Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
by
Lymon C. Reese
Shin Tower Wang
Jose A. Arrellaga
Luis Gonzalo Vasquez
for
ENSOFT, INC.
3003 W. Howard Lane
Austin, Texas 78728
United States of America
ii
iii
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1
General Description ................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2
Features of the Program ............................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3
History of Development ............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.1
APILE1 (1987) ..................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.3.2
APILE Plus, Version 1 (1989) .............................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.3
APILE Plus, Version 2 (1995) .............................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.4
APILE Plus, Version 3 (1998) .............................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.5
APILE Plus, Version 4 (2004) .............................................................................................. 1-4
1.3.6
APILE Plus, Version 5 (2007) .............................................................................................. 1-4
1.3.7
APILE 2014, Version 6 (2014) ............................................................................................. 1-4
1.4
Organization of APILE Manuals .................................................................................................. 1-5
1.5
Typographical Conventions........................................................................................................ 1-5
1.6
Contents of the APILE Package .................................................................................................. 1-5
1.7
Hardware Requirements ............................................................................................................ 1-6
1.8
Technical Support ...................................................................................................................... 1-6
1.8.1
Preferred Methods of Software Support ........................................................................... 1-6
1.8.2
Support by Telephone ........................................................................................................ 1-7
1.8.3
Upgrade Verification and Internet Site .............................................................................. 1-7
1.8.4
Changes of Support Policy ................................................................................................. 1-7
CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting Started ..................................................................................... 2-1
2.1
Installation Procedures .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.1
Installation of Single-User Version ..................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2
Introduction of Network Version ....................................................................................... 2-6
2.1.2.1 Installation of Network Version ..................................................................................... 2-7
2.1.2.2 Silent Installations on Client Computers ........................................................................ 2-7
2.1.3
Backup of Original Software .............................................................................................. 2-7
2.1.4
Software Updates on the Internet ..................................................................................... 2-7
2.2
Getting Started........................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.1
Starting the Program .......................................................................................................... 2-8
2.2.2
File Management ............................................................................................................... 2-9
2.2.3
Data Menu ....................................................................................................................... 2-10
2.2.4
Options Menu .................................................................................................................. 2-11
2.2.5
Computation Menu .......................................................................................................... 2-12
2.2.6
Graphics Menu ................................................................................................................. 2-14
2.2.7
Arrangement of Windows ................................................................................................ 2-15
2.2.8
Help Files .......................................................................................................................... 2-16
CHAPTER 3.
iv
3.1
File Menu ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.1
File New ........................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.2
File - Open .......................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.3
File Save........................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.1.4
File Save As ...................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.1.5
File Exit ............................................................................................................................ 3-4
3.2
Data Menu ................................................................................................................................. 3-4
3.2.1
Numeric Data Entries ......................................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.2
Data Title ......................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3
Data Computational Methods......................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3.1 Method for Load-vs-Settlement .................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3.2 Method for Pile Capacity ............................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.4
Data Pile Material.......................................................................................................... 3-12
3.2.4.1 Select Pile Type ............................................................................................................ 3-13
3.2.4.2 Data for Axial Stiffness ................................................................................................. 3-14
3.2.5
Data Circular-Section Pile .............................................................................................. 3-15
3.2.6
Data Noncircular Section Pile ........................................................................................ 3-17
3.2.7
Data Soil Layers ............................................................................................................. 3-19
3.2.7.1 Soil Data for Sand Layers.............................................................................................. 3-21
3.2.7.2 Soil Data for Clay Layers ............................................................................................... 3-24
3.2.8
Data CPT Data File (Optional for Cone-Based Method)) ............................................... 3-26
3.3
Options Menu .......................................................................................................................... 3-28
3.3.1
Options - Units ................................................................................................................. 3-28
3.3.2
Options Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths... ........................................................... 3-29
3.3.3
Options Control Options ............................................................................................... 3-29
3.4
Help Menu................................................................................................................................ 3-31
CHAPTER 4. References for Program Execution and Output Reviews ............................................... 4-1
4.1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2
Computation Menu .................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1
Computation Run Analysis .............................................................................................. 4-2
4.2.2
Computation Edit Input Text ........................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.3
Computation - Edit Processor Run Notes .......................................................................... 4-4
4.2.4
Computation Edit Output Text ........................................................................................ 4-5
4.2.5
Computation - View Soil Layer Coordinates ...................................................................... 4-6
4.2.6
Computation Edit GRLWeap Data File ............................................................................ 4-6
4.3
Graphics Menu ........................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.1
Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode ......................................................................... 4-8
4.3.2
Graphics - Unit Skin Friction vs Depth................................................................................ 4-9
4.3.3
Graphics Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth .............................................................. 4-10
4.3.4
Graphics Tip Resistance vs Depth ................................................................................. 4-11
4.3.5
Graphics Total Capacity vs Depth .................................................................................. 4-12
v
4.3.6
Graphics Load Distribution ............................................................................................ 4-13
4.3.7
Graphics - Combined Plots vs Depth ................................................................................ 4-14
4.3.8
Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement ................................................................................. 4-15
4.3.9
Graphics Internally-Generated t-z Curves ..................................................................... 4-16
4.3.10 Graphics Extra t-z Curves at User Specified Depths ...................................................... 4-17
4.3.11 Graphics Internally-Generated Q-w Curve .................................................................... 4-18
4.4
Plot Menu................................................................................................................................. 4-18
CHAPTER 5. Example Problems.......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2
Example Problem 1 Steel Pipe Pile.......................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.1
Input Data for Computer Analysis...................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.2
Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ............................................................................ 5-2
5.2.3
Output Data ....................................................................................................................... 5-5
5.3
Example Problem 2 Offshore Steel-Pipe Pile in Sand ........................................................... 5-15
5.3.1
Hand Computations ......................................................................................................... 5-15
5.3.2
Comparison of Results ..................................................................................................... 5-17
5.3.3
Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................... 5-17
5.3.4
Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-18
5.3.5
Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-21
5.4
Example Problem 3 Open-Ended Steel-Pipe Pile in Clay....................................................... 5-33
5.4.1
Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................... 5-33
5.4.2
Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-34
5.4.3
Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-35
5.5
Example Problem 4 Prestressed Concrete Pile for Bridge Foundation ................................. 5-46
5.5.1
Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................... 5-47
5.5.2
Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-47
5.5.3
Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-49
5.6
Example Problem 5 Uplift Pile Capacity ................................................................................ 5-57
5.6.1
Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................... 5-58
5.6.2
Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-58
5.6.3
Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-60
5.7
Example Problem 6 (Offshore Version) CPT Based Methods for Close-Ended Pile .............. 5-72
5.7.1
Comparison of Results ..................................................................................................... 5-72
5.7.2
Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................... 5-73
5.7.3
Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-74
5.7.4
Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-76
5.8
Example Problem 7 (Offshore Version) CPT Based Method for Open-Ended Pile ............... 5-93
5.8.1
Comparison of Results ..................................................................................................... 5-94
5.8.2
Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................... 5-95
5.8.3
Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-96
5.8.4
Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-97
vi
5.9
Example Problem 8 LRFD Method ...................................................................................... 5-114
5.9.1
Soil Profile and Properties.............................................................................................. 5-114
5.9.2
Loading Computations ................................................................................................... 5-115
5.9.3
Estimate Axial Capacity of Single Pile from SPTs ........................................................... 5-117
5.9.4
Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................. 5-118
5.9.5
Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ........................................................................ 5-118
5.9.6
Output Data ................................................................................................................... 5-120
List of Technical References .......................................................................................................................... 1
License Agreement & Disclaimer .................................................................................................................. 1
vii
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Main CD-ROM installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with time) ................. 2-3
Figure 2.2 Installation screen with License Agreement (may change with time) .................................... 2-4
Figure 2.3 Selection of Single-User License (may change with time) ....................................................... 2-4
Figure 2.4 Default Installation Directory for Program Files (may change with time) .............................. 2-5
Figure 2.5 File Extension Association for APILE 2014 Data Files (may change with time) ....................... 2-5
Figure 2.6 Default Shortcut Folder in Windows Start Menu (may change with time) ............................ 2-6
Figure 2.7 Sample organization and operational flow chart..................................................................... 2-8
Figure 2.8 Options contained in the File menu ........................................................................................ 2-9
Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Data menu .................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Program-Control Options menu................................................. 2-12
Figure 2.11 Options contained in the Computation menu .................................................................... 2-13
Figure 2.12 Options contained in the Graphics menu ........................................................................... 2-15
Figure 2.13 Sample options contained in the Window menu................................................................ 2-16
Figure 2.14 Options contained in the Help menu .................................................................................. 2-17
Figure 3.1 Window screen for the File Open dialog............................................................................... 3-3
Figure 3.2 Sample message for incomplete or invalid file ....................................................................... 3-3
Figure 3.3 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk............................................ 3-4
Figure 3.4 Options contained in the Data menu ...................................................................................... 3-5
Figure 3.5 Window screen for sample Data - Title ................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3.6 Window screens for Data Menu Computational Methods Method for Load vs Settlement
...................................................................................................................................... 3-10
Figure 3.7 Window screens for Data Menu Computational Methods Method for Pile Capacity .... 3-11
Figure 3.8 Window screens for Data Menu Pile Material .................................................................... 3-13
Figure 3.9 Window screen for sample Data Circular-Section Pile....................................................... 3-17
Figure 3.10 Window screen for sample Data Noncircular Pile Section............................................... 3-19
Figure 3.11 Window screen for sample Data Soil Layers .................................................................... 3-21
Figure 3.12 Soil data for sand layers ...................................................................................................... 3-22
Figure 3.13 Soil data for clay layers ....................................................................................................... 3-25
Figure 3.14 Entries for reading and plotting of CPT Data File ................................................................ 3-28
Figure 3.15 Options for units selection .................................................................................................. 3-29
Figure 3.16 Options Print t-z Curves at Additional Depths ................................................................. 3-30
Figure 3.17 Options Control Options .................................................................................................. 3-31
Figure 4.1 Command options contained in the Computation menu. ...................................................... 4-2
Figure 4.2 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing input text of Example Problem 1 (may change
with time). ...................................................................................................................... 4-4
Figure 4.3 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing the output-text file of Example Problem 1
(may change with time). ................................................................................................ 4-5
Figure 4.4 Sample View Soil Layer Coordinates command option. ......................................................... 4-6
viii
Figure 4.5 Command option contained in the Graphics menu. ............................................................... 4-8
Figure 4.6 Unit Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5. .................................. 4-9
Figure 4.7 Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5. .................. 4-10
Figure 4.8 Tip Resistance vs Depth command option for Example Problem 4. ..................................... 4-11
Figure 4.9 Total Capacity vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5. ..................................... 4-12
Figure 4.10 Load distribution curves for Example Problem 4. ............................................................... 4-13
Figure 4.11 Combined Plots vs Depth for Example Problem 4. ............................................................. 4-14
Figure 4.12 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 4. .............................................................. 4-15
Figure 4.13 Internally-generated t-z curves for Example Problem 3. .................................................... 4-16
Figure 4.14 Extra t-z curves at user specified depths for Example Problem 1....................................... 4-17
Figure 4.15 Internally-generated Q-w Curve for Example Problem 3.................................................... 4-18
Figure 4.16 Command options contained in the Plot menu. ................................................................. 4-20
Figure 5.1 General soil description of Example Problem 1. ..................................................................... 5-1
Figure 5.2 Curves of Unit Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1. ............................................... 5-3
Figure 5.3 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1. ................................. 5-3
Figure 5.4 Curves of Tip Resistance vs Depth or Example Problem 1. ..................................................... 5-4
Figure 5.5 Curves of Total Capacity vs Depth or Example Problem 1. ..................................................... 5-4
Figure 5.6 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth based on API method for Example Problem 1. ............... 5-5
Figure 5.7 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ............................... 5-19
Figure 5.8 Curves of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ................................... 5-19
Figure 5.9 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ................................... 5-20
Figure 5.10 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 2. ................................................ 5-20
Figure 5.11 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 3. .............................. 5-34
Figure 5.12 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 3. ................................................ 5-35
Figure 5.13 Pile layout and soil conditions of Example Problem 4. ....................................................... 5-46
Figure 5.14 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 4. ..................................... 5-48
Figure 5.15 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 4. .................................. 5-48
Figure 5.16 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 5. .................................. 5-59
Figure 5.17 Curve of Axial Load vs Movement for Example Problem 5. ................................................ 5-59
Figure 5.18 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 6. ................................. 5-75
Figure 5.19 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 6. ................................................ 5-75
Figure 5.20 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 7. ................................. 5-96
Figure 5.21 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 7. ................................................ 5-97
Figure 5.22 Bridge substructures configuration and loading for Example Problem 8. ........................ 5-114
Figure 5.23 General soil description of Example Problem 8 ................................................................ 5-116
Figure 5.24 Curve of LRFD Geotechnical Capacity (factored capacity) vs Depth for Example Problem 8. 5119
Figure 5.25 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 8. .............................................. 5-119
ix
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Files created in APILE runs...................................................................................................... 2-10
Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants ................................................................ 3-5
Table 3.2 Shape of Nonlinear Load-Transfer Curves from Reese/Mosher/Skempton ............................ 3-7
Table 3.3 Relationship between N and (after Gibbs and Holtz, 1957) ................................................ 3-23
Table 3.4 Guidelines for tip resistance in siliceous soil .......................................................................... 3-24
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode .................................................................................. 4-8
Table 5.1 Soil Data for Example Problem 2 ............................................................................................ 5-15
Table 5.2 Comparison of results for Example Problem 2 ....................................................................... 5-17
Table 5.3 Soil Data for Example Problem 3 ............................................................................................ 5-33
Table 5.4 Soil data for Example Problem 5 ............................................................................................ 5-57
Table 5.5 Soil data for Example Problem 6 ............................................................................................ 5-72
Table 5.6 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 6 .............................................. 5-73
Table 5.7 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 6 ............................................ 5-73
Table 5.8 Soil data for Example Problem 7 ............................................................................................ 5-94
Table 5.9 Comparison of results for NGI Method in Example Problem 7 .............................................. 5-94
Table 5.10 Comparison of results for MTD Method in Example Problem 7 .......................................... 5-95
Table 5.11 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled APILE for Example Problem 8 ............. 5-115
Table 5.12 Calculations for ultimate axial compressive capacity for Example 8 ................................. 5-117
Table 5.13 Calculations for factored axial compressive capacity for Example 8 ................................. 5-117
CHAPTER 1. Introduction
1.1
General Description
The interaction among the piles and the surrounding soil are complex. Pile driving generally alters
the character of the soil and intense strains are set up locally near the piles. The load transfer mechanics
(side friction and tip resistance from soils) vary with many factors such as the types of soils, the
installation method, the pile material, the pile geometry and others. Because of the inherent complexities
of pile behavior, it is necessary to use practical semi-empirical methods of design, and to focus attention
on significant factors rather than minor or peripheral details. APILE utilizes two related codes to provide
the user with information on the behavior of driven piles under axial loading.
The first of these codes makes use of four different sets of established empirical methods for
computing the axial capacity of piles as a function of depth. Those methods include: API method
(established by American Petroleum Institute), USACE method (published by U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers), FHWA method (published by U.S. Federal Highway Administration), and Lambda method
(with the effective-stress contribution). Most of the semi-empirical design methods for prediction of axial
capacity of piles require internal friction angles () for calculating the side friction in sand layers, and the
undrained cohesive strength for calculating the side friction in clay layers. The design engineers should
gather all the necessary soil parameters based on the geotechnical investigation report prepared for the
application site. The subsurface can be divided into sub-layers based on the soil properties (cohesive or
non-cohesive) with the associated layer depth and soil parameters.
Recently, the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface explorations
worldwide. Four empirical methods for prediction of the axial capacity of driven piles based on CPT data
have been recommended by the offshore industry and are included in APILE Offshore Version. Those
four coned-based empirical methods include: NGI-99 method (published by Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute), ICP/MTD method (published by Richard Jardine et al from Imperial College in London in
2005), Fugro method (published by Fugro in 2005), and UWA method (published by the University of
Western Australia in 2005).
The second of the two codes employs t-z curves to compute the load versus settlement of the pile at
the greatest length that is specified in the input. If these results fail to satisfy the requirements of a
particular application, the user may refer to the results of load versus depth and select a revised length.
Each of these codes is described in detail in the following sections and example computations are also
presented.
APILE is a special-purpose program based on rational procedures for analyzing a driven pile under
axial loading. The program computes settlement of the top and base of the driven pile as a function of
axial loading, along with the distribution of axial load along the length of the pile.
1.2
Program APILE has the following features that are designed to enhance the ability of the engineer
to obtain usable results.
1.
Unit load transfer in side resistance (skin friction) and end bearing are computed, along with the
capacity of a pile to sustain axial loading.
2.
Results from four different analytical methods are provided in the basic version. Additional results
from four cone-based analytical methods are available in the special Offshore Version of APILE.
The APILE program makes internal computations of the development of a plug in an open-ended
pile as it is driven into the ground.
4.
At the users discretion, the values of unit load transfer computed in Step 1 can be used to compute
load versus settlement.
5.
6.
7.
Option for applying reduction factors for each soil layer, such as strength reduction during pile
driving, pile-group reduction factor, or LRFD strength reduction factor.
8.
Recently the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface explorations
worldwide. The latest APILE has an option to read the CPT data via an external file, and then
convert the CPT data to equivalent SPT-N values and equivalent cohesive strength internally for the
user.
1.3
History of Development
1.3.1
APILE1 (1987)
With the advent of wide-spread availability of personal computers, the founder of ENSOFT, Inc.,
had a vision to improve the engineering capability for analysis and design of deep foundations by
providing useful software tools. The development of APILE1 was completed under the direction of Dr.
Lymon C. Reese and was first commercially distributed in 1987. While based on an earlier mainframe
program, APILE1 was developed to use an interactive input method.
1.3.2
APILE Plus was released in 1989. This version incorporated the program APILE2 (Portion of
TZPILE), which was developed as a subroutine for computing the load-vs-settlement at the pile head
based on the t-z curve method. Therefore, Program APILE Plus is a complete program for analyzing the
behavior of driven piles under axial loading. It not only calculates the ultimate skin friction and tip
resistance at each depth, but also computes the load-vs.-settlement relationship at the pile head. In
addition, a menu-based DOS interface was introduced.
1.3.3
The success of Windows 3.1 from Microsoft, Inc., as the dominant platform for personal computers
pushed software development to adopt a standard, graphical-user interface. This version of APILE Plus
utilized Windows-based pre- and post-processors, while retaining the original computing engine from
Version 1.
