competition (n = 10).*
Match 1
Pre
128
419
30
242
0.15
12.6
291
42
47
429
1.2
58
24
11
97
0.08
9.7
178
16
8
115
0.1
405
492
35
324
0.12
10.9
362
70
59
443
1.4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
186
5
13
78
0.06
5.3
246
28
18
81
0.2
Pre
168
461
33
322
0.15
12.2
313
53
49
372
1.3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
81
12kz
12
138
0.13
7.7
222
22
11
69
0.2k
Post
340
496
37
357
0.11
7.7
403
71
56
493
1.4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
99
4k
8
98
0.05
5.5#
230
23k
12
132
0.2k
Pre
120
452
35
305
0.15
9.8
404
63
53
447
1.3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
53z
16z
9
137
0.09
6.8
273
24
13
82
0.1
Match 4
Post
244
478
32
377
0.09
5.9
480
75
56
479
1.5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
94z
11k
8
68
0.03
5.4z#
298
28k
11k
74
0.2
Pre
118
421
29
345
0.09
8.3
437
52
48
451
1.3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
47z
18z#**
13
95
0.05
7.2
241
21
12
81
0.2
Post
242
468
36
322
0.12
4.5
609
75
58
487
1.4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
105
13kz
4
76
0.03
3.1z#
364zk#
27k
18
112
0.2k
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*Data are presented as mean 6 SD. T/C = testosterone/cortisol ratio; CK = creatine kinase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; LDH = lactate
dehydrogenase.
Difference between pre- and post-match (p # 0.05).
zDifferent from the post-match 1 (p # 0.05).
kDifferent from the pre-match 1 (p # 0.05).
#Different from the pre-match 2 (p # 0.05).
**Different from the pre-match 3 (p # 0.05).
n = 8.
the
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Post
Match 3
Epinephrine (pg$ml21)
Norepinephrine (pg$ml21)
Testosterone (ng$ml21)
Cortisol (ng$ml21)
T/C
Insulin (ng$ml21)
CK (U$L21)
AST (U$L21)
ALT (U$L21)
LDH (U$L21)
Creatinine (mg$dl21)
Match 2

3, p = 0.002; post-match 3, p = 0.001; pre-match 4, p = 0.003;
and post-match 4, p , 0.001).
There were no significant differences (p . 0.05) for glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol,
LDL-cholesterol, and albumin concentrations. For total protein, a difference was observed between the time points
(F2,8; 19,6 = 4.6, p = 0.015, h2 = 0.40, moderate), with concentrations lower in pre-match 2 than in pre-match 1 (p , 0.001),
post-match 2 (p = 0.028), and post-match 3 time points (p =
0.017). No changes (p . 0.05) were found for urea and ammonia concentrations. The uric acid concentrations increased during the simulation of competition (F3,1; 21,9 = 14.2, p , 0.001,
h2 = 0.67, moderate), with the pre-match 1 concentrations
lower than those of pre-match 3 (p = 0.003), pre-match 4
(p = 0.005), post-match 3 (p = 0.020), and post-match 4
(p = 0.003). The post-match 1 concentrations were lower than
those of the pre-match 3 (p = 0.036), pre-match 4 (p = 0.044),
and post-match 4 (p = 0.030), and the post-match 2 concentrations were lower than pre-match 3 (p = 0.012).
Table 3 presents the variation of the physiological and
biochemical responses in the athletes during the simulated
competition.
Delta heart rate differed between the matches (F3,27 = 17.4,
p , 0.001, h2 = 0.66, moderate), with higher values in the
first match than in all other matches (p , 0.001 for all comparisons). Delta glucose differed between the matches
(F3,27 = 3.8, p = 0.021, h2 = 0.30, moderate), with higher
values in the first match when compared with the third
match (p = 0.016). Delta [La] differed between the matches
(F3,27 = 22.4, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.71, moderate), with the
variation of the first match being higher than those observed
in the second (p = 0.004), third (p , 0.001), and fourth
matches (p , 0.001) and higher variation in the second

