Evaluation of Eurocode 7

Example
p 2.3 PILE IN CLAY
ETC 10

Adriaan van Seters

Fugro Ingenieursbureau BV
The Netherlands

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Introduction in example
SLS-design source of parameters
Characteristic values of Cu profile
SLS required pile length
ULS shaft friction / endbearing computation
Design Approaches used
Load/strength/resistance factors
ULS computed pile length
Conclusions

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Pile in Clay Outline of problem

WT
W.T.

Soil data: boreholes 13,14

SPTs borings 11, 12, 14 -17
CPT
Pressuremeter tests PM2, PM3
Triaxial UU borings 11, 12, 14 -17

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Soil Conditions
0 3 to 4 m
Below 3 to 4 m
Below 34 m

Man made ground, clayey sand, gravel

London CLAY Cu: 30 230 kPa
SAND

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

All data - design

g p
profile

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Questions asked
1st Question 17 Respondents from D
D, UK
UK, PT
PT, PL
PL, IT:
Permanent load 300 kN, variable load 150 kN
do
downward
a d
SLS maximum settlement 20 mm
SLS-State required
q
p
pile length?
g
ULS-State required pile length?
2nd Question 7 Respondents:
Repeat the exercise using the given Cu design
values (red lines)

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

General Results
Observations:
13 (of 17) have designed more than 3 piles in clay
15 (of 17) are confident in a sound EC7 design
9 used an average of all tests
8 used nearest test results, took location into
account
13 (of 14) assumed a linear/bilinear/stepped
pp
variation of Cu or E with depth

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Parameters used for SLS-design

g
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Qc-CPT

SPT-N

UU-Cu

Plim

Eund

E'drain

Poisson
Nu

M
More
th
than one answer was possible!
ibl !
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Relation Eundd and OCR,

OCR Duncan et al
Cu = 4.5 N SPT, Stroud
Adhesion factors
factors, Tomlinson
DIN 1054
Correlations UU and qc, Kempfert
Transform functions for bored piles, Gwizdala et al
EA Pfahle
Correlation Cu and Plasticity Index, Duncan et al.
Relation E/N60
/
((SPT),
), Stroud

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Answer

No

Comments

By eye

Linear regression

Existing standard

DIN 1054, EN1997-1

Published
bl h d correlation
l

CIRIA, SPT-Stroud
d

Other

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Characteristic values for

SPT N CPT-qc,
SPT-N,
CPT
Pli and
Plim
dT
Triaxial
i i lC
Cu
Questions 11
11- 13 (qc
(qc, Plim
Plim, SPT-N)
SPT N) not answered
Only characteristic values CU-value (Q14)
Each participant
converted test
result
esu t back
bac to
Cu-value

Cu - Triaxial versus depth

Elev
vation [m O
OD]

20
15
10
5
0
-5
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Not many
y
differences
between countries
Variation /: 0,2

Cu - value [kPa]
Average

Average - st dev

Average + st dev

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Method of calculation Pile settlement

No method from the national Annex (Annex F is N.A.)

NA)
German standard DIN 1054, Annex B
EA-Pfahle
EA
Pfahle, German method
Wide range of handbooks, references:

Linear elastic solution

T-z, q-z curves, Fellenius
Transform functions method
T-z
T
z curves Reese & Wang (1990)
Poulos and Davis (1980)
Randolph and Clancy (1993)
Piglet Randolph
Piglet,
Tomlinson

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Q17 Which length is needed in SLS state?

12 Answers received

Average pile length is 14 m

Standard deviation of 2.8 m variation 20 %

All countries in the same range

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Tests used for ULS Pile design

16
<Bullet
1>
14
<Bullet
2>
No of p
participan
nts

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Qc-CPT

SPT-N

UU-Cu

Plim

Soil tests

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Correlations for ULS design

Wide range of correlations:

DIN 1054
Cu = 4.5
4 5 N (SPT) or f1 * N (SPT),
(SPT) Stroud
Tomlinson, adhesion factor a for piles
Kempfert et al, Correlation from UU-test to cone resistance
P li h piling
Polish
ili
code
d PN
PN-B-02482
B 02482
German code EA-Pfahle
Cone qc = Cu * Nc + v0

CPT cu correlation Meigh (1987, CIRIA)

DIN 4094-1: 2002-06 (CPT)
al 1978 (pressuremeter)
Baguelin et al,

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Characteristic values of Unit Shaft Resistance

Eeleva
ation [m O
OD]

<Bullet 1>
<Bullet 2>
15
20

Q_shaft,k at 7 m OD
Countries:

10

D, I, PL, PT 55 kPa
5

UK 80 kPa

0
-5
0

50

100

150

200

Sh ft ffriction
Shaft
i ti
[kP
[kPa]]
Average qs

qshaft + s

qshaft - s

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

20

Elev
vation [m OD
D]

15

Q_base,k at -3 m OD
Countries:

10

D, I, PL, PT 1750 kPa

UK 700 kPa
0

-5
0

500

1000

1500

2000

Unit End Bearing [kPa]

Average qb

qbase + s

2500

(UK applies a model factor

of 1.4 in achieving at
characteristic values)

qbase - s

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Use of Design Approaches

<Bullet 1>
<Bullet
2>
12
N u m b e r o f p a r tic ip a n ts

Design Approaches - ULS Design

10
8
6
4
2
0
DA1 - C1.1 + C1.2

Others

DA1 - C1.1

DA1 - C1.2
Design approaches

DA2/DA2*

DA3

Germany

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Use of Partial Safety Factors in ULS-check

Load factors

All participants: DA1 - Comb. 1, DA2 G = 1.35 Q = 1.5

DA1 Comb. 2 G = 1.0 Q = 1.3

Partial factors on strength

Generally no partial factors on Cu (DA3) were applied

Partial factors on shaft/base friction acc Nat Annexes:
DA1 - Comb. 1 shaft = 1.0 base = 1.0 (PL/PT: 1.25)
DA1 - Comb. 2 shaft = 1.3/1.45/1.6 base = 1.6/1.7/2.0
DA2
shaft = 1.1/1.4 base = 1.1/1.4
-factors: 4 (9x) 1.135 to 1.7, 3 (2x) 1.45

Partial model factor

UK / PT partial model factor of 1.4 / 1.5 on Cu

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Results of the Analyses ULS Pile length

16 answers received

Average pile length is 15

15.1
1 m (SLS 14.0
14 0 m)

Standard deviation of 2.7 m (SLS 2.8 m)

UK pile length 12.5 m

Italy pile length 17.5 m
Others p
pile length
g ca. 15 m

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

17 participants from 5 countries!

All answers translated
l d soil
il d
data to C
Cu-value
l using
i
many
correlations!
Variation of Characteristic values of Cu (no anomalies
anomalies,
below level + 7 m) within 10 %.
Many SLS-methods
SLS methods, less ULS-methods
ULS methods (all based on Cu)
Good agreement load factors + Design load (630 kN)
Spread in shaft
in DA1
DA1- Comb 2 (and DA2?)
h ft and base
b
Use of partial model factor?
Variation computed pile length (SLS and ULS) ca. 20 %
Thanks for all contributions!
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010

Comparison EC7 with previous design

Is EC7 - Design
g Conservative?
9

9
No
o. of participan
nts

8
8

7
6

5
3
2
1

va
tiv
e

un
co
ns
er

va
tiv
e
Ve
ry

nc
on
se
r

Ab
ou
tr

on
se
rv
at
iv
e
C

ig
ht
U

Ve
ry

on
se
rv
at
iv
e

No. of Participan
N
nts

4
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
More conservative

About the same

Less conservative

2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010