1.3.4
This version of APILE Plus was a complete recoding of both the pre-and post-processing programs
running under Windows 95/NT and the computing engine. The graphical-user interface was recoded to
provide a more intuitive process for data input and to enhance the graphical capabilities.
This version of APILE Plus is upgraded for the requirement under Windows 2000/XP and the later
system. The most recent files of the input data will be listed under File Menu for users to load or retrieve
quickly and conveniently.
APILE Plus Version 4 now has an option to generate compatible data file used by GRLWEAP for
pile driving analyses. The program also provides the user with an option to generate t-z curves at depths
specified by the user. Furthermore, the program prints and plots the unit side friction and accumulated
side friction as a function of depth for comparison.
1.3.6
APILE Plus Version 5 added an option for computation of pile capacity under tension (uplift
loads). Another new feature in Version 5 is to allow the user entering the variation of cross-sectional area
as a function of depth. This feature is particularly useful for tapered piles or long pipe piles with sections
using different inside diameters (ID). Recently the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in
subsurface explorations worldwide. APILE Plus Version 5 now has an option to read the CPT data via
an external file, and then convert the CPT data to equivalent SPT-N values and equivalent cohesive
strength internally for the user.
Two empirical methods for prediction of the axial capacity of driven piles based on the CPT data
have been evaluated by API. The first one is NGI-99 method published by Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute and the other one is MTD method published by Richard Jardine et al (2005) from Imperial
College in London. Several uncommon soil parameters particularly are required for MTD method, which
may not be of interest to driven piles installed onshore. APILE Plus provides the user with the basic
version and an offshore version. The difference between these two versions is that the offshore version
includes the predicted pile capacity based on NGI-99 and MTD methods for offshore applications.
1.3.7
Program APILE uses the year number as the version sequence starting in 2014, while keeping the
second number of the release equal to the input data format (input data format 6). The major
improvements in v2014.6 were a complete rewrite for a more intuitive interface and to provide options for
specifying the reduction factors on side friction and tip resistance for each soil/rock layer if the user
selects the LRFD method.
The new release also introduces the ability to compute elastic shortening for pile portions above
ground level (either in air or water), which is useful for many offshore applications.
Two more cone-based empirical methods, including Fugro method (published by Fugro in 2005),
and UWA method (published by the University of Western Australia in 2005), were added into the
APILE 2014 Offshore version.
1.4
The documentation provided with the computer program APILE consists of two volumes. The
Users Manual contains full documentation about the operation of the program on personal computers.
The Users Manual covers the areas of installation, preparation of input data, program execution, view of
computational results, and example applications. The distribution of the Users Manual is made via
standard Adobe PDF file format.
The Technical Manual provides information about the theory of pile behavior under axial loading,
all the semi-empirical equations for pile-capacity computation, the concept of load-transfer, and load-vs.settlement of piles in different types of soil strata. The Technical Manual includes other helpful
references related to concepts utilized in program APILE. ENSOFT holds a copyright of the Technical
Manual so it is distributed in protected form that can only be opened by licensed users of the APILE
program.
Both Manuals are installed with the APILE program and accessible via any one of the following
three methods: i) from the Windows Start Menu, ii) from the Ensoft tile in Windows 8, or iii) from the
Help menu within the APILE program.
1.5
Typographical Conventions
To orient the user to different software features, certain terms are set in typefaces that distinguish
them from the body text. The following formatting conventions are used throughout the Manual:
Menu items and other text displayed on the screen are in sans serif:
From the File menu choose Open
File names and names of directories and folder and icon names are in italics:
Open the example file example1.sfd
Internet and electronic mail addresses are underlined:
Send email to support@ensoftinc.com
1.6
one backup CD-ROM (this may be missing in future releases, since the full program is
available for free downloading from the www.ensoftinc.com website.
1.7
Hardware Requirements
To use APILE, the user needs the following minimum hardware configuration:
Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, VISTA or Windows 7. A newer release of the Microsoft
Windows operating system may need a more recent update of the APILE software.
1.8
Technical Support
Although computer program APILE was designed to be distinguished by its ease of use and by its
helpful Users Manual, some users may still have questions. The technical staff at ENSOFT strongly
supports all registered users with questions related to the installation or use of APILE, according to the
stipulations presented below. The software is provided with free maintenance service for the first year.
After the first year the user is encouraged to purchase the yearly maintenance services. The yearly
maintenance services include free download of the latest version and free technical support as described
below.
1.8.1
Users are strongly encouraged to utilize electronic means of support via email. In any event, users
should include the following information when requesting for software support: software version (obtain
from the Help/About menu), description of the problem copy, input-data file attachment, contact person
and licensed company or user name (or name and office location of the licensed company).
Although immediate answers (less than two hours during regular working hours) are offered on
most technical support requests, up to two business days should be expected in case of difficulties or
conflict of schedules. The users will be informed of ENSOFTs reception of their electronic mails
requesting software support if the problem is complicated and cannot be resolved within two business
days.
Support by Telephone
Technical help by means of direct calls to our local telephone number (512-244-6464) is available,
but limited. The current policy of ENSOFT is that all telephone calls for software support will be
answered free of charge for the first 15 minutes of each call if the user has a current maintenance policy.
A charge of $90.00 US dollars per hour ($1.50 US dollars per minute) may come into effect for every
additional minute after the initial 15 minutes. Applicable charges will be billed to the user.
Software support by any of the methods (fax, email or telephone) is free for all users that have a
current annual maintenance policy.
1.8.3
Starting from APILE v2014 the software provides options for the user to check the most recent
maintenance release through an internet connection by selecting Help/Check for Updates. This
command starts the default internet browser and will display the users maintenance expiration date, the
users software release number and the most recent release number that is available for downloading.
If the users version is not the latest version and the maintenance has not been expired, the user can
download the latest version from our web server directly (www.ensoftinc.com). Users may also consult
our internet site for additional information on software updates, demos, and new applications; technical
news; and company information.
1.8.4
The software support policy and associated expenses are subject to change at ENSOFTs discretion
and without specific mailed notices to the users. However, any change of rules will be verbally provided
during telephone calls for software support.
2.1
Installation Procedures
Program APILE is distributed with an associated USB key (hardware key or dongle). The
hardware key consists of a device that is attached to an empty USB port (or USB hub) of the computer in
use (or in the designated software server in the case of local network licenses). This method of software
protection has been found to provide compatibility with existing operating systems, better stability than
other alternatives, and allows users to obtain software updates or replacements via downloads from the
internet.
2.1.1
This version of APILE has been tested to be compatible with the following versions of the
Microsoft Windows operating systems: 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7, 8 and 8.1.
The following guidelines are recommended to be followed during the installation process of APILE
for single-user licenses.
1.
Plug the supplied hardware lock (USB device) into one of the available USB ports in your computer.
The USB device is plug-and-play compatible so the operating system will recognize the USB device
automatically and a small solid green light should be noticeable at the end of the USB key (a
flickering green light or no light indicate problems with the standard windows driver or with the
USB key).
2.
If the user installs from a distribution CD-ROM and the main installation program does not start
automatically upon insertion of the CD then click on the Windows Start Menu button and select
Run. On the command line, type d:\setup.exe or e:\setup.exe, where d: or e: represents the drive
that contains the distribution CD. Click OK to execute the command and start the main installation
program for ENSOFTs software. A screen similar to the one in Figure 2.1 should appear.
3.
If the user installs from a downloaded file then please run the downloaded file (double click) and go
to instruction #5.
4.
Click anywhere on the APILE 2014 icon and then click on the Install Standard button to start the
installation of APILE.
5.
The user should read the license agreement shown in Figure 2.2. Please click Yes if you agree and
would like to proceed.
6.
Select Single-User License in Figure 2.3 then click Next. For network installations please contact
Ensoft support (support@ensoftinc.com).
7.
The user will be provided with an option to select a drive and directory for the installation of APILE
(see Figure 2.4); the default is c:\Program Files (x86)\Ensoft\Apile2014. If the desired directory
does not exist, the installation program will automatically create a new directory in the chosen hard
drive.
Most distribution files will be copied to the installation directory (either the default or the one
selected by the user). However, certain files are copied to system directories in Windows and some
Windows services are started during installation (mainly for Network installations). The name of the
system files, their exact locations, and the type of services that are started may change in time and
for different versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system.
During the installation the user will be asked to set the file extension association for opening APILE
2014 input data files (see Figure 2.5). If the user agrees (leaves the default check mark) then double
clicking (or running) any input data file with extensions of the type filename.ap6d will start the
installed APILE 2014 software.
9.
The user will be prompted to confirm the shortcut directory name that will be created in the
Windows Start Menu (See Figure 2.6). The default is Start Menu/Programs/Ensoft/Apile2014.
Windows 8 will automatically create an Ensoft tile with the same shortcuts.
Figure 2.1 Main CD-ROM installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with
time)
After the installation is finished, it is not necessary to reboot Windows for the program to run. The
user may run the program by selecting APILE v2014 from the standard links installed in the Microsoft
Windows Start Menu: Start Menu > All Programs > Ensoft > Apile2014
Figure 2.2 Installation screen with License Agreement (may change with time)
Figure 2.4 Default Installation Directory for Program Files (may change with time)
Figure 2.5 File Extension Association for APILE 2014 Data Files (may change with time)
Figure 2.6 Default Shortcut Folder in Windows Start Menu (may change with time)
2.1.2
Special network licenses and USB hardware keys (network keys) are available for users who desire
to operate APILE on a Windows network. The network version is limited to users with two or more
licenses at the same physical site. Discounted rates apply for users purchasing multiple licenses for the
same site.
Network versions of APILE have special subroutines written for installations in software servers
and for installations of individual clients. The software server or license server is the computer that
will be carrying the network USB key provided by ENSOFT, INC. The software server is not necessarily
the same as the existing network server. Any computer in the existing Windows network may be
designated software server for APILE as long as the network key is attached to an available USB port (or
through an USB hub) and the server version of the software is installed on its local drive. Software
clients may be all computers of the licensed site that have the program installed as client. Software
clients do not need any hardware key attached to their computers. The program installed in software
clients will be allowed to run if their IP are within the allowable (licensed) IP ranges and if the computer
designated as software server is accessible on the network with the proper operating system and with its
network key secured in place.
Users of the network version of APILE are allowed to have the software installed in as many
computers as desired within the licensed IP ranges of their local Windows network. However, only a
number of users equal to the total number of purchased licenses will be able to operate the program at the
same time.
The distributed software may be copied for backup purposes. The program may be installed in
several computers at the same time. However, unless network licenses are purchased, the program will
only operate in computers that carry the appropriate hardware key.
2.1.4
Occasionally, ENSOFT will produce software improvements and/or fixes and place the latest
software programs on ENSOFTs internet site. Users can check for available updates by selecting
Help/Check for Updates from the APILE menu. Software users may freely download the latest
program update from the following site: http://www.ensoftinc.com
2.2
Getting Started
A general diagram showing the menu choices and operational flow chart of program APILE is
presented in Figure 2.7. The following paragraphs provide a short description of the operational features
of APILE and should quickly enable the user to get started with the program.
The program is started by double clicking the left mouse button anywhere in the APILE icon. A
new window will appear on the screen, with the following top-menu choices: File, Data, Options,
Computation, Graphics, Window, and Help.
File Management
The File menu option contains five submenus, as shown in Figure 2.8; they are:
New to create a new data file.
Open to open an existing data file.
Save to save input data under the current file name.
Save As to save input data under a different file name.
Exit to exit program APILE.
Other entries include quick access to a history of recently-opened files.
Usage
File
Example
Extension
Description
Format
Files
*.sf6d
Input-data file
Text file
example1.sf6d
example2.sf6d
*.sf6o
Output-data file
Text file
example1.sf6o
example2.sf6o
*.sf6p
Plot-data file
Text file
example1.sf6p
example2.sf6p
*.gwi
GRLWEAP-data file
Text file
example1.gwi
example2.gwi
Data Menu
The Data menu contains several choices of submenus, as shown in Figure 2.9. The choices are
listed below, along with a general description of their use.
Title .................. to enter a single line of text with a general description for the project.
Computational Method . the user may select any one of the four (regular version) to eight (offshore
version) methods of internal computation of load-vs-settlement and one or more methods
of pile capacity, or the user may choose to input specific values of unit load transfers.
The user can also specify in this menu the usage of reduction factors for LRFD analyses.
Pile Material.. . used to enter the material type of piles such as steel piles, prestressed concrete piles,
timber piles, etc. This menu also provides control for values that are used in
computations of elastic deformation of the pile.
Circular-Section Pile ..... to describe dimensions and material properties of piles with circular sections.
This menu also provides a selection of computations of pile plugging.
Noncircular-Section Pile ................ to describe dimensions, and material properties of piles that are not
circular.
Soil Layers ...... this submenu is used to define the type and depth of each soil layer and to enter the
associated soil parameters.
CPT Data File ............... this submenu is optional and is used to read an external data file, which
contains data from the cone penetration test (CPT).
Options Menu
The Options menu is provided for the control of program variables and preferences. The listing of
menu options is shown in Figure 2.10 and the different submenu choices are briefly described below. The
user may select any of the options without concern for the sequential order.
Units ................ the user may select either English Units (using kips, feet and inches) or S.I. Units (using
kN, meters and millimeters). English units are enabled, as a default, for all new runs.
The user may change the system of units as many times as desired and values that were
previously input will be automatically converted by the program to the new selection of
units.
Print t-z Curves at Additional DepthsAlthough the program generates t-z curves at the top, the
middle, and the bottom of each soil layer, the user may ask the program for printing of
additional t-z curves at user-specified depths. The depth of t-z curves is zero at the
ground surface and it cannot exceed the tip of the pile.
Control Options .............. the user may select the length of each computation increment and also how
often to print results. The observation of text files associated with APILE (input, output
or processor notes) is done using the text editor that is here selected by the user. The user
should input in this box the complete path and command line for the preferred text editor
Computation Menu
The Computation menu is provided to run the analytical computations after all data are entered
and saved. After the computation is executed successfully this menu also provides options for the
reviews of plain-text input data, notes produced during computation, and output data. It also provides an
option for the graphical observation of the modeled pile and soil layers. Submenu choices, shown in
Figure 2.11, are briefly described below.
Run Analysis .. ............... this option is chosen to run the analytical computations. This option should be
selected after all data have been entered and saved.
Edit Input Text ............... this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under Options/Text Editor)
to observe and/or edit the analytical input data in plain-text format. The option becomes
available after the input data has been saved to disk, or when opening an existing inputdata file.
Edit Processor-Run Notes ...............this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under
Options/Text Editor) to observe, format, and/or print the notes provided during
Graphics Menu
The Graphics menu is used to observe plots of output data provided by a successful program run.
Options for the observation of output curves under this menu are only enabled after a successful run has
been made. Even after performing successful runs, some options may still be disabled since the amount
of output data depends on specifications provided in the input file of each program run. Submenu
choices, shown in Figure 2.12, are briefly described below.
Unit Skin Friction vs Depth ..............provides a plot of unit load transfers in side resistance (skin
friction) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for pile
capacity that were selected by the user.
Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depthprovides a plot of accumulated load transfers in side resistance
(skin friction) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for
pile capacity that were selected by the user.
Tip Resistance vs Depth. provides a plot of ultimate end bearing (tip resistance) versus depth of the
modeled pile according to computational methods for pile capacity that were selected by
the user.
Total Capacity vs Depth. provides a plot of the ultimate total capacity (skin friction plus tip
resistance) versus depth of the modeled pile according to computational methods for pile
capacity that were selected by the user.
Load Distribution. provides a plot of distributions of axial loads versus depth for the modeled pile
according to the computational method for load-vs-settlement that was selected by the
user.
Combined Plot. provides a plot of ultimate skin friction, ultimate tip resistance, and the ultimate total
capacity versus depth on a single graph, according to the computational method for loadvs-settlement that was selected by the user.
Axial Load vs Settlement.this option provides a plot of the axial loads versus settlement at the pile
head based on t-z curves and Q-w curves, according to the computational method for
load-vs-settlement that was selected by the user.
Internally-Generated t-z Curves.this option provides a plot of the t-z curves generated by the
program at the top, the middle, and the bottom of each soil layer, according to the
computational method for load-vs-settlement that was selected by the user..
Extra t-z Curves at User-Specified Depths.this option provides a plot of the t-z curves generated by
the program at user-specified depths.
Internally Generated Q-w Curve.this option provides a plot of the Q-w (tip resistance vs. movement)
that was generated according to the computational method for load-vs-settlement that was
selected by the user..
Arrangement of Windows
The Window menu provides two standard functions for organizing opened windows and/or
minimized window icons. Submenu options, shown in Figure 2.13, are briefly described below.
Cascade .......... this option organizes all open-windowed menus so that all become visible with their tops
cascading from the top left portion of the screen.
Arrange Icons. ............... this option organizes the icons of all minimized windowed menus so that all
become visible and aligned at the bottom portion of the screen.
Other entries under the Window menu are names of any open windows or plot file, that the user
may select to navigate between open windows.
Help Files
The Help menu provides an online help reference on topics such as: using the program, entering
data, information about variables used in the program and methods of analyses. Submenu options, shown
in Figure 2.14, are briefly described below. The menu may be accessed at any time while in APILE.
Contents ......... the main reference files for help are accessed through this submenu option. The Help
files usually do not provide as much information as the electronic manuals that are also
accessible from the Help menu.
Users Manual ............... this selection calls the installed version of Adobe Acrobat or Acrobat Reader to
open the Users Manual. This document is formatted as an Adobe PDF file.
Technical Manual .......... this selection calls the viewer of the Technical Manual. This is a protected file
(copyright document) that can only be opened with this viewer and by users that are
running the program in full mode.
About ............... this provides a screen describing the program version, date, maintenance expiration date,
USB serial number and methods for accessing technical support.
3.1
File Menu
This menu contains options related to the management of input-data files and to exit the program.
Input-data files created for APILE are provided with a standard file-name extension in the form of
*filename*.ap6d (where *filename* represents any allowable file name). All input data files are standard
text files and may be edited with any text editor or word-processing program.
3.1.1
File New
Once the program is started, default values are used for certain operating parameters and a blank
input-data file is created. Selecting New under the File menu resets all APILE variables to either default
or blank values, as appropriate. This option should be selected when a new data file is desired to be
created from a blank form. This menu option may also be accessed with the Ctrl+N keyboard
combination.