match compared with the third (p = 0.002).
No significant differences (p . 0.05) were observed
for delta triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol,
HDL-cholesterol, albumin, total protein, urea, and uric
acid. Delta ammonia differed between the matches
(F3,27 = 3.4, p = 0.032, h2 = 0.28, moderate), with the fourth
post-match variation being lower than those observed in
the first match (p = 0.030).
The hormonal responses and the cell damage markers of
the Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes before and after the completion
of the simulated competition are expressed in Table 4.
Epinephrine values changed during the simulation of
competition (F2,3; 16,1 = 25.2, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.78, moderate),
with the post-match values higher than pre-matches values
(pre-match 1, p = 0.027; pre-match 2, p = 0.004; pre-match 3,
p = 0.021; and pre-match 4, p = 0.022). The post-match 1
values were higher than those from pre-match 2 (p = 0.013),
pre-match 3 (p = 0.026), and pre-match 4 (p = 0.025); the
post-match 2 values were higher than values from pre-match
1 (p = 0.004), pre-match 3 (p = 0.001), pre-match 4 (p =
0.001), and post-match 3 (p = 0.015); and the pre-match 4
values were lower than values from post-match 3 (p = 0.006).
Norepinephrine was affected by the time point (F2,9; 20,5 =
43.4, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.86, large), with, except for match 3,
the other matches resulting in increased concentrations
between the pre- and post-match 1 (p = 0.002), pre- and
post-match 2 (p = 0.001), and pre- and post-match 4 (p =
0.003) values. The pre-match 1 values were lower than those
from pre-match 2 (p = 0.010), post-match 2 (p = 0.001),
post-match 3 (p = 0.012), and post-match 4 (p = 0.040).
The post-match 1 values were higher than those observed
TABLE 5. Variation (D) of the hormonal responses and the cell damage markers of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during
a simulated competition (n = 10).*
Match 1
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Epinephrine (pg$ml21)
Norepinephrine (pg$ml21)
Testosterone (ng$ml21)
Cortisol (ng$ml21)
T/C
Insulin (ng$ml21)
CK (U$L21)
AST (U$L21)
ALT (U$L21)
LDH (U$L21)
Creatinine (mg$dl21)
277
73
5
82
20.03
21.7
71
27
11
14
0.2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Match 2
144
25
8
141
0.10
7.4
85
16
12
135
0.1
171
35
3
36
20.03
24.5
90
18
7
121
0.1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
65
11
12
173
0.14
3.2
77
14
10
94
0.0
Match 3
124
26
24
71
20.06
23.9
77
11
3
32
0.1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
62
18
10
137
0.09
4.3
87
18
6
82
0.1
Match 4
124
47
7
223
0.03
23.8
172
23
9
37
0.1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
62
17z
11
101
0.04
5.4
196
17
12
103
0.1
*Data are presented as mean 6 SD. T/C = testosterone/cortisol ratio; CK = creatine kinase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase;
ALT = alanine aminotransferase; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase.
Different from the match 1 (p # 0.05).
zDifferent from the match 3 (p # 0.05).
n = 8.
2544
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the
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TABLE 6. Heart rate variability before the matches of a Brazilian jiu-jitsu simulated competition (n = 7).*
Pre-match 1
RR medium (ms)
RMSSD (ms)
SDNN (ms)
LF (ms2)
HF (ms2)
LF (n.u.)
HF (n.u.)
LF/HF (a.u.)
874
70
69
1,908
1,665
63
37
3.8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
149
39
28
1,426
1,730
17
17
6.2
Pre-match 2
575
48
41
902
1,482
70
30
4.7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
48
55
40
1,975
3,174
26
26
4.1
Pre-match 3
562
42
32
120
35
77
23
4.4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
48
32
20
112
42
12
12
2.4
Pre-match 4
605
66
58
630
364
68
32
3.9
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
57z
78
59
1,176
725
19
19
4.8
*Data are presented as mean 6 SD. RR medium = average of the normal R-R intervals; RMSSD = square root of the mean squared
successive difference between adjacent RR intervals; SDNN = SD of normal R-R intervals; LF = low-frequency components; HF =
high frequency; n.u. = normalized units; LF/HF = ratio between LF and HF; a.u. = arbitrary units.
Different from the pre-match 1 (p # 0.05).
zDifferent from the pre-match 2 (p # 0.05).
in pre-match 2 (p = 0.005), pre-match 3 (p = 0.006), prematch 4 (p , 0.001), and post-match 4 time points (p =
0.037). The post-match 2 values were higher than the prematch (p = 0.002) and post-match 3 (p = 0.016) and prematch (p , 0.001) and post-match 4 values (p = 0.018).
Moreover, the pre-match 4 values were lower than the
pre-match 2 (p = 0.002) and pre-match 3 values (p = 0.002).
The testosterone and cortisol concentrations and the
testosterone/cortisol did not change significantly (p .
0.05) during the simulation of competition. The insulin concentrations changed during the time points (F3,4; 30,4 = 6.2,
p = 0.002, h2 = 0.41, moderate), with the peak in the initial
time point of the simulated competition; the post-match 1
values were higher than the post-match 3 (p = 0.033) and
post-match 4 values (p = 0.011), and the pre-match 2 values
were higher than the post-match 2 (p = 0.049), post-match 3
(p = 0.013), and post-match 4 values (p = 0.037).
For the cell damage markers, the CK concentration varied
significantly over time (F2,4; 22,0 = 10.3, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.53,
moderate), with post-match 4 values higher than those from
pre-match 1 (p = 0.039), post-match 1 (p = 0.037), and prematch 2 (p = 0.041). The AST concentration was significantly
altered by the matches (F4,0; 36,3 = 10.5, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.54,
moderate), with the pre-match 1 values lower than all postmatch values: post-match 1 (p = 0.014), post-match 2 (p =
0.001), post-match 3 (p = 0.003), and post-match 4 (p =
0.003). Additionally, the post-match 3 values were higher than
those values from pre-match 4 (p = 0.047). The ALT concentration differed between the time points (F2,9; 25,8 = 5.2, p =
0.007, h2 = 0.36, moderate), with the pre-match 1 values
lower than those from post-match 3 (p = 0.030). The LDH
did not change (p . 0.05) during the simulated competition.
For creatinine, differences were identified between the time
points (F2,5; 17,2 = 10.8, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.61, moderate):
the pre-match 1 was lower than the post-match 1 (p ,
0.001), pre-match 2 (p = 0.009), post-match 2 (p = 0.001),
and pre-match 4 (p = 0.021) and the pre-match 2 values were