3.1.2
File - Open
This is used to open a file that has been previously prepared and saved to disk. The File Open
window dialog, shown in Figure 3.1, is used to search and open an existing input-data file. By default,
the file is initially searched in the directory where APILE was installed. Standard windows-navigation
procedures may be used to locate the name and directory of the desired project file. This menu option
may be accessed with the Ctrl+O keyboard combination.
Every analytical run of APILE produces several additional files (previously described in Table 2.1
of this manual). The name of the input-data file indicates the names of all related files produced by a
successful program run (output, graphics, and processor text files). All the additional program files will
be created in the same directory as the input data file. Input-data files that are partially completed may be
saved and later opened for completion, run, and observation of results.
Opening some partially-completed APILE input files or invalid data files (or files with incorrect
data formats) may produce an information window reporting that an invalid or incomplete file is being
opened (Figure 3.2). The user should click the OK button and all partial-input data that was previously
prepared should become available.
The program allows users to read input-data files created for the previous APILE Plus 5.0 version
(*.apd file extension) by selecting the drop-down arrow under the Files of type: option at the bottom of
the File Open window screen. The program will automatically convert the opened APILE v5.0 input
files to APILE (the latest version) when the user saves the opened file.
File Save
This option is used to save input data under the current file name. With this method of storing data
to disk, any input data that was previously saved with the same file name is replaced with the current
parameters. Input-data files should be saved every time before proceeding with runs for analytical
computation. This menu option may also be accessed with the Ctrl+S keyboard combination.
3.1.4
File Save As
This option allows the user to save any opened or new input data file under a different file name or
different directory. Any input data file saved under an existing file name will replace the contents of the
existing file.
3.1.5
This is selected to exit APILE. Any input-data file that was modified and not yet saved to disk will
produce a confirmation window before exiting the program (see Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.3 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk
3.2
Data Menu
The input of specific parameters for an application is controlled under options contained within this
menu (shown in Figure 3.4). It is recommended that the user choose each submenu and enter parameters
in a consecutive manner starting from the top.
Selecting or clicking any of the submenu choices contained in the Data menu produces various
types of windows. As a reminder of standard commands of Microsoft Windows, open windows may be
closed by all or some of the following methods:
clicking once on the APILE icon on the upper-left corner of the window and then choosing
Close.
Open windows may optionally be left open on the screen. The selection of other menu options will
then produce new windows on top of those that were previously left open.
Many sub-windows of the Data menu will show an Add Row, Insert Row and/or Delete Row
buttons. The Add Row button always adds new rows at the end after all existing rows. The Insert Row
button always inserts a new row right after an existing row highlighted by the mouse. Clicking on the
Delete Row button deletes the row where the cursor is located.
Cells that require numeric data may accept entries of mathematical expressions in addition to
simple numeric entries. Entering a mathematical expression works similarly to normal numeric data. The
user types the expression that represents the data and presses the Return key to calculate the entered
expression and to display the numeric result in the same cell.
Table 3.1 below shows the list of supported operations and constants. The order of operations
follows the order in the list of Table 3.1. Note that implicit multiplication (i.e. 2(4+6)) is not supported
(instead, use 2*(4+6) for the previous example).
Symbol
OPERATORS
Description
()
^
*
/
+
-
Symbol
PI (or pi)
e (or E)
CONSTANTS
Value
3.1415927
2.7182818
Data Title
This option activates the window shown in Figure 3.5, where the user can enter a line of text
containing a general description for the application problem. Any combination of characters may be
entered in the text box in order to describe a particular application. The user input will be restrained
automatically once the maximum length of text is reached. This is done to prevent the user from going
beyond the maximum permissible length of characters allowed for the title line.
The tabs shown in Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7 are presented in this submenu. The user can select the
preferred method for computation of load-vs-settlement curves (instructions for generation of t-z and Q-w
curves) and for computations of pile capacity.
3.2.3.1 Method for Load-vs-Settlement
The computations of load-vs-settlement involves two procedures: i) computation of the unit-load
transfers, and ii) computation of the shape of the nonlinear, load-transfer curves (t-z and Q-w).
The APILE program automatically selects the nonlinear shape of the load-transfer curves (t-z and
Q-w) according to methods (*) or (**) that are shown in parenthesis in Figure 3.6. Method (*) uses the
theories of Reese/Mosher/Skempton referenced in Table 3.2 which are also described in Chapter 4 of the
APILE Technical Manual (Section 4.4 through Section 4.7).
Method (**) uses the recommendations from the American Petroleum Institute (API RP-2A, 2007)
which are also described in Section 4.8 of the APILE Technical Manual.
Type of Load
Transfer
Side Resistance
End Bearing
Type of Soil
Cohesive
Cohesionless
Cohesive
Cohesionless
Figure 3.6 Window screens for Data Menu Computational Methods Method for
Load vs Settlement
Figure 3.7 Window screens for Data Menu Computational Methods Method for Pile
Capacity
This submenu option allows the user to select the pile type and material that is used in the driven
pile. An illustration of the Pile Material window for an example application is shown in Figure 3.10. A
general description for the data needed in the Data - Pile Material submenu option is listed below.
This submenu is automatically enabled if the user selected to analyze a pile type with a circular
cross section (under Data Pile Material). This submenu option allows the user to input dimensions
and section properties for piles with circular cross sections. A general description for the data needed
under each entry of the Data - Circular-Section Pile submenu option is listed below and shown in
Figure 3.9.
Outer Diameter, OD
This is the outside diameter that will be used in the computations. The English unit for this
variable is inch, while millimeter is for the SI unit.
Inner Diameter, ID
This is the inside diameter that will be used in the computations. The English unit for this variable
is inch, while millimeter is for the SI unit.
This entry is disabled for pile types where it is not applicable, such as concrete, Raymond, timber
or tapered monotube piles. For close-ended pipe piles, the inner diameter can be entered as zero or the
user may enter an inner diameter and select plugged condition at the bottom of this window screen.
The APILE program computes skin friction on both outside and inside area for pipe piles. In clay
layers, the user-specified remolded shear strength is used to compute the inside skin friction.
Total Length, TL
This submenu is automatically enabled if the user selected to analyze a pile type with a noncircular
cross section (under Data Pile Material). This submenu option allows the user to input dimensions
and section properties for piles with noncircular cross sections. A general description for the data needed
under each entry of the Data - Noncircular-Section Pile submenu option is listed below and shown in
Figure 3.10
Total Length, TL
This is equal to the summation of the stickup length (if any) plus maximum pile penetration that is
expected for the pile. The program will compute side resistance and end bearing at every depth interval
until reaching the specified total length.
Figure 3.10 Window screen for sample Data Noncircular Pile Section
3.2.7
This submenu allows the user to enter a layering system and to specify the different types of soil
and material properties to be used for the computations. An illustration of the Soil Layers window for an
example application is shown in Figure 3.12.
In general, each sub-window that comes up under the Layer button consists of entry fields for the
top and bottom of the soil layer. The user may enter different parameters for the top and the bottom of
each layer. The program will linearly interpolate the data for any point between those two depths. The
following sections will provide general description on data needed for each soil type.
Layer
This is a sequential number and button that is provided to each soil layer. This number is
computed automatically by the program as new layers are added using the Add Layer or Insert Layer
buttons at the lower part of Figure 3.12. The maximum number of soil layers that may be used in each
data file is limited to 40.
Table 3.3 Relationship between N and (after Gibbs and Holtz, 1957)
Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure, Ko (API only)
This column reflect values of the lateral earth pressure coefficient for the top and bottom of the
sand layer. Values for Ko depend on the relative density of the sand and the process by which the sand
deposits were formed. If the sand deposits did not receive any artificial compaction, values of Ko range
from about 0.40 for loose to 0.50 for dense sand. Artificial compaction or tamping may increase Ko
values to 0.80.
The earth pressure coefficient, Ko, is used to calculate the skin friction in granular soils. A Ko of
0.8 is recommended for open-ended pipe piles that are driven unplugged for loadings in both tension and
compression. A Ko of 1.0 is recommended for full-displacement piles. Ko is only used by the API
method and is disabled if API was not selected by the user. Ko is assigned internally based on the
recommendation when other methods are employed.
Bearing Capacity Factor, Nq (API only)
Nq
Limiting q ,
kips/ft2 (MPa)
40 (1.9)
Loose to dense,
sand to silt
12
60 (2.9)
Medium to dense,
sand to sand-silt
20
100 (4.8)
40
200 (9.6)
50
250 (12.0)
Soil
This submenu allows the user to specify an external file that contains cone penetration data (Figure
3.14). The user can plot functions such as Qc vs. depth, Converted SPT vs. depth, and Converted Su vs.
depth shown in the windows screen as a convenient tool to read the equivalent design parameters that are
needed for each soil layer if the cone data are the only geotechnical data available from the project site.
The APILE program is not currently able to read CPT data files to automatically determine soil
layering and associated properties. This is complex though it may be incorporated in future versions.
The user is responsible to determine the layering and associated properties based on the curves and data
presented by APILE after reading and plotting the CPT file.
The relationship between converted SPT (NSPTcorr) and Qc is
NSPTcorr = Qc / (2.8*atm)
Where atm is the atmospheric reference pressure (100 kPa).
The relationship between the undrained shear strength (Su) and Qc is
Su = Qc / Nk
Figure 3.14 Entries for reading and plotting of CPT Data File
3.3
Options Menu
3.3.1
Options - Units
This selection provides the user with a choice of input data in English Units, and S.I. Units
(international units) as shown in Figure 3.15. In general, the following specific units of measurements are
used frequently in the program:
Units
Length
Force
Stress/Modulus
English
International
foot (ft)
pounds (lbs)
meters (m)
kiloNewtons (kN)
psf or psi
kPa
The user should always check the unit descriptions which are associated to each variable in the
program interface. For instance, psi instead of psf is used for the elastic modulus of pile material
(Data/Pile Material/Modulus of Elasticity).
The user may change from one system of units to the other as many times as desired. The program
will automatically convert all the appropriate input that was already specified by the user before the time
of selection of a different system of units. Small conversion errors may appear if multiple changes of
units are performed. The user must always check that input data have been converted appropriately.
The user can ask the program to generate t-z curves at user-specified depths. The windows dialog
screen that comes up under this menu option is shown in Figure 3.16. The APILE program automatically
generates t-z curves at the top, middle, and bottom of each soil layer. The user can enter up to 50 other
depths for printing of additional t-z curves.
3.3.3
This submenu allows the user to enter certain control parameters for program performance and
output. An illustration of the Control Options window for an example application is shown in Figure
3.17.
Length of each computation increment
This entry represents the length, in ft or m, of each element into which the pile is divided. A
default of 1 ft (0.3048 m) is provided by the program. This entry may produce a difference in the results
of the computations. Users should not use a length of computation increment that is larger than half the
width of the smallest soil layer.
3.4
Help Menu
The Help/Contents submenu starts the standard help interface for guidelines on data input of the
APILE program. The Help/Contents submenu is limited in this program release since better formatted
data is available in the electronic Users Manual.
The Help/Users Manual will start up the default installed version of Adobe Acrobat or Adobe
Reader and open the installed PDF version of the standard Users Manual of the SHAFT program. The
Adobe Reader program is freely distributed by Adobe Systems Inc. at www.adobe.com
The Help/Technical Manual will start up a viewer of a protected file for the electronic version of
this manual. The Technical Manual is copyrighted and only works when the proper USB dongle is
connected to the computer in use.
If the Technical Manual is not opening with Acrobat or Reader (while having the proper USB key
connected to the computer in use) then perhaps the Adobe software is not configured correctly. Start
Adobe Reader (or full Adobe Acrobat) then click on "Edit/Preferences" and "Internet" under
"Categories". Please make sure that a check mark is placed under "Display PDF in Browser" then click
OK and exit Reader. You can then try to run the Technical Manual once again.
The Help/About... submenu provides general references about the program (program version, date,
maintenance expiration date, USB serial number) and how to reach Ensoft, Inc. for technical support or
sales.
The Help/Check for Updates submenu will start up the default Internet browser and report the
user of the current program version and maintenance expiration date as well as any new update that is
available for downloading from Ensofts website (www.ensoftinc.com). Users will be able to download,
install and run in full mode any APILE program release that is older than their maintenance expiration
date.
4.1
Introduction
CHAPTER 4 presents options related to execution of the program and includes methods of
addressing run-time errors. This Chapter also includes suggestions for reviewing input, output, and
processor text files. The final section of this Chapter includes descriptions about all the output curves that
may be observed in graphical form. The commands covered in this chapter are contained in the top menu,
under the Computation and the Graphics titles.
4.2
Computation Menu
This menu option is selected to execute the program using the parameters that were saved in the
input-data file. Within the options contained under this menu, shown in Figure 4.1, there are commands
that facilitate the reviews of the text files produced for storing input data, output results, and processor
notes. In addition, the user may select an option to observe a graphical representation of the modeled pile
and soil layers. Detailed description of the submenu options contained under the Computation menu are
explained in the following topics.
4.2.1
The input-data file will be first saved to disk after selecting the Computation Run Analysis
submenu option, which executes the analytical portion of program APILE.
The user should remember to save the input data under an user-specified name before executing the
analytical module. When saving data to disk, APILE will automatically add an extension of the type
*.ap6d to the name of the input file.
This submenu option is used to edit the input-data file in plain text mode. This command becomes
active after new data files have been saved to disk or when opening existing data files. The command is
helpful for experienced users who may want to change one or two parameters quickly using the text
editor, or for those users wishing to observe the prepared input data in text mode.
This submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows.
Input-data files are automatically saved to disk with the user-specified file name and the extension
of *.ap6d by program APILE. Use of the notepad program for editing the input data is shown in Figure
4.2.
Figure 4.2 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing input text of Example
Problem 1 (may change with time).
4.2.3
This submenu option is used to edit an intermediate text file that may be produced during each
analytical run. This feature is not used in early editions of APILE but in the future it will include notes
produced during the processing of the input data.
This submenu will automatically invoke the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows.
Files containing processor-run notes will be automatically saved to disk with the same file name as
the input-data file but with the extension *.ap6r.
This submenu option is used to edit the output-text file that is automatically produced during each
analytical run. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk and
successfully executed, or when opening previously-executed data files.
This submenu will automatically invoke the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows.
Output files are automatically saved to disk with the same file name as the input-data file but with
the extension *.ap6o. Use of Microsoft Notepad for editing the output file for Example Problem 1 is
shown in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing the output-text file of
Example Problem 1 (may change with time).
The Computation/View Soil Layer Coordinates submenu option will provide a graphical screen
that displays an elevation view of the pile and soil layers along with their various depths. This command
option becomes active after data of Pile Properties and Soil Layer Data have been entered under the
Data menu, or when opening previously-executed data files. A sample graphics of this command option
is shown in Figure 4.4.
The vertical position of the cursor in the screen will indicate an approximate indication of the depth
from ground surface to the cursor position. Stickups above ground line are indicated with negative
numbers for depth.
APILE has an option to generate compatible input-data file used by GRLWEAP for pile driving
analyses. This submenu option is used to edit the GRLWeap data file that is automatically produced
during each analytical run. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk
and successfully executed, or when opening previously-executed data files.
This submenu will automatically invoke the word processor or text editor specified under
Options/Control Options/Text Editor. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows.
4.3
Graphics Menu
This menu option is selected to observe the different graphical representations of the program
results contained in the output file. Submenu options contained under this menu are shown in Figure 4.5.
Not all of the graphics may be enabled for observation, active curves depend on specifications contained
in the input.
2. The following graphics will only be generated using the selected method of computation
(under Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement):
Load Distribution
Combined Plot
Axial load vs. Settlement
Internally-Generated t-z Curves
All of the graphical representation of output data that may be produced by the program are
contained in the following commands of the Graphics menu:
Table 4.1 describes mouse commands that become enabled automatically during all graphical
observations of output curves.
Event
Description
Mouse Left Click
Zooms in on the graphics at the clicked position (up to five zoom levels)
Mouse Right Click
Zooms out from the graphics
Mouse Double Click on Legend
Turns the selected curve on/off at every click
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the unit load
transfers in side resistance (skin friction) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various
computational methods. Unit load transfers in side resistance are presented in units of axial force per area
(lateral area) of the modeled pile. The data value at each depth represents the unit side resistance that was
used during internal capacity computations.
A sample graphics screen of the Unit Skin Friction vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.6. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Notice that the values of unit skin friction represented in these graphics are shown after
modifications from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the
Data/Soil Layers menu).
Figure 4.6 Unit Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5.
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the accumulated
load transfers in side resistance (skin friction) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various
computational methods. Accumulated load transfers in side resistance are presented in units of axial
force. The data values represent the total axial load that is transferred to the soil in side resistance at each
depth.
A sample graphics screen of the Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth command option is shown
in Figure 4.7. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Notice that the values of accumulated skin friction represented in these graphics are shown after
modifications from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the
Data/Soil Layers menu).
Figure 4.7 Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5.
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the tip resistance
(end bearing) versus depth for the modeled pile according to various computational methods. Tip
resistance is presented in units of axial force. The data values represent the total axial load that is
transferred to the soil in end bearing for each depth (starting from ground surface).
A sample graphics screen of the Tip Resistance vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.8. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile that is
subjected to compression loads (under the Data/Computation Method menu). This command option is
grayed out for tension loads.
Notice that the values of tip resistance represented in these graphics are shown after modifications
from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the Data/Soil Layers
menu).
Figure 4.8 Tip Resistance vs Depth command option for Example Problem 4.
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the ultimate total
capacity versus depth for the modeled pile according to various computational methods. Total capacity is
presented in units of axial force. The data values represent the total axial load that is transferred to the
soil in end bearing plus side resistance for each depth (starting from ground surface). Values of total
capacity are equal to skin friction plus tip resistance for compressive loads. Total capacity is equal to skin
friction plus self weight of piles for uplift loads (self weight is estimated internally according to user
selections on Data/Pile Material and Data/Circular-Section Pile or Data/Noncircular-Section Pile).
A sample graphics screen of the Total Capacity vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.9. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Notice that the values of tip resistance represented in these graphics are shown after modifications
from the reduction/resistance factors, if any, that were specified by the user (under the Data/Soil Layers
menu).
Figure 4.9 Total Capacity vs Depth command option for Example Problem 5.
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of distributions of
axial loads versus depth for the modeled pile. From this presentation the user can identify the side
friction contributed by each soil layer based on the strength parameters. The plotted curves of load
distributions correspond to the particular criteria selected by the user (under the Data/Computational
Method/Method for Load Settlement menu).