lower than those from post-match 2 (p = 0.004).
Table 5 presents the variation of hormonal responses and
of the cell damage markers of the athletes during simulated
competition.
Delta epinephrine differed between the matches (F3,21 =
3.1, p = 0.001, h2 = 0.52, moderate), with the variations of
the first match higher than those of the third (p = 0.030) and
fourth matches (p = 0.030). Delta norepinephrine was different between matches (F3,21 = 2.1, p , 0.001, h2 = 0.75, moderate), with the variations of the first match higher than those
from second (p , 0.001), third (p , 0.001), and fourth
matches (p = 0.046). Additionally, the variations of the fourth
match were higher than those from the third match (p =
0.047). No significant changes (p . 0.05) were found for delta
testosterone, cortisol, T/C ratio, CK, ALT, and LDH. Delta
AST did show a difference between the matches (F3,27 = 3.1,
p = 0.046, h2 = 0.25, moderate), with the variations of the first
match higher than those from the third match (p = 0.047).
Table 6 presents the HRV before the matches of a Brazilian
jiu-jitsu simulated competition.
The RR medium showed differences between the time
points (F1,0; 6,3 = 35.8, p = 0.001, h2 = 0.86, large), with the
pre-match 1 values higher than those from pre-match 2 (p =
0.002), pre-match 3 (p = 0.010), and pre-match 4 (p = 0.004)
and lower pre-match 2 values compared with pre-match 4
(p = 0.029). No differences (p . 0.05) were observed for the
other HRV variables.
DISCUSSION
The analysis of multiple Brazilian jiu-jitsu matches, simulating
a competition, resulted in a decrease of the delta lactate
accumulation during the sequence of matches (suggesting
a decrease in the glycolytic pathway activation during the
simulation of competition) and a decrease in delta of the
catecholamines and insulin plasma levels. Additionally, there
2545