A sample graphics screen of the Axial Load vs Load Distribution command option is shown in
Figure 4.10. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curves of
skin friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth for the modeled pile on a single graph. The
plotted curves of load transfers correspond to the particular criteria selected by the user (under the
Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement menu).
A sample graphics screen of the Combined Plots vs Depth command option is shown in Figure
4.11. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curves of
axial load versus settlement for the modeled pile based on the t-z/Q-w curves generated based on the
specified computation method (under the Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement
menu). For tension loads the settlement curve goes up in the graph to represent pile pullouts.
A sample graphics screen of the Axial Load vs Settlement command option is shown in Figure
4.12. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the t-z curves
that were generated based on the specified computation method (under the Data/Computational
Method/Method for Load Settlement menu). The program automatically generates three t-z curves for
each soil layer (top, middle, and bottom).
A sample graphics screen of the Internally Generated t-z Curves command option is shown in
Figure 4.13. These curves are automatically generated after successful analytical runs of a driven pile.
Figure 4.14 Extra t-z curves at user specified depths for Example Problem 1.
4.4
Plot Menu
This menu command only appears in the top-menu bar while in the graphics mode. Command
options contained in this menu, shown in Figure 4.16, are explained below.
Show Legend
5.1
Introduction
This chapter presents several examples that were solved using APILE. In order to assure accuracy
from the computer results, some examples have been compared with the results from hand calculations.
The step-by-step hand calculations were carried out based on the procedures described in the
accompanying APILE Technical Manual. The users can have confidence in their results if limited
amounts of hand calculations can be done for comparisons. The studies in this chapter also provide
guidance for the analysis of axially loaded piles with APILE.
There are three types of output data provided by the computer. The first type is the output file
which contains formatted text that consists of an echo-print of the input data; the distribution of skin
friction, end bearing, and total capacity; and the final load-settlement curve. The second type of output
presents the data for a graphics file that allows the code to produce plots. All of the data are saved with
ASCII format and the user may access the files with any text editor.
Several problems are provided herein as examples of different applications that may be solved
using our computer program APILE. Each example focuses on a particular computational feature of the
program. Input files for each example are automatically copied to the APILE data directory during
installation (<Root Drive>\Ensoft\APILE2014-Examples).
Example problems provide the user information on input and output of various cases, and present a
quick tutorial for real-world applications. The user is encouraged to study these examples and, with
modifications, may even use them to solve similar problems. However, by no means can these limited
examples explore the full functions and features provided by APILE.
The main features of each example included with APILE are summarized as follows.
Example Problem 1 Steel Pipe Pile
non-uniform soil deposit, two layers of sand and two layers of clay,
non-uniform soil deposit, one layers of stiff clay and one layer of sand,
5.2
This example is included to illustrate a common case in which a 10 in. diameter steel pile is
subjected to a vertical load. The soil deposit is not uniform as shown in Fig. 5.1. A tabulation of the
input information for the example is presented in the first page following the figure.
The pages following the input data are the output for the example problem. The output is shown in
detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The user may elect to eliminate
the printing of capacity for each increment length to shorten the length of output.
0
Sand
10 in. OD
= 0.5, = 35
9 in. OD
= 60 pcf
10
Nq = 40
Clay
= 50 pcf
30 ft
Su = 1 ksf
20
Sand
= 0.5, = 35
= 60 pcf
Nq = 40
30
Clay
zero skin friction
over upper 5 ft
= 50 pcf
Su = 1 ksf
The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem1 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM ONE
Ensoft
03-11-04
1 1 8
0 0 10 9 29000000 30 0
0 0
5 1 1 0 4 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
40 0
0.0 1 0.5 60 35 40
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1
10 1 0.5 60 35 40
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1
10 2 0.0 50 0.0 0.0
0 0 1000 500 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
5.2.2
Each of the resulting plots of unit skin friction, accumulated skin friction, tip resistance, and total
capacity versus depth provided by the computer program based on different methods, as may be seen in
Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3, Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.5 respectively.
Results of combined plots versus depth, shown in Figure 5.6, only contains the curves of skin
friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth for the API RP 2A method specified under
Data/Computational Method/Method for Load Settlement.
Figure 5.2 Curves of Unit Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1.
Figure 5.3 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 1.
Figure 5.6 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth based on API method for Example
Problem 1.
5.2.3
Output Data
Contents of the output-data file for Example Problem 1 is reproduced below in courier typeface, for
distinction.
=========================================================================
APILE for Windows, Version 2014.6.1
Serial Number :
162969628
: C:\Ensoft\Apile2014-Examples\
: Example1.ap6d
: Example1.ap6o
: Example1.ap6p
Time:
18:01:05
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
: Ensoft
= 0.290E+08 PSI
=
14.92 IN2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD
INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID
TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL
PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL
=
=
=
=
10.00
9.00
30.00
0.00
IN.
IN.
FT.
FT.
5.00 FT.
1.00 FT.
PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
DEPTH
FT.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
FRICTION
KSF
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
SOIL
TYPE
LATERAL
EARTH
PRESSURE
SAND
SAND
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
CLAY
CLAY
0.50
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.50
0.00
0.00
EFFECTIVE
UNIT
WEIGHT
LB/CF
60.00
60.00
50.00
50.00
60.00
60.00
50.00
50.00
FRICTION
ANGLE
DEGREES
35.00
35.00
0.00
0.00
35.00
35.00
0.00
0.00
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTOR
40.00
40.00
0.00
0.00
40.00
40.00
0.00
0.00
MAXIMUM
UNDISTURB REMOLDED
UNIT
SHEAR
SHEAR
BLOW
UNIT SKIN UNIT END
BEARING
STRENGTH
STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION
BEARING
KSF
KSF
KSF
KSF
KSF
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
DEPTH
FT.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
FRICTION
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
BEARING
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
FT.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KIP
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
2.2
4.6
7.0
9.4
11.8
14.2
16.6
19.0
21.4
23.9
25.3
25.7
26.1
26.6
27.1
27.6
28.2
28.7
29.3
29.9
END
BEARING
KIP
0.0*
0.3*
0.6*
0.9*
1.3*
1.6*
2.0*
2.4*
2.8*
3.3*
3.7*
3.0*
4.1*
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
7.0
12.8*
17.4*
18.1*
18.8*
19.5*
20.2*
20.9*
21.7*
22.4*
23.2*
22.2
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KIP
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.9
4.6
5.2
8.7
11.9
14.3
16.7
19.1
21.5
23.9
28.5
36.6
42.7
43.8
44.9
46.1
47.3
48.5
49.8
51.1
52.5
52.1
**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
FT.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KIP
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.6
END
BEARING
KIP
0.0*
0.3*
0.7*
1.0*
1.4*
1.8*
2.2*
2.6*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KIP
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.0
1.4
1.9
2.5
3.2
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.7
4.7
6.7
8.6
10.6
12.5
14.5
16.5
18.4
20.4
21.6
22.1
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.4
24.9
25.4
25.8
3.1*
3.6*
4.0*
2.8*
3.7*
4.5*
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
6.4
10.7*
13.7*
13.9*
14.1*
14.4*
14.6*
14.8*
15.0*
15.2*
15.4*
12.2
3.9
4.7
5.6
5.5
8.3
11.2
13.5
15.5
17.5
19.4
21.4
24.8
31.1
35.3
36.0
36.7
37.4
38.1
38.7
39.4
40.1
40.8
38.1
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD
*
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
FT.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KIP
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.1
6.9
9.1
11.2
13.2
15.3
17.3
19.3
21.3
23.3
25.2
26.4
27.7
29.0
30.4
31.8
33.3
34.8
36.4
38.0
END
BEARING
KIP
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.8
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.9
4.5
3.5
4.0
4.6
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
6.8
8.7
13.3
14.4
15.5
16.6
17.8
19.0
20.3
21.6
22.9
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KIP
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.8
3.3
4.2
5.3
6.4
7.6
10.4
13.1
15.8
18.1
20.2
22.2
24.2
26.2
30.1
33.9
39.8
42.1
44.5
47.0
49.6
52.3
55.1
58.0
60.9
39.7
20.6
60.3
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
FT.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KIP
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.6
3.8
5.0
6.3
7.5
8.8
10.0
11.3
12.7
14.0
15.2
16.1
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.1
21.2
22.4
23.6
24.9
END
BEARING
KIP
0.0*
0.3*
0.6*
0.9*
1.3*
1.8*
2.2*
2.7*
3.3*
3.9*
4.5*
3.5*
4.0*
4.6*
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
6.8
8.7*
13.3*
14.4*
15.5*
16.6*
17.8*
19.0*
20.3*
21.6*
22.9*
20.6
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KIP
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.9
2.6
3.4
4.3
5.3
6.3
6.1
7.9
9.6
11.2
12.4
13.7
15.0
16.3
19.5
22.7
28.5
30.4
32.5
34.6
36.8
39.1
41.5
44.0
46.5
45.5
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
FT.
LOAD TRANSFER
PSI
PILE MOVEMENT
IN.
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.0000E+00
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.4000E-01
0.6000E-01
0.8000E-01
0.9000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.7217E-01
0.1443E+00
0.2887E+00
0.4330E+00
0.5773E+00
0.6495E+00
0.7217E+00
0.7217E+00
0.7217E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.4000E-01
0.6000E-01
0.8000E-01
0.9000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1651E+00
0.3303E+00
0.6606E+00
0.9909E+00
0.1321E+01
0.1486E+01
0.1651E+01
0.1651E+01
0.1651E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.4000E-01
0.6000E-01
0.8000E-01
0.9000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.7961E+00
0.1327E+01
0.1990E+01
0.2388E+01
0.2654E+01
0.2388E+01
0.2388E+01
0.2388E+01
0.2388E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-01
0.3100E-01
0.5700E-01
0.8000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.2000E+00
0.3000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1014E+01
0.1691E+01
0.2536E+01
0.3043E+01
0.3381E+01
0.3043E+01
0.3043E+01
0.3043E+01
0.3043E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-01
0.3100E-01
0.5700E-01
0.8000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.2000E+00
0.3000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.9875E+00
0.1646E+01
0.2469E+01
0.2963E+01
0.3292E+01
0.2963E+01
0.2963E+01
0.2963E+01
0.2963E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-01
0.3100E-01
0.5700E-01
0.8000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.2000E+00
0.3000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.5025E+01
0.9958E+01
0.1000E+02
0.1503E+02
0.1996E+02
0.2000E+02
10
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
0.0000E+00
0.2685E+00
0.5369E+00
0.1074E+01
0.1611E+01
0.2148E+01
0.2416E+01
0.2685E+01
0.2685E+01
0.2685E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.4000E-01
0.6000E-01
0.8000E-01
0.9000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.2927E+00
0.5854E+00
0.1171E+01
0.1756E+01
0.2341E+01
0.2634E+01
0.2927E+01
0.2927E+01
0.2927E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.4000E-01
0.6000E-01
0.8000E-01
0.9000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.3348E+00
0.6696E+00
0.1339E+01
0.2009E+01
0.2678E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3348E+01
0.3348E+01
0.3348E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.4000E-01
0.6000E-01
0.8000E-01
0.9000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1004E+01
0.1674E+01
0.2511E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3348E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3013E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-01
0.3100E-01
0.5700E-01
0.8000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.2000E+00
0.3000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1004E+01
0.1674E+01
0.2511E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3348E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3013E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-01
0.3100E-01
0.5700E-01
0.8000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.2000E+00
0.3000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1004E+01
0.1674E+01
0.2511E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3348E+01
0.3013E+01
0.3013E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-01
0.3100E-01
0.5700E-01
0.8000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.2000E+00
0.3000E+00
0.2502E+02
0.2996E+02
0.3000E+02
0.3502E+02
0.3996E+02
TIP
LOAD
KIP
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
TIP MOVEMENT
IN.
0.0000E+00
0.1287E+01
0.2574E+01
0.5147E+01
0.1029E+02
0.1544E+02
0.1853E+02
0.2059E+02
0.2059E+02
0.2059E+02
0.0000E+00
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.1300E+00
0.4200E+00
0.7300E+00
0.1000E+01
0.1500E+01
0.2000E+01
TOP
LOAD
KIP
0.6769E-01
0.6769E+00
0.3384E+01
0.6769E+01
0.2296E+02
0.3509E+02
0.4126E+02
0.4561E+02
0.4561E+02
TOP MOVEMENT
IN.
0.1413E-03
0.1413E-02
0.7065E-02
0.1413E-01
0.6351E-01
0.1208E+00
0.5265E+00
0.1030E+01
0.2030E+01
TIP
LOAD
KIP
0.2574E-01
0.2574E+00
0.1287E+01
0.2574E+01
0.6551E+01
0.8891E+01
0.1624E+02
0.2059E+02
0.2059E+02
TIP MOVEMENT
IN.
0.1000E-03
0.1000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.1000E+01
0.2000E+01
*************************************************
* COMPUTE INTERNALLY-GENERATED LOAD-TRANSFER
*
* (t-z) CURVES FOR VERIFICATION
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
FT.
LOAD TRANSFER
PSI
PILE MOVEMENT
IN.
0.0000E+00
0.7217E-01
0.1443E+00
0.2887E+00
0.4330E+00
0.5773E+00
0.6495E+00
0.7217E+00
0.7217E+00
0.7217E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.4000E-01
0.6000E-01
0.8000E-01
0.9000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1014E+01
0.1691E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-01
0.3100E-01
0.5000E+01
0.1500E+02
10
0.2536E+01
0.3043E+01
0.3381E+01
0.3043E+01
0.3043E+01
0.3043E+01
0.3043E+01
0.5700E-01
0.8000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.2000E+00
0.3000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.3007E-01
0.6014E-01
0.1203E+00
0.1804E+00
0.2406E+00
0.2706E+00
0.3007E+00
0.3007E+00
0.3007E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.4000E-01
0.6000E-01
0.8000E-01
0.9000E-01
0.1000E+00
0.5000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.3750E+01
5.3
This example is included to illustrate a case for an offshore structure. The steel pile has OD =
1000 mm and ID = 860 mm. The subsurface condition mainly consists of cohesionless soils and the pile
was driven to a depth of 33.3 meters. The computer program APILE calculated 8,004 KN for the total
bearing capacity (API RP-2A), which is similar to the value of 8,175 KN that is obtained from simplified
hand calculations. Pile and soil data are given in Table 5.1.
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
Depth
Soil Type
'
(Deg.)
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
(kN/m3)
18.1
19
9.2
10.2
10.2
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
11.2
11.2
11.2
(m)
0
2
2
3
3
5
5
25
25
30.5
30.5
36
33
37.5
37.5
39
39
30
30
30
30
40.5
40.5
40.5
Ko
Nq
0.46
0.39
0.39
0.37
0.37
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.35
0.35
0.35
32
40
40
40
40
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
Hand Computations
The program output will be compared to the results from the following hand calculations.
Skin Friction
The general equation for skin friction is:
L
Q f f x dAs
o
(5.1)
where
Qf = axial load capacity in skin friction, lb (kN);
L = penetration of pile below ground surface, ft (m);
fx = unit resistance at depth x, measured from ground surface, lb/ft2 (kPa); and
As = side surface area of pile, ft2 (m2).
At each increment,
f x As (k (tan ) po ) As
k = coefficient of lateral earth (ratio of horizontal to vertical normal effective stress), a value
of k = 0.8 was recommended for open-ended pipe piles, that are driven unplugged, for
loadings in both tension and compression. A value of k = 1.0 was recommended for full
displacement piles.
Qp qAp
(5.4)
and
q po N q
(5.5)
Where
Qp = axial load capacity in end bearing;
Qp ( x)dx
2D
(5.6)
QTotal Q f Qp
(5.8)
5.3.2
Comparison of Results
Table 5.2 contains a comparison of the results obtained from hand computations against those from
the computer run in APILE.
Depth
(m)
Qtotal, kN
(Hand Calc.)
Qtotal, kN
(APILE)
358
349
494
497
526
562
25
4,246
4,258
30.5
6,974
6,878
36
8,195
8,004
The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem2 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
5.3.4
Resulting plots of accumulated skin friction, ultimate tip resistance, and ultimate total capacity
versus depth provided by the computer program may be observed in Figure 5.7, Figure 5.8 and Figure 5.9
respectively. Results of axial load versus short-term settlement are included in Figure 5.10.
Figure 5.7 Curves of Accumulated Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 2.
Figure 5.8 Curves of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 2.
Figure 5.9 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 2.
Output Data
The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem2 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
=========================================================================
APILE for Windows, Version 2014.6.1
Serial Number :
162969628
to
of
of
of
file locations
input data file
output file
plot output file
:
:
:
:
C:\Ensoft\Apile2014-Examples\
Example2.ap6d
Example2.ap6o
Example2.ap6p
Time:
18:18:29
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
EXAMPLE 2
DESIGNER
: Ensoft
= 0.200E+09 KPA
=
0.20 M2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD
INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID
TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL
PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL
ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL
INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION
=
=
=
=
=
=
1000.00
860.00
33.30
0.00
0.00
MM.
MM.
M.
M.
M.
0.50 M.
PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
DEPTH
M.
0.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
5.00
25.00
25.00
30.50
30.50
36.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
FRICTION
SOIL
TYPE
LATERAL
EARTH
PRESSURE
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
0.46
0.39
0.39
0.37
0.37
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.35
0.35
0.35
MAXIMUM
UNIT
BEARING
UNDISTURB
SHEAR
STRENGTH
EFFECTIVE
UNIT
WEIGHT
KN/CM
18.10
19.00
9.20
10.20
10.20
5.70
5.70
5.70
5.70
11.20
11.20
11.20
REMOLDED
SHEAR
STRENGTH
FRICTION
ANGLE
DEGREES
33.00
37.50
37.50
39.00
39.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
40.50
40.50
40.50
BLOW
COUNT
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTOR
32.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
UNIT SKIN
FRICTION
UNIT END
BEARING
DEPTH
M.
0.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
5.00
25.00
25.00
30.50
30.50
36.00
KPA
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.54E+04
0.54E+04
0.54E+04
0.54E+04
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
KPA
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
FRICTION
KPA
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
KPA
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
KPA
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
BEARING
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
4.9
23.2
56.0
105.8
174.9
260.8
355.7
441.4
510.8
567.9
617.0
664.7
714.4
END
BEARING
KN.