were increases in the cell damage markers in the last matches,
indicating possible muscle damage. Heart rate variability
showed a decrease of the RR medium during the competition.
Heart rate values after match did not differ during the
simulated competition, corroborating with data relating to
judo, in which elite athletes performed 23 matches and no
differences were observed in heart rate values between the
matches (19); this was also seen in research involving wrestlers who performed 5 matches in 1 day (5) or 2 days of
simulated competition (24). Additionally, analyzing the variation of heart rate for each match, we see that there was
more variation in the first match than in other matches. This
fact can be explained by the fact that the adrenergic activity
observed in this study was greatest in the first match. Moreover, the measured heart rates during the matches of the
simulated competition are similar to heart rates reported
previously in a simulation of 7 minutes (n = 12, 165 6 17)
(3), suggesting moderate cardiovascular stress during the
matches.
Previous studies of Brazilian jiu-jitsu (11,31) indicated that
the modality significantly activates the glycolytic pathway,
given the increase in the [La] in simulations (3,11,31) or in
official competitions (1,2). The post-match [La] values obtained in the present study are consistent with previous studies that reported concentrations of approximately 10
mmol$L21 (2,3,31). The results of this study, based on absolute values and variations (D), point to a gradual decrease of
glycolytic activity. A similar result was found in judo competition simulation (6,7), as the [La] values after the fourth
match (14.58 6 3.57 mmol$L21) were lower than in the
first (18.12 6 4.40 mmol$L21) and second (16.95 6
3.58 mmol$L21) matches (6) and after the fourth match
(12.6 6 3.5 mmol$L21) was lower than in the first (14.6 6
4.0 mmol$L21) (7). In fact, this decrease in glycolytic activity
in successive matches is plausible because the glycolytic system has a limited capacity to contribute to the energy supply
during high-intensity efforts (17).
Despite the moderate activation of the glycolytic pathway
observed in this study, no difference was observed in the
glucose concentrations. Insulin, however, the main hormone
responsible for glucose homeostasis, showed a gradual
decrease during the simulation of competition. The absence
of changes in blood glucose can be explained by the activity of
metabolic pathways, such as liver and muscle glycogenolysis,
which maintain stability in patterns of plasma glucose (13). This
behavior of glucose is similar to that observed in Brazilian one
7-minute jiu-jitsu simulation, in which the blood glucose did
not change (3). However, it differs from the glycemic responses
observed in simulations with two 10-minute successive matches
(11) and from competitive situations, in which the glucose
increased after the matches from 2 regional competitions
(1,2). The present results also differ from those observed in
wrestlers submitted to 5 matches during 1 day (5) or 2 days
in simulated competition (24), in which significant increases in
blood glucose were seen in all matches.
2546
the
One factor that could explain these differences is the stress