0.0*
67.6*
176.7*
342.4*
579.2*
818.7*
1115.1*
1128.6*
945.9*
827.9*
682.4*
640.8*
552.7
500.9
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
0.0
72.5
199.8
398.4
685.0
993.6
1375.8
1484.3
1387.3
1338.6
1250.3
1257.8
1217.4
1215.3
766.1
819.9
875.7
933.6
993.5
1055.4
1119.3
1185.2
1253.2
1323.3
1395.3
1469.4
1545.5
1623.6
1703.8
1786.0
1870.2
1956.5
2044.7
2135.1
2227.4
2321.8
2418.2
2516.6
2617.1
2719.6
2824.1
2930.6
3039.2
3149.8
3262.5
3377.1
3493.8
3612.5
3733.3
3856.1
3980.9
4111.9
4257.9
4424.2
4592.3
4760.4
4928.5
5096.5
5264.6
5432.7
5600.8
5768.8
5936.9
6105.0
6273.1
6441.1
6609.2
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
500.9
522.9
596.4
753.6
1026.2
1466.6
2126.5
3027.6
4179.6
5247.9
6200.8
6978.5*
7322.2*
7713.5*
7854.0
7854.0
7854.0
7854.0
7854.0
7854.0
1267.0
1320.8
1376.6
1434.5
1494.4
1556.3
1620.2
1686.1
1754.1
1824.1
1896.2
1970.3
2046.4
2124.5
2204.7
2286.9
2371.1
2457.4
2545.6
2636.0
2728.3
2822.7
2919.1
3017.5
3118.0
3220.5
3325.0
3431.5
3540.1
3650.7
3763.4
3878.0
3994.7
4113.4
4256.2
4452.4
4734.5
5138.1
5724.5
6550.7
7619.9
8940.0
10176.3
11297.3
12243.1
12754.9
13314.3
13622.8
13790.9
13959.0
14127.0
14295.1
14463.2
**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
END
BEARING
KN.
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
0.0
3.0
9.1
16.8
27.4
40.4
54.9
71.0
88.7
107.8
127.9
148.9
170.7
193.4
217.0
241.6
267.1
293.5
320.9
349.1
378.3
408.0
437.7
467.3
497.0
526.7
556.4
586.0
615.7
645.4
675.0
704.7
734.4
764.0
793.7
823.4
853.1
882.7
912.4
942.1
971.7
1001.4
1031.1
1060.7
1090.4
1120.1
1149.7
1179.4
1209.1
1238.8
1268.4
1298.1
1328.0
1358.1
1393.0
1432.7
1472.4
1516.8
1565.9
1614.7
1663.3
1711.5
1759.3
0.0*
76.1*
181.8*
317.7*
480.7*
594.2*
742.2*
742.8*
652.9*
523.6*
403.5*
375.6*
398.6*
422.0*
445.7*
469.9*
494.5*
519.4*
544.8*
570.6*
596.7*
622.9*
649.1*
675.2*
647.8*
660.5*
673.3*
686.1*
698.8*
711.6*
724.3*
737.1*
749.8*
762.6*
775.4*
788.1*
800.9*
813.6*
826.4*
839.1*
851.9*
864.7*
877.4*
890.2*
902.9*
915.7*
928.4*
941.2*
954.0*
966.7*
979.5*
1023.4*
1098.6*
1195.5*
1554.0*
1723.0*
1891.9*
2396.0*
2590.7*
2748.7*
2769.5*
2790.1*
2810.6*
0.0
79.1
191.0
334.5
508.1
634.6
797.1
813.7
741.5
631.4
531.5
524.5
569.3
615.3
662.8
711.5
761.6
813.0
865.7
919.7
975.1
1030.9
1086.8
1142.6
1144.8
1187.2
1229.7
1272.1
1314.5
1356.9
1399.4
1441.8
1484.2
1526.6
1569.1
1611.5
1653.9
1696.4
1738.8
1781.2
1823.6
1866.1
1908.5
1950.9
1993.3
2035.8
2078.2
2120.6
2163.0
2205.5
2247.9
2321.6
2426.7
2553.6
2947.0
3155.6
3364.3
3912.8
4156.5
4363.4
4432.7
4501.6
4570.0
1807.1
1854.8
1902.6
1950.3
2831.2*
2851.7*
2872.2*
2892.8*
4638.3
4706.5
4774.8
4843.1
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD
*
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
18.00
18.50
19.00
19.50
20.00
20.50
21.00
21.50
22.00
22.50
23.00
23.50
24.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
4.1
15.1
32.0
54.6
80.9
109.3
139.9
172.5
206.6
241.7
277.7
314.7
352.6
391.5
431.3
472.1
513.9
556.7
600.4
645.0
690.6
737.1
784.6
833.0
882.4
932.6
983.8
1035.9
1088.8
1142.7
1197.4
1253.1
1309.6
1366.9
1425.2
1484.3
1544.2
1605.0
1666.6
1729.0
1792.3
1856.4
1921.3
1987.0
2053.5
2120.8
2188.9
2257.8
END
BEARING
KN.
0.0
63.0
137.3
223.1
320.6
380.1
435.7
465.3
458.9
441.5
414.6
414.4
447.1
480.8
515.3
550.8
587.1
624.4
662.5
701.5
741.5
782.3
824.0
866.7
910.2
954.6
999.9
1046.1
1093.2
1141.3
1190.2
1240.0
1290.7
1342.3
1394.8
1448.2
1502.5
1557.7
1613.8
1670.8
1728.6
1787.4
1847.1
1907.7
1969.2
2031.5
2094.8
2159.0
2224.0
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
0.0
67.1
152.3
255.1
375.2
461.0
545.0
605.3
631.4
648.1
656.3
692.1
761.8
833.4
906.8
982.1
1059.3
1138.3
1219.2
1301.9
1386.5
1472.9
1561.2
1651.3
1743.2
1837.0
1932.5
2029.9
2129.1
2230.1
2332.9
2437.4
2543.8
2651.9
2761.7
2873.4
2986.7
3101.9
3218.7
3337.3
3457.7
3579.7
3703.5
3829.0
3956.2
4085.0
4215.6
4347.9
4481.9
2327.5
2397.9
2469.3
2541.8
2615.4
2690.3
2766.5
2844.0
2923.0
3003.4
3085.3
3168.9
3254.0
3340.8
3429.4
3519.7
3611.8
3705.6
2290.0
2356.9
2459.0
2599.2
2744.9
2896.3
3053.7
3217.5
3387.9
3565.1
3749.4
3941.0
4140.2
4303.7
4427.6
4553.4
4681.1
4801.1
4617.5
4754.8
4928.3
5141.0
5360.3
5586.5
5820.2
6061.5
6310.8
6568.5
6834.7
7109.9
7394.2
7644.5
7857.0
8073.1
8292.9
8506.6
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16.00
16.50
17.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
1.8
7.1
16.0
28.7
44.1
61.4
80.7
101.7
124.0
147.1
170.8
195.3
220.9
247.5
275.1
303.8
333.6
364.4
396.2
429.1
463.0
498.0
534.0
571.0
609.1
648.3
688.5
729.7
772.0
815.3
859.6
905.1
951.5
999.0
END
BEARING
KN.
0.0*
63.0*
137.3*
223.1*
320.6*
380.1*
435.7*
465.3*
458.9*
441.5*
414.6*
414.4*
447.1*
480.8*
515.3*
550.8*
587.1*
624.4*
662.5*
701.5*
741.5*
782.3*
824.0*
866.7*
910.2*
954.6*
999.9*
1046.1*
1093.2*
1141.3*
1190.2*
1240.0*
1290.7*
1342.3*
1394.8*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
0.0
64.7
144.3
239.1
349.3
424.2
497.1
546.1
560.6
565.5
561.7
585.1
642.4
701.6
762.8
825.9
891.0
957.9
1026.9
1097.7
1170.6
1245.3
1322.0
1400.6
1481.2
1563.7
1648.2
1734.6
1822.9
1913.2
2005.5
2099.6
2195.7
2293.8
2393.8
1047.5
1097.1
1147.7
1199.4
1252.1
1305.9
1360.7
1416.5
1473.4
1531.3
1590.3
1650.3
1711.4
1773.5
1836.6
1900.8
1966.3
2033.7
2103.3
2175.1
2249.0
2325.1
2403.4
2483.8
2566.4
2651.0
2737.7
2826.4
2917.2
3010.2
3105.4
3202.8
1448.2*
1502.5*
1557.7*
1613.8*
1670.8*
1728.6*
1787.4*
1847.1*
1907.7*
1969.2*
2031.5*
2094.8*
2159.0*
2224.0*
2290.0*
2356.9*
2459.0*
2599.2*
2744.9*
2896.3*
3053.7*
3217.5*
3387.9*
3565.1*
3749.4*
3941.0*
4140.2*
4303.7*
4427.6*
4553.4*
4681.1*
4801.1*
2495.7
2599.6
2705.4
2813.2
2922.9
3034.5
3148.1
3263.6
3381.1
3500.5
3621.8
3745.1
3870.3
3997.5
4126.6
4257.7
4425.3
4632.9
4848.2
5071.3
5302.7
5542.6
5791.3
6048.9
6315.8
6592.0
6877.9
7130.1
7344.8
7563.6
7786.5
8003.9
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
M.
LOAD TRANSFER
KPA
PILE MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.3384E+00
0.6768E+00
0.1354E+01
0.2030E+01
0.2707E+01
0.3046E+01
0.3384E+01
0.3384E+01
0.3384E+01
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.6871E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.0000E+00
0.1000E+01
10
10
10
10
10
0.1374E+01
0.2748E+01
0.4123E+01
0.5497E+01
0.6184E+01
0.6871E+01
0.6871E+01
0.6871E+01
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.8929E+00
0.1786E+01
0.3572E+01
0.5357E+01
0.7143E+01
0.8036E+01
0.8929E+01
0.8929E+01
0.8929E+01
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1043E+01
0.2085E+01
0.4171E+01
0.6256E+01
0.8341E+01
0.9384E+01
0.1043E+02
0.1043E+02
0.1043E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1166E+01
0.2332E+01
0.4664E+01
0.6995E+01
0.9327E+01
0.1049E+02
0.1166E+02
0.1166E+02
0.1166E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1166E+01
0.2332E+01
0.4664E+01
0.6995E+01
0.9327E+01
0.1049E+02
0.1166E+02
0.1166E+02
0.1166E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1282E+01
0.2565E+01
0.5129E+01
0.7694E+01
0.1026E+02
0.1154E+02
0.1282E+02
0.1282E+02
0.1282E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.1900E+01
0.2000E+01
0.2500E+01
0.2900E+01
0.3000E+01
10
11
12
13
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.4000E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1444E+01
0.2888E+01
0.5776E+01
0.8665E+01
0.1155E+02
0.1300E+02
0.1444E+02
0.1444E+02
0.1444E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1489E+01
0.2978E+01
0.5955E+01
0.8933E+01
0.1191E+02
0.1340E+02
0.1489E+02
0.1489E+02
0.1489E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1535E+01
0.3069E+01
0.6139E+01
0.9208E+01
0.1228E+02
0.1381E+02
0.1535E+02
0.1535E+02
0.1535E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2857E+01
0.5715E+01
0.1143E+02
0.1714E+02
0.2286E+02
0.2572E+02
0.2857E+02
0.2857E+02
0.2857E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.4129E+01
0.8258E+01
0.1652E+02
0.2477E+02
0.3303E+02
0.3716E+02
0.4129E+02
0.4129E+02
0.4129E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.4231E+01
0.8462E+01
0.1692E+02
0.2539E+02
0.3385E+02
0.3808E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.4900E+01
0.5000E+01
0.1500E+02
0.2490E+02
0.2500E+02
14
15
16
17
18
TIP
LOAD
KN.
10
0.4231E+02
0.4231E+02
0.4231E+02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.4915E+01
0.9829E+01
0.1966E+02
0.2949E+02
0.3932E+02
0.4423E+02
0.4915E+02
0.4915E+02
0.4915E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.5582E+01
0.1116E+02
0.2233E+02
0.3349E+02
0.4465E+02
0.5023E+02
0.5582E+02
0.5582E+02
0.5582E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.5714E+01
0.1143E+02
0.2285E+02
0.3428E+02
0.4571E+02
0.5142E+02
0.5714E+02
0.5714E+02
0.5714E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.6201E+01
0.1240E+02
0.2480E+02
0.3720E+02
0.4961E+02
0.5581E+02
0.6201E+02
0.6201E+02
0.6201E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.6201E+01
0.1240E+02
0.2480E+02
0.3720E+02
0.4961E+02
0.5581E+02
0.6201E+02
0.6201E+02
0.6201E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.2775E+02
10
0.3040E+02
10
0.3050E+02
10
0.3325E+02
10
0.3590E+02
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.3001E+03
0.6001E+03
0.1200E+04
0.2401E+04
0.3601E+04
0.4321E+04
0.4801E+04
0.4801E+04
0.4801E+04
0.0000E+00
0.5000E-03
0.1000E-02
0.2000E-02
0.1300E-01
0.4200E-01
0.7300E-01
0.1000E+00
0.1500E+00
0.2000E+00
TOP
LOAD
KN.
0.6005E+01
0.6005E+02
0.3003E+03
0.6005E+03
0.2991E+04
0.4587E+04
0.5684E+04
0.6233E+04
0.7123E+04
TOP MOVEMENT
M.
0.5843E-05
0.5843E-04
0.2922E-03
0.5843E-03
0.2921E-02
0.5260E-02
0.1621E-01
0.2922E-01
0.5508E-01
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.1508E+01
0.1508E+02
0.7541E+02
0.1508E+03
0.7541E+03
0.1256E+04
0.2353E+04
0.2903E+04
0.3793E+04
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.2513E-05
0.2513E-04
0.1257E-03
0.2513E-03
0.1257E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.2513E-01
0.5026E-01
5.4
This example is included to show the response of a steel pile embedded in cohesive soils. The
modeled pile is 39 meters long and open-ended steel pipe, with an outer diameter of 500 mm and an inner
diameter of 480 mm. The soil data is given in Table 5.3. The bearing capacity was calculated by APILE,
using the API RP2A method. Because this pile is an open-ended, a plug of soil may be forced up the
inside of the pile. In this APILE model, the soil resistance from the plug is compared to the resistance
from the end-bearing over the full area of the base and the smaller of the two values is used
(Data/Circular Pile Section/Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program).
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
Depth
(m)
Soil Type
0
4
4
10
10
20
20
36
36
40
clay
clay
clay
clay
clay
clay
clay
clay
clay
clay
'
C
3
(kN/m ) (kN/m2)
18.6
9.8
18.6
9.8
8.8
9.8
8.8
9.8
8.8
19.6
8.8
19.6
8.8
58.8
8.8
58.8
9
78.4
9
78.4
courier
EXAMPLE 3
Ensoft
00-00-00
2 1 12
0 0 500 480 200000000 39
39 480
0 1 1 0 4 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
45 0
0.0 2 0.0 18.6 0.0 0.0
999 9999 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 0
4 2 0.0 18.6 0.0 0.0
999 9999 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 0
4 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 0
10 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 0
10 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 19.6 19.6 0 0 0
20 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 19.6 19.6 0 0 0
20 2 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0
999 9999 58.8 58.8 0 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
5.4.2
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
The resulting plot of combined ultimate axial capacities versus depth provided by APILE may be
observed in Figure 5.11. Results of axial load versus short-term settlement are included in Figure 5.12.
Figure 5.11 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 3.
Output Data
The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 3 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
=========================================================================
APILE for Windows, Version 2014.6.1
Serial Number :
162969628
to
of
of
of
file locations
input data file
output file
plot output file
:
:
:
:
C:\Ensoft\Apile2014-Examples\
Example3.ap6d
Example3.ap6o
Example3.ap6p
Time:
18:19:31
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
EXAMPLE 3
DESIGNER
: Ensoft
= 0.200E+09 KPA
=
0.02 M2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD
INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID
TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL
PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL
ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL
INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION
=
=
=
=
=
=
500.00
480.00
39.00
0.00
0.00
MM.
MM.
M.
M.
M.
1.00 M.
PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
DEPTH
M.
0.00
4.00
4.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
36.00
36.00
40.00
40.00
45.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
FRICTION
KPA
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
0.10E+04
DEPTH
M.
0.00
4.00
4.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
36.00
36.00
40.00
SOIL
TYPE
LATERAL
EARTH
PRESSURE
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
BEARING
KPA
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
0.10E+05
UNDISTURB REMOLDED
SHEAR
SHEAR
BLOW
UNIT SKIN UNIT END
STRENGTH
STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION
BEARING
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
9.80
9.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.80
9.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.80
9.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.80
9.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.60
19.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.60
19.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
58.80
58.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
58.80
58.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
78.40
78.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
78.40
78.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
78.40
78.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
78.40
78.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
FRICTION
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
EFFECTIVE
UNIT
WEIGHT
KN/CM
18.60
18.60
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.80
9.00
9.00
8.80
8.80
FRICTION
ANGLE
DEGREES
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTOR
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
BEARING
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
7.1
21.2
35.3
49.4
63.5
77.6
91.7
105.8
120.0
140.3
166.9
193.5
220.1
246.7
273.2
299.8
326.4
353.0
379.6
426.2
493.0
559.7
626.4
693.1
759.8
826.5
893.2
959.9
1026.6
1093.4
1160.1
1226.8
1293.5
1360.2
1426.9
1502.7
1587.5
1672.3
END
BEARING
KN.
1.4*
1.4*
14.9*
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
26.0
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
69.3
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
121.2
138.5
138.5
138.5
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
1.4
1.4
22.0
38.5
52.6
66.7
80.8
94.9
109.1
123.2
145.9
174.9
201.5
228.1
254.7
281.3
307.9
334.5
361.1
387.6
448.9
530.2
596.9
663.6
730.3
797.0
863.7
930.4
997.1
1063.8
1130.6
1197.3
1264.0
1330.7
1397.4
1464.1
1548.1
1641.2
1726.1
1810.9
**********************
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
15.4
30.8
46.2
61.6
77.0
92.4
107.8
123.2
138.5
153.9
177.0
207.8
238.6
269.4
300.2
331.0
361.8
392.5
423.3
454.1
499.0
557.8
616.7
675.6
734.5
793.4
852.2
911.1
970.0
1028.9
1087.8
1146.6
1205.5
1264.4
1323.3
1382.2
1442.4
1504.0
1565.5
END
BEARING
KN.