generated by real competition, considering that possible
adrenergic activity is able to increase glucose availability (27).
In fact, it has been shown that Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes present
indicators of stress that are more pronounced during real competition than in training (28). Additionally, the divergence
compared with studies conducted with wrestlers may be a result
of the difference of the time structure between wrestling (29)
and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (2), the latter being less fractionated.
With regard to fat metabolism, in this study, no differences
were observed in the triglyceride and total cholesterol
concentrations and their fractions. These results corroborate
a previous study with a Brazilian jiu-jitsu match of 7 minutes,
except for HDL-cholesterol, which showed an increase (3).
In a study involving two 10-minute successive matches, the
triglyceride levels and fractionated cholesterol levels (HDL,
LDL, and very low-density lipoprotein [VLDL]) did not
change; however, an increase was observed in total cholesterol concentration after the second match (11). The absence
of changes in the plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterols in this study can be attributed to several factors. During exercise, especially at high intensity, an increase in
catecholamine secretion occurs, which stimulates both glycogenolysis and lipolysis. The increased degradation rate of
glycogen and of the glycolysis results in lactate formation,
which is contrary to lipolysis induced by catecholamines
(8,22). Although the levels of circulating lipids did not
change, the availability for its use seems not to have been
affected, as the plasma concentrations of albumin did not
decrease during the competition simulation.
Furthermore, the production rate of ATP per minute
originating from fat is lower than the production originating
from carbohydrate because the process of fat oxidation
requires more oxygen. Moreover, there are enzymatic processes that limit the flow of fatty acids from the blood to the
mitochondria (8,21). This may be related to decreased blood
flow in the adipose tissue, causing a smaller amount of free
albumin to reach the site, resulting in less release of fatty
acids (18).
In the present study, we observed carbohydrate intake below
(54 6 7%) and protein intake above the recommended levels
(21 6 4%) for male athletes. Unbalanced diets, especially those
with low carbohydrate intake, may be harmful to performance
because glycogen stores are diminished (12). It is recommended that carbohydrates make up approximately 60% of the
total energy intake, with 15% protein and ,30% fat (26).
Changes in urea, ammonia, and uric acid plasma levels may
be indicative of increased protein degradation (12). In the
present study, only the uric acid showed a gradual increase
during the simulated competition. Furthermore, when analyzing the variations of each match (D), a lower elevation of
ammonia was observed in the last match of the competition.
In a previous study analyzing one 7-minute Brazilian jiu-jitsu
match, no alterations in the ammonia and urea concentrations
were also found (3). The absence of changes in circulating
TM
the
TM

levels of urea was also observed in two 10-minute successive
matches (11). Although the urea and ammonia concentrations
did not change, this may suggest that competition results in
a gradual increase of protein degradation given that, in addition to uric acid, cell damage markers showed a gradual
increase during the simulated competition.
With regard to hormonal responses, this study showed an
increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in all
matches, except for norepinephrine, which did not rise after
the third match. Furthermore, considering the absolute values
or variations of each match, we observed a peak in catecholamine secretion during the first 2 matches and lower secretion
after the last 2 matches. In wrestling, athletes performing 5
matches in a single day showed increases in catecholamines in
all matches; however, the increase of the norepinephrine levels
in the last matches was less than those observed in the first 2
matches (5). Kraemer et al. (24) submitted wrestlers to 5
matches divided over 2 days (3 in the first day and 2 in the
second day) and reported that the norepinephrine increased in
all the matches, whereas there was a decrease in epinephrine
secretion in the last match of each day.
This lower adrenergic activation in the last 2 matches is
similar to the behavior of blood lactate and decreased
insulin. This result suggests that the decrease in [La] may
be associated with this lower adrenergic activation given that
reduced activation of this system results in lower activation
of the glycolytic pathway and lower [La] accumulation (17).
Similar to the catecholamine response, pre-match HRV
showed a decrease in RR medium, which is considered as
a global indicator of autonomic activity (33). These changes
occur because during exercise, there is an increase in the
sympathetic activity and/or a decrease in the parasympathetic activity to meet the oxygen demand of the muscles
and ensure perfusion to vital organs (4). Thus, HRV seems to
be a good marker of recovery, which has been seen in previous studies with athletes from other modalities (4,9).
Previous studies (5,24) with combat sports measured testosterone and cortisol responses, as both markers provide
interesting data about the anabolic and catabolic status,
respectively. In the present study, no significant changes in
testosterone concentration, cortisol concentration, and T/C
ratio were observed, a finding that differs from the hypothesis of a gradual increase in cortisol concentration along with
a decrease in serum testosterone levels.
The results of this study diverge from those previously
reported after 2 simulations (28) and real competition (1,28),
in which cortisol increases in both situations were observed.
Nevertheless, these data are similar to those observed in two
10-minute successive Brazilian jiu-jitsu matches in which no
changes were found in these parameters (11). When assessing the effect of the competition on the hormonal parameters in wrestling, 2 studies showed a downward trend in
testosterone secretion, whereas at the same time, an increase
in cortisol secretion because of the stress caused by the reality of the matches was observed (5,24).
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Although there are divergent results in the association