1.4*
8.7
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
26.0
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
69.3
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
121.2
138.5
138.5
138.5
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
1.4
24.1
48.1
63.5
78.9
94.3
109.7
125.1
140.5
155.9
179.9
211.7
242.5
273.2
304.0
334.8
365.6
396.4
427.2
458.0
523.4
602.9
661.7
720.6
779.5
838.4
897.3
956.1
1015.0
1073.9
1132.8
1191.7
1250.6
1309.4
1368.3
1427.2
1503.4
1580.9
1642.5
1704.1
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD
*
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
19.6
46.4
54.3
83.3
115.7
149.8
END
BEARING
KN.
1.4
8.7
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
1.4
28.2
63.8
71.6
100.6
133.0
167.1
185.7
223.4
262.9
304.3
351.2
399.6
449.6
501.0
553.9
608.4
664.3
721.7
780.6
841.0
914.2
988.6
1064.2
1140.8
1218.4
1297.0
1376.6
1457.1
1538.5
1620.9
1704.2
1788.5
1873.6
1959.7
2046.7
2134.6
2228.3
2322.9
2437.4
17.3
17.3
17.3
26.0
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
69.3
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
121.2
138.5
138.5
138.5
203.0
240.7
280.3
330.3
385.9
434.3
484.2
535.6
588.6
643.0
698.9
756.4
815.3
910.3
1018.1
1092.5
1168.1
1244.7
1322.3
1400.9
1480.5
1561.0
1642.5
1724.8
1808.1
1892.4
1977.5
2063.6
2150.6
2255.8
2366.9
2461.5
2576.0
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
10.6
23.4
38.6
54.0
69.4
84.8
100.2
115.6
131.0
146.4
169.4
200.2
231.0
261.8
292.6
323.4
354.2
385.0
415.7
END
BEARING
KN.
1.4*
8.7
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
26.0
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
34.6
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
1.4
19.3
40.7
55.9
71.3
86.7
102.1
117.5
132.9
148.3
172.3
204.1
234.9
265.7
296.4
327.2
358.0
388.8
419.6
450.4
446.5
507.0
598.0
690.1
782.5
874.9
967.2
1059.6
1152.0
1244.3
1336.7
1429.0
1521.4
1613.8
1706.1
1798.5
1890.9
1998.6
2121.8
2244.9
69.3
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.9
121.2
138.5
138.5
138.5
515.8
610.9
701.9
794.0
886.4
978.8
1071.1
1163.5
1255.9
1348.2
1440.6
1532.9
1625.3
1717.7
1810.0
1902.4
2012.1
2137.2
2260.3
2383.5
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
10
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
M.
LOAD TRANSFER
KPA
PILE MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.2445E+01
0.4074E+01
0.6111E+01
0.7334E+01
0.8149E+01
0.7334E+01
0.7334E+01
0.7334E+01
0.7334E+01
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2921E+01
0.4868E+01
0.7302E+01
0.8763E+01
0.9737E+01
0.8763E+01
0.8763E+01
0.8763E+01
0.8763E+01
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01
0.4900E+01
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.0000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.3900E+01
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.7350E+01
0.8820E+01
0.9800E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01
0.4900E+01
0.7350E+01
0.8820E+01
0.9800E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01
0.4900E+01
0.7350E+01
0.8820E+01
0.9800E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.3675E+01
0.6125E+01
0.9187E+01
0.1102E+02
0.1225E+02
0.1102E+02
0.1102E+02
0.1102E+02
0.1102E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.5145E+01
0.8575E+01
0.1286E+02
0.1543E+02
0.1715E+02
0.1543E+02
0.1543E+02
0.1543E+02
0.1543E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.5880E+01
0.9800E+01
0.1470E+02
0.1764E+02
0.1960E+02
0.1764E+02
0.1764E+02
0.1764E+02
0.1764E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.4000E+01
0.7000E+01
0.9900E+01
0.1000E+02
0.1500E+02
0.1990E+02
10
11
12
13
14
10
10
10
10
10
0.0000E+00
0.8714E+01
0.1452E+02
0.2178E+02
0.2614E+02
0.2905E+02
0.2614E+02
0.2614E+02
0.2614E+02
0.2614E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1446E+02
0.2411E+02
0.3616E+02
0.4339E+02
0.4822E+02
0.4339E+02
0.4339E+02
0.4339E+02
0.4339E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1764E+02
0.2940E+02
0.4410E+02
0.5292E+02
0.5880E+02
0.5292E+02
0.5292E+02
0.5292E+02
0.5292E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1911E+02
0.3185E+02
0.4777E+02
0.5733E+02
0.6370E+02
0.5733E+02
0.5733E+02
0.5733E+02
0.5733E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2205E+02
0.3675E+02
0.5512E+02
0.6615E+02
0.7350E+02
0.6615E+02
0.6615E+02
0.6615E+02
0.6615E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02
0.3920E+02
0.5880E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7840E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2000E+02
0.2800E+02
0.3590E+02
0.3600E+02
0.3800E+02
15
16
17
18
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.0000E+00
0.8659E+01
0.1732E+02
0.3464E+02
0.6927E+02
0.1039E+03
0.1247E+03
0.1385E+03
0.1385E+03
0.1385E+03
10
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02
0.3920E+02
0.5880E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7840E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02
0.3920E+02
0.5880E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7840E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02
0.3920E+02
0.5880E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7840E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2352E+02
0.3920E+02
0.5880E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7840E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.7056E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.3990E+02
10
0.4000E+02
10
0.4250E+02
10
0.4490E+02
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.2500E-03
0.5000E-03
0.1000E-02
0.6500E-02
0.2100E-01
0.3650E-01
0.5000E-01
0.7500E-01
0.1000E+00
TOP
LOAD
KN.
0.7375E+01
0.7375E+02
0.3479E+03
0.6251E+03
0.1619E+04
0.2026E+04
0.2162E+04
0.2188E+04
0.2217E+04
TOP MOVEMENT
M.
0.4568E-04
0.4568E-03
0.2249E-02
0.4282E-02
0.1396E-01
0.1949E-01
0.3137E-01
0.4426E-01
0.6976E-01
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.8705E-01
0.8705E+00
0.4352E+01
0.8705E+01
0.3625E+02
0.4417E+02
0.8376E+02
0.1094E+03
0.1385E+03
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.2513E-05
0.2513E-04
0.1257E-03
0.2513E-03
0.1257E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.2513E-01
0.5026E-01
*************************************************
* COMPUTE INTERNALLY-GENERATED LOAD-TRANSFER
*
* (t-z) CURVES FOR VERIFICATION
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
10
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
M.
LOAD TRANSFER
KPA
PILE MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.2921E+01
0.4868E+01
0.7302E+01
0.8763E+01
0.9737E+01
0.8763E+01
0.8763E+01
0.8763E+01
0.8763E+01
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2940E+01
0.4900E+01
0.7350E+01
0.8820E+01
0.9800E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.8820E+01
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.5880E+01
0.9800E+01
0.1470E+02
0.1764E+02
0.1960E+02
0.1764E+02
0.1764E+02
0.1764E+02
0.1764E+02
0.0000E+00
0.8000E-03
0.1550E-02
0.2850E-02
0.4000E-02
0.5000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.1500E-01
0.2500E-01
0.1000E+00
0.2000E+01
0.5000E+01
0.1500E+02
5.5
This example is included to illustrate a modeling case that may be applicable for a simple bridge
foundation. The soil deposit consists of two sublayers as shown in Figure 5.13. The top layer is 3-meter
stiff clay underlain by a medium dense to dense sand layer. One meter of the top clay layer is not
considered for axial friction (side resistance) transfers. The proposed pile for foundations is prestressed
concrete pile with 450 mm (18-in.) in outside diameter. The elastic modulus of the prestressed pile is
25,000,000 kN/m2 (3,626,000 psi). Each pile is required to provide about 2000 kN for a service load.
The pages following the input data are the output for the example problem. The output is shown in
detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The user may elect to eliminate
the printing of capacity for each increment length to shorten the length of output.
The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem 4 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
EXAMPLE 4
Ensoft
00-00-00
2 1 4
0 0 450 0 25000000 25 0
0 0
1 0.5 3 0 4 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
50 0
0.0 2 0.0 18.9 0.0 0.0
0 0 95 95 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
3 2 0.0 18.9 0.0 0.0
0 0 95 95 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
3 1 1 19.1 36 40
95.5 9600 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1
50 1 1 19.1 36 40
95.5 9600 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 1
0
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
5.5.2
The resulting plots of ultimate accumulated skin friction and ultimate tip resistance versus depth
provided by the APILE computer program may be observed in Figure 5.14 and Figure 5.15, respectively.
Note that the load-transfer curve of skin friction versus depth in Figure 5.14 starts from about the
1-m depth (actually from the previous finite increment in some methods). This is because the program
was instructed to ignore skin friction at the top 1 meter.
Figure 5.14 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 4.
Figure 5.15 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 4.
Output Data
The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 4 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
=========================================================================
APILE for Windows, Version 2014.6.1
Serial Number :
162969628
to
of
of
of
file locations
input data file
output file
plot output file
:
:
:
:
C:\Ensoft\Apile2014-Examples\
Example4.ap6d
Example4.ap6o
Example4.ap6p
Time:
18:21:03
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
EXAMPLE 4
DESIGNER
: Ensoft
= 0.250E+08 KPA
=
0.16 M2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD
TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL
PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL
ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL
INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION
=
=
=
=
450.00
25.00
0.00
1.00
MM.
M.
M.
M.
0.50 M.
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
DEPTH
M.
0.00
3.00
3.00
50.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
FRICTION
KPA
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.96E+02
0.96E+02
SOIL
TYPE
LATERAL
EARTH
PRESSURE
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
EFFECTIVE
UNIT
WEIGHT
KN/CM
18.90
18.90
19.10
19.10
FRICTION
ANGLE
DEGREES
0.00
0.00
36.00
36.00
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTOR
0.00
0.00
40.00
40.00
MAXIMUM
UNDISTURB REMOLDED
UNIT
SHEAR
SHEAR
BLOW
UNIT SKIN UNIT END
BEARING
STRENGTH
STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION
BEARING
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
0.10E+08*
95.00
95.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
95.00
95.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.96E+04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.96E+04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
LRFD FACTOR
LRFD FACTOR
DEPTH
M.
0.00
3.00
3.00
50.00
ON UNIT
FRICTION
ON UNIT
BEARING
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
18.00
18.50
19.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
30.3
91.0
151.6
212.3
272.9
327.6
379.8
438.9
505.2
572.7
640.2
707.7
775.2
842.7
910.2
977.7
1045.2
1112.7
1180.2
1247.7
1315.2
1382.7
1450.2
1517.7
1585.2
1652.7
1720.2
1787.7
1855.3
1922.8
1990.3
2057.8
2125.3
2192.8
2260.3
2327.8
2395.3
END
BEARING
KN.
68.0
68.0
136.0
136.0
136.0
183.1
338.2
523.5
648.6
730.3
812.1
893.8
975.5
1055.7
1116.2
1147.7
1154.1
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
68.0
68.0
166.3
227.0
287.6
395.4
611.1
851.1
1028.4
1169.3
1317.2
1466.4
1615.7
1763.4
1891.4
1990.4
2064.3
2132.1
2199.6
2267.1
2334.6
2402.1
2469.6
2537.2
2604.7
2672.2
2739.7
2807.2
2874.7
2942.2
3009.7
3077.2
3144.7
3212.2
3279.7
3347.2
3414.7
3482.2
3549.7
2462.8
2530.3
2597.8
2665.3
2732.8
2800.3
2867.8
2935.3
3002.8
3070.3
3137.8
3205.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
1154.4
3617.2
3684.7
3752.2
3819.7
3887.2
3954.8
4022.3
4089.8
4157.3
4224.8
4292.3
4359.8
**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
18.00
18.50
19.00
19.50
20.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
16.8
50.4
83.9
117.5
151.1
183.8
217.9
256.6
299.9
347.8
400.3
457.3
519.0
585.2
652.7
720.2
787.7
855.2
922.7
990.2
1057.7
1125.2
1192.7
1260.2
1327.8
1395.3
1462.8
1530.3
1597.8
1665.3
1732.8
1800.3
1867.8
1935.3
2002.8
2070.3
2137.8
2205.3
2272.8
END
BEARING
KN.
68.0
68.0
136.0
136.0
136.0
185.7
349.2
544.1
675.1
760.2
845.2
930.3
1015.3
1100.4
1185.4
1268.6
1326.8
1353.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
68.0
68.0
152.8
186.3
219.9
303.3
500.3
727.9
893.0
1016.8
1145.1
1278.1
1415.6
1557.7
1704.4
1853.8
1979.6
2073.8
2143.3
2210.8
2278.3
2345.8
2413.3
2480.8
2548.3
2615.8
2683.3
2750.8
2818.3
2885.8
2953.3
3020.8
3088.3
3155.8
3223.3
3290.8
3358.4
3425.9
3493.4
3560.9
3628.4
2340.3
2407.8
2475.3
2542.8
2610.3
2677.8
2745.4
2812.9
2880.4
2947.9
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
1355.6
3695.9
3763.4
3830.9
3898.4
3965.9
4033.4
4100.9
4168.4
4235.9
4303.4
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD
*
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
18.00
18.50
19.00
19.50
20.00
20.50
21.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
0.0
62.4
112.1
159.5
205.7
232.6
263.0
296.8
333.6
373.2
415.5
460.3
507.5
556.8
608.3
661.6
716.9
773.8
832.5
892.6
954.3
1017.4
1081.7
1147.3
1214.1
1281.6
1349.2
1416.7
1484.2
1551.7
1619.2
1686.7
1754.2
1821.7
1889.2
1956.7
2024.2
2091.7
2159.2
2226.7
2294.2
END
BEARING
KN.
68.0
68.0
136.0
136.0
136.0
166.5
268.9
393.7
482.2
543.0
603.7
664.5
725.2
786.0
846.7
907.5
968.3
1029.0
1089.8
1150.5
1211.3
1272.0
1332.8
1393.5
1453.2
1498.2
1521.7
1526.5
1526.8
1526.8
1526.7
1526.7
1526.7
1526.8
1526.8
1526.8
1526.7
1526.7
1526.7
1526.8
1526.8
1526.7
1526.7
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
68.0
68.0
136.0
198.3
248.1
326.0
474.6
626.3
745.3
839.7
937.3
1037.7
1140.8
1246.3
1354.2
1464.3
1576.5
1690.6
1806.6
1924.4
2043.7
2164.7
2287.1
2410.9
2534.9
2645.6
2735.9
2808.2
2876.0
2943.5
3010.8
3078.3
3145.8
3213.5
3281.0
3348.5
3415.9
3483.4
3550.9
3618.5
3686.0
3753.4
3820.9
2361.7
2429.2
2496.7
2564.2
2631.7
2699.2
2766.8
2834.3
1526.7
1526.8
1526.8
1526.7
1526.7
1526.7
1526.8
1526.8
3888.4
3956.0
4023.5
4090.9
4158.4
4225.9
4293.6
4361.1
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
18.00
18.50
19.00
19.50
20.00
20.50
21.00
21.50
22.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
11.2
34.8
60.6
88.0
116.9
145.7
175.8
210.1
248.3
290.7
337.1
387.5
442.0
500.6
563.2
629.9
697.4
764.9
832.4
899.9
967.4
1034.9
1102.4
1169.9
1237.4
1304.9
1372.4
1439.9
1507.4
1574.9
1642.4
1709.9
1777.5
1845.0
1912.5
1980.0
2047.5
2115.0
2182.5
2250.0
2317.5
2385.0
2452.5
END
BEARING
KN.
68.0
68.0
136.0
136.0
136.0
166.5
268.9
393.7
482.2
543.0
603.7
664.5
725.2
786.0
846.7
907.5
968.3
1029.0
1089.8
1150.5
1211.3
1272.0
1332.8
1393.5
1453.2
1498.2
1521.7
1526.5
1526.8
1526.8
1526.7
1526.7
1526.7
1526.8
1526.8
1526.8
1526.7
1526.7
1526.7
1526.8
1526.8
1526.7
1526.7
1526.7
1526.8
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
68.0
68.0
147.2
170.8
196.6
254.5
385.7
539.4
658.1
753.0
852.1
955.2
1062.3
1173.5
1288.8
1408.1
1531.5
1658.9
1787.1
1915.4
2043.7
2171.9
2300.2
2428.4
2555.6
2668.2
2759.1
2831.5
2899.2
2966.7
3034.1
3101.6
3169.1
3236.8
3304.3
3371.8
3439.1
3506.6
3574.1
3641.8
3709.3
3776.7
3844.2
3911.7
3979.3
2520.0
2587.5
2655.0
2722.5
2790.0
2857.5
1526.8
1526.7
1526.7
1526.7
1526.8
1526.8
4046.8
4114.2
4181.7
4249.2
4316.8
4384.3
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
10
10
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
M.
LOAD TRANSFER
KPA
PILE MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.4758E+01
0.7931E+01
0.1190E+02
0.1428E+02
0.1586E+02
0.1428E+02
0.1428E+02
0.1428E+02
0.1428E+02
0.0000E+00
0.7200E-03
0.1395E-02
0.2565E-02
0.3600E-02
0.4500E-02
0.9000E-02
0.1350E-01
0.2250E-01
0.9000E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1128E+02
0.1881E+02
0.2821E+02
0.3385E+02
0.3761E+02
0.3385E+02
0.3385E+02
0.3385E+02
0.3385E+02
0.0000E+00
0.7200E-03
0.1395E-02
0.2565E-02
0.3600E-02
0.4500E-02
0.9000E-02
0.1350E-01
0.2250E-01
0.9000E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1224E+02
0.2040E+02
0.3060E+02
0.3672E+02
0.4080E+02
0.3672E+02
0.3672E+02
0.3672E+02
0.3672E+02
0.0000E+00
0.7200E-03
0.1395E-02
0.2565E-02
0.3600E-02
0.4500E-02
0.9000E-02
0.1350E-01
0.2250E-01
0.9000E-01
0.0000E+00
0.4173E+01
0.8345E+01
0.1669E+02
0.2504E+02
0.3338E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.0000E+00
0.1500E+01
0.2900E+01
0.3000E+01
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.0000E+00
0.9543E+02
0.1909E+03
0.3817E+03
0.7634E+03
0.1145E+04
0.1374E+04
0.1527E+04
0.1527E+04
0.1527E+04
10
0.3755E+02
0.4173E+02
0.4173E+02
0.4173E+02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.9550E+01
0.1910E+02
0.3820E+02
0.5730E+02
0.7640E+02
0.8595E+02
0.9550E+02
0.9550E+02
0.9550E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.9550E+01
0.1910E+02
0.3820E+02
0.5730E+02
0.7640E+02
0.8595E+02
0.9550E+02
0.9550E+02
0.9550E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.2650E+02
10
0.4990E+02
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.2250E-03
0.4500E-03
0.9000E-03
0.5850E-02
0.1890E-01
0.3285E-01
0.4500E-01
0.6750E-01
0.9000E-01
TOP
LOAD
KN.
0.9340E+01
0.9340E+02
0.4580E+03
0.8909E+03
0.2347E+04
0.2713E+04
0.3167E+04
0.3455E+04
0.3734E+04
TOP MOVEMENT
M.
0.2951E-04
0.2951E-03
0.1472E-02
0.2934E-02
0.1042E-01
0.1380E-01
0.2670E-01
0.4108E-01
0.6797E-01
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.1066E+01
0.1066E+02
0.5329E+02
0.1066E+03
0.4092E+03
0.5061E+03
0.9598E+03
0.1247E+04
0.1527E+04
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.2513E-05
0.2513E-04
0.1257E-03
0.2513E-03
0.1257E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.2513E-01
0.5026E-01
5.6
Piles may be subjected to loads in tension instead of compression. The tension capacity of piles
differs from the compression capacity of piles in both the side friction and end bearing. For piles under
tension the soil resistance is from the side friction only.
Some research recommend applying a reduction factor to the side friction when the pile moves
upward based on field experimental studies. This may be caused by less confining pressure from the soil
around the pile under tension. This example model includes an arbitrary reduction factor of 0.8 for
tension capacity (under Data/Computational Method/Method for Pile Capacity/Type of
Loading/Tension).
A different reduction in side friction may be specified primarily to cover a distance near the
shallow depth. This example includes an arbitrary 4-meter exclusion of friction in the top soil layer
(under Data/Circular Pile Section).
The tension capacity of piles should also include the self-weight of piles. This is automatically
accounted within APILE according to the pile type/material selected by the user. The computed values
are included in a column in the output text file.
This example is included to illustrate a common case for study of the tension capacity of a pipe
pile. The soil deposit consists of six sub-layers as shown in Table 5.4. The pile is a 60-m long openended steel pipe, with an outer diameter of 1000 mm and an inner diameter of 936 mm.
The pages following the input data are the output for the example problem. The output is shown in
detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The user may elect to eliminate
the printing of capacity for each increment length to shorten the length of output.
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
Depth
Soil Type
(m)
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
100
Clay
'
Cu
(kN/m3) (kN/m2)
0.1
4
20
Ko
Nq
---
---
---
(Deg.)
Sand
---
34
0.6
20
Clay
200
200
---
---
---
Sand
---
36
0.6
30
Clay
350
350
---
---
---
Sand
---
38
0.6
30
The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem 5 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
EXAMPLE 5
Ensoft
00
2 1 12
0 0 1000 936 200000000 60 0
60 936
4 1 1 0 4 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
100 0
0.0 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 0.1 0.02 2 50 1 0 0 1 1
10 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 20 4 2 50 200 0 0 1 1
10 1 0.6 9 34 20
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 10500 0 0 1 1
20 1 0.6 9 34 20
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 20000 0 0 1 1
20 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1
30 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1
30 1 0.6 9 0 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 30500 0 0 1 1
40 1 0.6 9 0 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 39500 0 0 1 1
40 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1
50 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1
50 1 0.6 9 0 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1 1
100 1 0.6 9 0 30
0 0 0.0 20 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1 1
0
1 0.8
0 0
2 0
0 0
0 0
1 0.8
5.6.2
The resulting plots of ultimate total capacity versus depth provided by the computer program may
be observed in Figure 5.16. The self-weight of the pile is included in the total capacity for the uplift
(tensile) capacity. Figure 5.17 includes a plot of uplift load versus uplift movement.
Figure 5.16 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 5.
Output Data
The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 5 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
=========================================================================
APILE for Windows, Version 2014.6.1
Serial Number :
162969628
to
of
of
of
file locations
input data file
output file
plot output file
:
:
:
:
C:\Ensoft\Apile2014-Examples\
Example5.ap6d
Example5.ap6o
Example5.ap6p
Time:
18:37:54
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
EXAMPLE 5
DESIGNER
: Ensoft
JOB NUMBER : 00
METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :
- API RP 2A (American Petroleum Institute)
Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.
0.80
PILE TYPE :
Steel pipe pile or non-tapered portion of monotube pile
DATA FOR AXIAL STIFFNESS :
- MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
- CROSS SECTION AREA
= 0.200E+09 KPA
=
0.10 M2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD
INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID
TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL
PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL
ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL
INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION
=
=
=
=
=
=
1000.00
936.00
60.00
0.00
4.00
MM.
MM.
M.
M.
M.
1.00 M.
PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
DEPTH
M.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
100.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
SOIL
TYPE
LATERAL
EARTH
PRESSURE
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
MAXIMUM
UNIT
UNDISTURB
SHEAR
EFFECTIVE
UNIT
WEIGHT
KN/CM
4.00
4.00
9.00
9.00
6.00
6.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
REMOLDED
SHEAR
FRICTION
ANGLE
DEGREES
0.00
0.00
34.00
34.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
BLOW
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTOR
0.00
0.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
30.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
30.00
UNIT SKIN
UNIT END
BEARING
STRENGTH
STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION
BEARING
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
0.10E+08*
0.10
0.02
2.00
50.00
1.00
0.10E+08*
20.00
4.00
2.00
50.00
200.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08*
200.00
67.00
3.00
20.00
2000.00
0.10E+08*
200.00
67.00
3.00
20.00
2000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00 20.00
0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00 20.00
0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08*
350.00
175.00
3.00
15.00
5000.00
0.10E+08*
350.00
175.00
3.00
15.00
5000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00 20.00
0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00 20.00
0.00 50000.00
DEPTH
M.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
100.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
FRICTION
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
BEARING
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.3
27.0
50.1
77.5
109.0
END
BEARING
KN.
9.9*
16.4*
23.0*
29.5*
36.0*
42.6*
49.1*
55.7*
62.2*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
9.9
16.4
23.0
29.5
44.3
69.6
99.3
133.1
171.2
144.5
184.0
236.2
304.9
385.2
477.1
580.5
695.5
822.0
960.2
1109.8
1271.1
1494.8
1775.4
2055.9
2336.4
2616.9
2897.5
3178.0
3458.5
3739.0
4019.5
4301.6
4588.9
4884.4
5189.0
5502.5
5824.7
6155.3
6493.9
6840.4
7195.4
7612.8
8087.8
8562.8
9037.8
9512.8
9987.8
10462.8
10937.9
11412.9
11887.9
12539.8
13378.4
14236.8
15114.8
16012.5
16929.8
17866.9
18823.6
19800.0
20796.1
68.7*
75.3*
81.8*
88.3*
94.9*
101.4*
108.0*
114.5*
121.0*
127.6*
134.1*
140.6*
147.2*
153.7
160.2
166.8
173.3
179.9
186.4
192.9
199.5
206.0*
212.5*
219.1*
225.6
232.2
238.7
245.2
251.8
258.3
264.8
271.4
277.9
284.4
291.0
297.5
304.1
310.6
317.1
323.7
330.2
336.7
343.3
349.8
356.4
362.9
369.4
376.0
382.5
389.0
395.6
402.1
213.3
259.3
318.0
393.3
480.1
578.5
688.5
810.0
943.1
1087.7
1243.9
1411.7
1642.0
1929.1
2216.1
2503.2
2790.3
3077.3
3364.4
3651.4
3938.5
4225.6
4514.2
4807.9
5110.0
5421.2
5741.2
6069.9
6407.0
6752.2
7105.2
7466.8
7890.7
8372.3
8853.8
9335.3
9816.9
10298.4
10780.0
11261.5
11743.1
12224.6
12883.1
13728.2
14593.1
15477.7
16381.9
17305.8
18249.4
19212.6
20195.6
21198.2
**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
END
BEARING
KN.
9.9*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
9.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.9
29.1
54.4
84.7
119.9
160.2
205.4
246.9
285.4
330.4
381.8
439.7
500.8
562.0
623.1
684.3
745.4
901.6
1153.0
1404.3
1655.6
1906.9
2158.3
2409.6
2660.9
2912.2
3163.6
3321.0
3384.3
3447.3
3510.1
3572.6
3634.8
3696.7
3758.4
3819.8
3881.1
4131.5
4571.4
5011.2
5451.0
5890.8
6330.7
6770.5
7210.3
7650.1
8089.9
8340.4
8401.6
8462.7
8523.8
8585.0
8646.1
8707.2
8768.4
8829.5
8890.7
16.4*
23.0*
29.5*
36.0*
42.6*
49.1*
55.7*
62.2*
68.7*
75.3*
81.8*
88.3*
94.9*
101.4*
108.0*
114.5*
121.0*
127.6*
134.1*
140.6*
147.2*
153.7*
160.2*
166.8*
173.3*
179.9*
186.4*
192.9*
199.5*
206.0*
212.5*
219.1*
225.6*
232.2*
238.7*
245.2*
251.8*
258.3*
264.8*
271.4*
277.9*
284.4
291.0
297.5
304.1
310.6
317.1
323.7
330.2
336.7
343.3
349.8
356.4
362.9
369.4
376.0
382.5
389.0
395.6
402.1
16.4
23.0
29.5
44.9
71.7
103.5
140.3
182.1
228.9
280.7
328.8
373.8
425.3
483.2
547.7
615.3
683.0
750.7
818.4
886.0
1048.8
1306.7
1564.5
1822.4
2080.3
2338.1
2596.0
2853.8
3111.7
3369.6
3533.5
3603.3
3672.9
3742.2
3811.3
3880.0
3948.5
4016.7
4084.7
4152.4
4409.4
4855.8
5302.2
5748.5
6194.9
6641.2
7087.6
7534.0
7980.3
8426.7
8683.7
8751.4
8819.0
8886.7
8954.4
9022.1
9089.7
9157.4
9225.1
9292.8
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
46.5
72.2
101.3
133.8
247.8
301.5
357.0
421.7
495.1
576.3
665.0
760.7
862.9
971.2
1085.3
1204.8
1456.9
1701.5
1939.0
2170.0
2395.3
2615.3
2830.6
3041.5
3248.5
3451.7
3574.8
3701.8
3832.3
3966.3
4103.5
4243.7
4386.9
4532.7
4681.1
4832.0
5109.2
5380.8
5647.1
5908.4
6164.7
6416.5
6663.7
7009.7
7381.5
7756.4
7994.8
8239.0
8488.8
8744.5
9005.8
END
BEARING
KN.
9.9
16.4
23.0
29.5
36.0
42.6
49.1
55.7
62.2
68.7
75.3
81.8
88.3
94.9
101.4
108.0
114.5
121.0
127.6
134.1
140.6
147.2
153.7
160.2
166.8
173.3
179.9
186.4
192.9
199.5
206.0
212.5
219.1
225.6
232.2
238.7
245.2
251.8
258.3
264.8
271.4
277.9
284.4
291.0
297.5
304.1
310.6
317.1
323.7
330.2
336.7
343.3
349.8
356.4
362.9
369.4
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
9.9
16.4
23.0
29.5
36.0
89.1
121.3
157.0
196.0
316.5
376.8
438.8
510.1
589.9
677.8
773.0
875.2
983.9
1098.8
1219.4
1345.5
1604.1
1855.2
2099.2
2336.8
2568.6
2795.2
3017.0
3234.5
3447.9
3657.7
3787.4
3920.9
4058.0
4198.5
4342.2
4489.0
4638.6
4791.0
4945.9
5103.4
5387.1
5665.2
5938.1
6205.9
6468.8
6727.1
6980.8
7333.4
7711.7
8093.1
8338.1
8588.8
8845.2
9107.4
9375.2
9272.9
9545.7
9824.2
10108.5
10398.5
376.0
382.5
389.0
395.6
402.1
9648.9
9928.2
10213.3
10504.1
10800.6
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.7
21.8
40.5
62.7
88.5
117.8
150.7
188.5
233.2
285.5
345.2
412.5
487.3
569.7
659.5
756.9
861.8
1030.3
1259.7
1491.6
1725.9
1962.5
2201.3
2442.2
2685.3
2930.4
3177.5
3388.6
3566.1
3750.5
3941.7
4139.6
4344.1
4555.3
4772.8
4996.8
5227.4
5554.1
5975.0
6399.0
6826.2
7256.5
7689.7
8125.8
SELF
WEIGHT
KN.
9.9*
16.4*
23.0*
29.5*
36.0*
42.6*
49.1*
55.7*
62.2*
68.7*
75.3*
81.8*
88.3*
94.9*
101.4*
108.0*
114.5*
121.0*
127.6*
134.1*
140.6*
147.2*
153.7*
160.2*
166.8*
173.3
179.9
186.4
192.9
199.5*
206.0*
212.5*
219.1*
225.6*
232.2*
238.7*
245.2*
251.8*
258.3*
264.8*
271.4
277.9
284.4
291.0
297.5
304.1
310.6
317.1
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
9.9
16.4
23.0
29.5
42.7
64.4
89.6
118.4
150.7
186.6
226.0
270.3
321.6
380.4
446.7
520.5
601.8
690.7
787.1
891.0
1002.5
1177.4
1413.4
1651.9
1892.7
2135.8
2381.1
2628.6
2878.2
3129.9
3383.5
3601.2
3785.2
3976.1
4173.9
4378.3
4589.4
4807.0
5031.1
5261.7
5498.8
5832.0
6259.4
6690.0
7123.7
7560.5
8000.3
8443.0
8565.2
9009.1
9458.5
9843.0
10163.6
10491.7
10827.3
11170.4
11521.0
11879.2
12244.9
12618.1
12998.9
323.7
330.2
336.7
343.3
349.8
356.4
362.9
369.4
376.0
382.5
389.0
395.6
402.1
8888.8
9339.3
9795.2
10186.3
10513.4
10848.0
11190.1
11539.8
11897.0
12261.7
12633.9
13013.7
13401.0
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
10
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
M.
LOAD TRANSFER
KPA
PILE MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1954E+01
0.3256E+01
0.4884E+01
0.5861E+01
0.6512E+01
0.5861E+01
0.5861E+01
0.5861E+01
0.5861E+01
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.3375E+01
0.5624E+01
0.8436E+01
0.1012E+02
0.1125E+02
0.1012E+02
0.1012E+02
0.1012E+02
0.1012E+02
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.5000E+01
0.9900E+01
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.1000E+02
0.0000E+00
0.1313E+01
0.2627E+01
0.5254E+01
0.7880E+01
0.1051E+02
0.1182E+02
0.1313E+02
0.1313E+02
0.1313E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2501E+01
0.5002E+01
0.1000E+02
0.1501E+02
0.2001E+02
0.2251E+02
0.2501E+02
0.2501E+02
0.2501E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.4350E+01
0.8701E+01
0.1740E+02
0.2610E+02
0.3480E+02
0.3915E+02
0.4350E+02
0.4350E+02
0.4350E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1900E+02
0.3166E+02
0.4750E+02
0.5700E+02
0.6333E+02
0.5700E+02
0.5700E+02
0.5700E+02
0.5700E+02
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2291E+02
0.3818E+02
0.5727E+02
0.6872E+02
0.7635E+02
0.6872E+02
0.6872E+02
0.6872E+02
0.6872E+02
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2188E+02
0.3646E+02
0.5470E+02
0.6564E+02
0.7293E+02
0.6564E+02
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.1500E+02
0.1990E+02
0.2000E+02
0.2500E+02
0.2990E+02
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.6564E+02
0.6564E+02
0.6564E+02
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.6185E+01
0.1237E+02
0.2474E+02
0.3711E+02
0.4948E+02
0.5566E+02
0.6185E+02
0.6185E+02
0.6185E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.6615E+01
0.1323E+02
0.2646E+02
0.3969E+02
0.5292E+02
0.5954E+02
0.6615E+02
0.6615E+02
0.6615E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.8869E+01
0.1774E+02
0.3548E+02
0.5321E+02
0.7095E+02
0.7982E+02
0.8869E+02
0.8869E+02
0.8869E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.3569E+02
0.5949E+02
0.8923E+02
0.1071E+03
0.1190E+03
0.1071E+03
0.1071E+03
0.1071E+03
0.1071E+03
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.4151E+02
0.6918E+02
0.1038E+03
0.1245E+03
0.1384E+03
0.1245E+03
0.1245E+03
0.1245E+03
0.1245E+03
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.3982E+02
0.6636E+02
0.9955E+02
0.0000E+00
0.1600E-02
0.3100E-02
0.5700E-02
0.3000E+02
0.3500E+02
0.3990E+02
0.4000E+02
0.4500E+02
0.4990E+02
16
17
18
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.0000E+00
0.2513E+02
0.5026E+02
0.1005E+03
0.2011E+03
0.3016E+03
0.3619E+03
0.4021E+03
0.4021E+03
0.4021E+03
10
0.1195E+03
0.1327E+03
0.1195E+03
0.1195E+03
0.1195E+03
0.1195E+03
0.8000E-02
0.1000E-01
0.2000E-01
0.3000E-01
0.5000E-01
0.2000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1122E+02
0.2244E+02
0.4489E+02
0.6733E+02
0.8977E+02
0.1010E+03
0.1122E+03
0.1122E+03
0.1122E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1212E+02
0.2424E+02
0.4848E+02
0.7272E+02
0.9695E+02
0.1091E+03
0.1212E+03
0.1212E+03
0.1212E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1212E+02
0.2424E+02
0.4848E+02
0.7272E+02
0.9695E+02
0.1091E+03
0.1212E+03
0.1212E+03
0.1212E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.5000E+02
10
0.7500E+02
10
0.9990E+02
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.5000E-03
0.1000E-02
0.2000E-02
0.1300E-01
0.4200E-01
0.7300E-01
0.1000E+00
0.1500E+00
0.2000E+00
LOAD
KN.
0.3318E+02
0.3318E+03
0.1654E+04
0.3177E+04
0.8966E+04
0.1179E+05
0.1300E+05
0.1283E+05
0.1291E+05
TOP MOVEMENT
M.