between psychological patterns and hormonal responses, it
has been considered that the increase in testosterone
concentrations is positive (16), whereas the increase in cortisol is negative (14). Thus, we cannot refute the influence of
psychological factors on these hormonal responses. In fact,
specifically with Brazilian jiu-jitsu, it has been observed that
official matches generate different hormonal responses than
those derived from simulations during training, which has
been attributed to the stress of competition (28).
The analysis of cell damage markers is important but
should be interpreted with caution and always involve more
than one marker because the increased plasma markers do
not always reflect the degree of cell damage, which can be
the result of increased permeability of the sarcolemma as
a result of the high intensity from activity (3). Thus, when
looking at the set of markers analyzed in this study (CK,
AST, ALT, LDH, and creatinine), significant increases in
the indicators of cell damage are seen after the third and
fourth matches. In a previous study with Brazilian jiu-jitsu,
after a 7-minute simulation, increases in the ALT and LDH
concentrations and maintenance in the CK and AST levels
suggest that a single match may not generate great cell damage (3). Coswig et al. (11) reported that in two 10-minute
successive Brazilian jiu-jitsu matches, there were increases of
CK in both matches, but AST and ALT increased only after
the first match, whereas the LDH did not change. PinhoJunior et al. (30) submitted Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes to four
7-minute matches and noted increases in the CK and AST
concentrations after the 4 matches. In research on wrestling,
a gradual increase of the muscle damage markers was seen.
Kraemer et al. (24) reported that serum CK levels showed an
increase since the third match, and in the study by Barbas
et al. (5), the CK showed an increase since the pre-match 2
measurement, with progressive increases from that point on;
increases were also seen in the C-reactive protein levels,
although this last marker, which is more sensitive, showed
an increase from the first match.
Thus, it would be important to adopt recovery strategies
after the matches because the increase in cell damage
markers is attached to progressive decreases in performance
(23). In fact, in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes, a negative correlation was observed between CK and LDH levels with
strength endurance gripping the kimono, an effect that was
attenuated with a cryotherapy after the matches (30).
In summary, the findings of this study indicate a decreased
glycolytic pathway activation and a decreased catecholamine and insulin secretion across the matches during the
competition simulation. Additionally, there were increases in
cell damage markers in the last matches, indicating possible
cell damage.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Based on the results obtained in this study, it is recommended that training loads should be imposed to simulate
2547

the energy demand imposed by the combat, moderately
activating the glycolytic pathway. Therefore, the execution
of successive combats with short periods of recovery,
usually experienced in Brazilian jiu-jitsu training sessions,
should not be prioritized. High-intensity combats could be
prioritized, with official duration of the competitions, and
intervals between fights similar to those established in
competitions or long enough to provide full recovery for
athletes.
Combats provided evidence that muscle glycogen was
used because we observed an increase in blood [La] after the
fights; during the competition, the glycolytic activation is
decreased (e.g., lower lactate in the last fights). Therefore,
nutritional strategies that meet the supply of glucose during
the activity could be used to ensure adequate intake of
carbohydrates before training sessions. In the case of long
training sessions and competitions, the intake of carbohydrates should be held accordingly. The diet of the athletes
should be adjusted, resulting in an increase of carbohydrate
intake and a decrease of protein intake.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988.
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Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Simulated Competition Part I - Metabolic, Hormonal, Cellular Damage, and Heart Rate Responses

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BRAZILIAN JIU-JITSU SIMULATED COMPETITION PART I:

METABOLIC, HORMONAL, CELLULAR DAMAGE, AND

Andreato, LV, Julio, UF, Panissa, VLG, Esteves, JVDC, Hardt, F,

KEY WORDS combat sport, energy demands, hormone,

Address correspondence to Leonardo V. Andreato, vidal.leo@hotmail.com.

razilian jiu-jitsu is a grappling combat sport, in

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Four matches were performed, with measurements before

between the athletes (less than 10% difference in body mass

The study included 10 male adult Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes

Figure 1. Experimental designsimulated competition.

VOLUME 29 | NUMBER 9 | SEPTEMBER 2015 |