0.5319E-04
0.5319E-03
0.2658E-02
0.5231E-02
0.1824E-01
0.2670E-01
0.3985E-01
0.5205E-01
0.7742E-01
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.1263E+00
0.1263E+01
0.6316E+01
0.1263E+02
0.6316E+02
0.1052E+03
0.1971E+03
0.2431E+03
0.3177E+03
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.2513E-05
0.2513E-04
0.1257E-03
0.2513E-03
0.1257E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.2513E-01
0.5026E-01
5.7
Many of the existing semi-empirical methods for predicting the axial capacity of driven piles were
developed approximately two decades ago on the basis of an extended database of static-loading tests.
The soil properties and subsurface conditions were obtained primarily by conventional sampling methods
and testing equipment, including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), field-vane test, and triaxialundrained (UU) tests using undisturbed soil samples, taken by the use of Shelby tubes.
Recently, the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in subsurface exploration
worldwide, especially in the offshore industry. The American Petroleum Institute (API) conducted a
review of CPT-based methods for assessment of the axial capacity of driven piles. Two CPT-based
methods have been studied and adopted by API as alternate design methods. Those two CPT-based
methods that were selected by API are: the NGI-99 method developed by the Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute and the MTD method developed by Imperial College in London (Richard Jardine et al, 2005) .
The example included here are for the customers who purchased the offshore-version of APILE.
This example is for an offshore application and will focus on the axial capacity of closed-ended piles
predicted by different semi-empirical methods. Computed results from four CPT-based methods are
included for comparison. The pile is a 60-m long pipe with a closed end and with an outer diameter of
2134 mm and an inner diameter of 2044 mm. The soil deposit consists of six sub-layers and the soil
properties, including from CPT tests, are shown in Table 5.5.
The pages following the input data are the output for the example problem. The output is shown in
detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The user may elect to eliminate
the printing of capacity for each increment length to shorten the length of output.
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
Depth
(m)
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
100
Soil Type
Clay
'
Cu
3
(kN/m ) (kN/m )
0.1
4
20
Ko
Nq
---
---
---
(Deg.)
Sand
---
34
0.6
20
Clay
200
200
---
---
---
Sand
---
36
0.6
30
Clay
350
350
---
---
---
Sand
---
38
0.6
30
Qc
1
200
10,500
20,000
2,000
2,000
30,500
30,500
5,000
5,000
50,000
50,000
PI
YSR
50
---
---
20
---
---
15
---
---
Comparison of Results
Table 5.6 and Table 5.7 contains some comparisons of the results obtained from hand computations
against those from the computer run in APILE for two different offshore methods.
Depth
(m)
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
Soil Type
Clay
516
537
Sand
3,504
3,571
Clay
6,280
6,251
Sand
14,859
14,780
Clay
12,014
11,844
Sand
30,033
28,619
MTD METHOD
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
Depth
(m)
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
Soil Type
Clay
295
268
Sand
4,048
3,783
Clay
5,767
5,313
Sand
12,360
13,503
Clay
17,572
15,206
Sand
30,114
33,711
The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem 6 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
EXAMPLE 6
Ensoft
00
2 1 12
0 0 2134 0 200000000 60 0
0 0
0 1 1 0 7 1 0
5.7.3
1
1
1
1
1
1
The resulting plots of total capacity from different empirical methods and axial load versus
settlement computed based on MTD method may be observed in Figure 5.18 and Figure 5.19.
Figure 5.18 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 6.
Output Data
The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 6 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
=========================================================================
APILE for Windows, Version 2014.6.1
Serial Number :
162969628
to
of
of
of
file locations
input data file
output file
plot output file
:
:
:
:
C:\Ensoft\Apile2014-Examples\
Example6-Ofshore.ap6d
Example6-Ofshore.ap6o
Example6-Ofshore.ap6p
Time:
18:56:26
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
EXAMPLE 6
DESIGNER
: Ensoft
JOB NUMBER : 00
METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :
- ICP/MTD (Imperial College of London)
Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.
= 0.200E+09 KPA
=
3.58 M2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD
INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID
TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL
PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL
ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL
INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION
=
=
=
=
=
=
2134.00
0.00
60.00
0.00
0.00
MM.
MM.
M.
M.
M.
1.00 M.
PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
DEPTH
M.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
100.00
SOIL
TYPE
LATERAL
EARTH
PRESSURE
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
EFFECTIVE
UNIT
WEIGHT
KN/CM
4.00
4.00
9.00
9.00
6.00
6.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
FRICTION
ANGLE
DEGREES
0.00
0.00
34.00
34.00
0.00
0.00
36.00
36.00
0.00
0.00
38.00
38.00
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTOR
0.00
0.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
30.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
30.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
FRICTION
KPA
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
MAXIMUM
UNDISTURB REMOLDED
UNIT
SHEAR
SHEAR
BLOW
UNIT SKIN UNIT END
BEARING
STRENGTH
STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION
BEARING
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
0.10E+08*
0.10
0.02
2.00
50.00
1.00
0.10E+08*
20.00
4.00
2.00
50.00
200.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08*
200.00
67.00
3.00
20.00
2000.00
0.10E+08*
200.00
67.00
3.00
20.00
2000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08*
350.00
175.00
3.00
15.00
5000.00
0.10E+08*
350.00
175.00
3.00
15.00
5000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 50000.00
DEPTH
M.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
100.00
DEPTH
M.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
100.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
FRICTION
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
PLASTIC
INDEX
PI
%
50.00
50.00
0.00
0.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
15.00
15.00
0.00
0.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
BEARING
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
YIELD
STRESS
RATIO
2.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
Qc
FROM
CPT
KPA
0.100E+01
0.200E+03
0.105E+05
0.200E+05
0.200E+04
0.200E+04
0.305E+05
0.395E+05
0.500E+04
0.500E+04
0.500E+05
0.500E+05
1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
9.9
35.7
73.8
123.9
185.5
258.5
342.5
437.3
542.6
747.1
1073.1
1454.0
1889.7
2380.2
2925.6
3525.9
4181.0
4890.9
5655.7
6425.9
7174.2
7922.5
8670.8
9419.1
10167.4
10915.7
11664.0
12412.2
13160.5
14332.7
15964.8
17669.0
19445.5
21294.1
23214.9
25207.9
27273.1
29410.4
31620.0
33376.3
34643.4
35910.5
37177.6
38444.7
39711.7
END
BEARING
KN.
53.7
85.7
133.2
190.8
259.5
323.5
387.6
599.7
1509.6
2594.8
3855.3
5291.0
6902.1
8685.3
9905.6
10808.0
11525.1
11863.8
11249.3
10449.5
9513.5
8553.2
7592.2
6631.2
6438.0
6438.0
6438.0
7051.0
10100.6
13150.2
16199.8
19249.4
22299.0
25348.6
25961.6
25961.6
25961.6
25500.2
23204.9
20909.5
18614.1
16318.7
14023.3
11727.9
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
53.7
85.7
143.1
226.5
333.3
447.4
573.1
858.2
1852.1
3032.1
4397.9
6038.1
7975.2
10139.3
11795.3
13188.2
14450.7
15389.6
15430.2
15340.4
15169.2
14979.1
14766.4
14553.7
15108.8
15857.1
16605.4
17966.6
21764.5
25562.4
29360.4
33582.1
38263.8
43017.7
45407.1
47255.7
49176.5
50708.2
50477.9
50319.9
50234.0
49695.0
48666.7
47638.4
48444.1
49711.2
50978.2
40978.8
42245.9
43513.0
44780.1
47441.6
51545.7
55746.2
60042.9
64436.0
68925.4
73511.1
78193.2
82971.5
87846.2
12356.9
17782.0
23207.1
28632.2
34057.3
39482.4
44907.5
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
53335.8
60028.0
66720.1
73412.3
81498.9
91028.2
100653.7
106040.9
110434.0
114923.4
119509.1
124191.1
128969.5
133844.1
**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
14.0
34.7
62.0
102.7
156.8
224.2
304.9
398.9
506.3
627.1
737.8
840.4
960.3
1097.5
1252.0
1423.7
1612.7
1818.9
2042.5
2283.2
2743.2
3413.6
4084.0
4754.4
5424.8
6095.2
6765.7
7436.1
8106.5
8776.9
9316.0
9733.1
10168.7
10622.6
11095.1
11585.9
12095.2
12623.0
END
BEARING
KN.
53.7
85.7
133.2
190.8
259.5
323.5
387.6
627.9
1696.9
2972.1
4453.4
6141.0
8034.8
10134.8
11688.5
13072.7
14456.9
15411.1
14526.3
13425.3
12108.1
10574.7
8825.1
6859.2
6438.0
6438.0
6438.0
7436.4
12572.5
17990.2
23689.4
29494.8
34715.1
39935.4
41119.8
41035.6
40669.8
39124.8
34494.6
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
53.7
99.7
167.9
252.8
362.2
480.3
611.7
932.8
2095.8
3478.4
5080.5
6878.8
8875.2
11095.2
12786.1
14324.7
15880.6
17023.8
16345.2
15467.8
14391.3
13317.8
12238.6
10943.2
11192.4
11862.8
12533.2
14202.0
20008.6
26096.7
32466.3
38810.8
44448.2
50104.0
51742.4
52130.6
52255.7
51220.0
47117.6
13169.2
13733.9
14607.4
15780.6
16953.9
18127.1
19300.3
20473.6
21646.8
22820.0
23993.2
25166.5
26085.2
26749.4
27413.6
28077.8
28742.0
29406.2
30070.4
30734.6
31398.8
32063.1
30028.5
25562.4
21096.3
16630.3
12164.2
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
13235.0
23028.8
32822.5
42616.3
52410.0
62203.7
71997.5
73966.0
73966.0
73966.0
73966.0
73966.0
73966.0
73966.0
43197.7
39296.3
35703.8
32410.9
29118.1
29393.6
30566.8
31740.1
34881.8
45848.8
56815.8
67782.7
78495.2
88953.1
99411.1
102043.8
102708.0
103372.2
104036.5
104700.7
105364.9
106029.1
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD
*
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
17.7
61.9
128.7
216.1
322.4
446.6
587.7
745.0
917.7
1105.2
1300.3
1530.1
1792.8
2086.8
2410.7
2763.2
3143.1
3549.4
3981.1
4437.4
5434.2
6414.5
7379.4
8331.0
9270.9
10200.7
11121.4
12034.3
12940.3
13840.0
END
BEARING
KN.
53.7
85.7
133.2
190.8
259.5
323.5
387.6
522.3
996.2
1560.7
2215.7
2961.3
3797.4
4724.1
5436.5
6080.3
6724.1
7276.1
7402.4
7428.2
7353.5
7178.1
6902.3
6525.8
6438.0
6438.0
6438.0
6879.0
9163.6
11599.0
14185.3
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
53.7
103.4
195.1
319.5
475.5
645.9
834.2
1110.0
1741.2
2478.4
3320.9
4261.6
5327.5
6516.9
7523.3
8491.0
9487.3
10419.1
10951.8
11409.3
11790.8
12612.4
13316.7
13905.2
14769.0
15708.9
16638.7
18000.4
21197.9
24539.3
28025.3
14395.0
14971.1
15567.9
16184.8
16821.4
17477.1
18151.4
18844.0
19554.4
20282.2
21619.9
22948.4
24268.3
25580.2
26884.8
28182.5
29473.9
30759.3
32039.2
33314.0
34183.8
35067.7
35965.2
36876.2
37800.4
38737.3
39686.8
40648.6
41622.4
42607.9
16922.4
19810.4
22849.2
24249.8
25215.5
26181.2
26554.3
24481.2
22257.2
19882.4
17356.8
14680.3
11853.0
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
12152.5
16560.5
20968.5
25376.4
29784.4
34192.4
38600.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
31317.4
34781.5
38417.1
40434.6
42036.9
43658.2
44705.7
43325.2
41811.7
40164.7
38976.7
37628.7
36121.3
36846.7
38151.3
39449.0
41626.4
47319.8
53007.7
58690.4
63968.2
69260.1
74565.6
76362.6
77286.8
78223.7
79173.2
80135.0
81108.8
82094.3
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
7.0
18.8
40.3
71.2
111.5
161.4
220.7
289.5
367.7
455.4
556.2
675.5
814.9
974.3
1153.8
1353.3
1573.0
1812.7
2072.4
2352.2
2801.6
3413.7
END
BEARING
KN.
53.7
85.7
133.2
190.8
259.5
323.5
387.6
522.3
996.2
1560.7
2215.7
2961.3
3797.4
4724.1
5436.5
6080.3
6724.1
7276.1
7402.4
7428.2
7353.5
7178.1
6902.3
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
53.7
92.7
152.1
231.0
330.6
435.0
548.9
743.0
1285.6
1928.4
2671.1
3517.5
4472.9
5539.0
6410.8
7234.1
8077.5
8849.0
9215.1
9500.6
9705.7
9979.7
10315.9
4032.3
4657.2
5288.2
5925.2
6567.9
7216.3
7870.2
8529.4
9100.8
9592.7
10106.3
10641.6
11198.8
11777.6
12378.2
13000.6
13644.7
14310.6
15208.2
16330.8
17462.0
18601.5
19749.2
20904.8
22068.3
23240.2
24424.3
25623.2
26721.4
27723.1
28748.4
29797.3
30869.6
31965.4
33084.8
34227.6
35394.0
36583.8
6525.8
6438.0
6438.0
6438.0
6879.0
9163.6
11599.0
14185.3
16922.4
19810.4
22849.2
24249.8
25215.5
26181.2
26554.3
24481.2
22257.2
19882.4
17356.8
14680.3
11853.0
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
12152.5
16560.5
20968.5
25376.4
29784.4
34192.4
38600.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
39486.4
10558.1
11095.2
11726.2
12363.2
13446.9
16379.9
19469.2
22714.7
26023.3
29403.1
32955.5
34891.4
36414.3
37958.8
38932.5
37481.8
35902.0
34193.0
32565.0
31011.2
29315.0
29868.0
31015.7
32171.3
34220.8
39800.7
45392.8
50999.6
56505.8
61915.6
67348.8
69283.6
70356.0
71451.8
72571.2
73714.0
74880.4
76070.2
****************************************************
* NORWEIGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (NGI) METHOD *
****************************************************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
7.1
20.0
44.7
80.8
128.4
187.3
257.7
339.5
432.6
537.1
699.7
930.3
1193.3
1490.8
END
BEARING
KN.
53.7
85.7
133.2
190.8
259.5
323.5
387.6
1018.8
4004.8
7248.6
10741.2
14475.7
18446.4
22648.4
24794.7
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
53.7
92.8
153.3
235.5
340.3
451.9
574.9
1276.5
4344.3
7681.2
11278.3
15175.4
19376.7
23841.7
26285.5
1824.9
2197.5
2610.3
3065.3
3564.1
4108.5
4690.9
5291.9
5900.7
6516.9
7140.3
7770.8
8408.1
9052.2
9702.8
10359.8
11310.4
12582.6
13918.2
15318.2
16783.9
18316.6
19917.3
21587.2
23327.6
25139.4
26617.1
27730.0
28853.0
29985.9
31128.5
32280.6
33442.1
34613.0
35793.5
36983.6
38958.7
41737.2
44561.8
47432.2
50348.1
53309.3
56315.5
59366.6
62462.3
65602.4
26369.7
27912.4
28549.5
25599.1
22405.7
18973.5
15306.6
11408.5
7282.4
6438.0
6438.0
6438.0
7729.4
14221.6
20911.9
27798.8
34880.7
42156.3
49624.2
52133.4
53371.3
54600.8
54295.4
47851.7
41215.1
34387.0
27368.6
20161.0
12765.4
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
13187.4
22776.9
32420.3
42116.3
51864.2
61663.0
71511.8
73760.8
74085.2
74403.9
74717.3
75025.3
75328.4
75626.5
28194.6
30109.9
31159.8
28664.5
25969.8
23082.0
19997.5
16700.4
13183.0
12954.9
13578.3
14208.8
16137.5
23273.8
30614.7
38158.6
46191.1
54738.9
63542.3
67451.5
70155.2
72917.4
74212.7
69438.9
64542.7
59526.4
53985.7
47891.0
41618.4
41252.4
42395.0
43547.1
46629.6
57389.9
68213.8
79099.9
90822.9
103400.2
116073.6
121192.9
124433.3
127713.2
131032.8
134392.0
137790.7
141228.9
***********************************
* IMPERIAL COLLEGE (MTD) METHOD *
***********************************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
2.6
10.5
23.7
42.3
66.3
95.6
END
BEARING
KN.
47.7
76.2
118.4
169.6
230.6
287.6
344.5
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
47.7
78.8
129.0
193.3
272.9
353.8
440.1
130.5
170.8
216.7
268.2
424.4
697.8
1001.9
1337.4
1705.1
2105.5
2539.6
3007.9
3511.5
4051.1
4547.6
4993.4
5460.8
5950.2
6461.7
6995.8
7552.7
8132.7
8736.4
9363.9
10250.0
11409.8
12624.9
13897.3
15229.2
16622.6
18080.3
19604.8
21199.2
22866.6
24350.6
25640.0
26983.2
28381.7
29837.7
31353.5
32931.6
34575.0
36287.2
38072.2
40602.8
43912.1
47331.5
50795.2
54269.0
57752.7
61246.3
64749.3
68261.9
71783.6
752.3
2585.1
4568.2
6701.6
8985.4
11419.5
14003.9
15343.9
16363.2
17382.6
17891.8
16341.4
14631.7
12762.8
10734.7
8547.3
6200.8
5722.7
5722.7
5722.7
6585.6
10909.4
15384.0
20009.5
24785.8
29712.9
34790.9
36589.3
37555.0
38520.7
38589.7
35064.0
31387.5
27560.2
23582.0
19452.9
15173.0
14306.7
14306.7
14306.7
15541.9
21687.4
27832.9
33978.3
40123.8
46269.3
52414.8
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
882.8
2755.9
4784.9
6969.9
9409.8
12117.2
15005.8
16681.3
18068.3
19488.1
20431.4
19349.3
18143.2
16813.9
15282.3
13540.7
11661.6
11672.8
12184.4
12718.5
14138.3
19042.2
24120.4
29373.4
35035.8
41122.7
47415.9
50486.6
52784.2
55143.3
56670.0
54668.9
52586.7
50426.8
47932.5
45093.0
42156.2
42688.4
44144.4
45660.1
48473.5
56262.4
64120.0
72050.5
80726.6
90181.4
99746.2
104445.2
107919.0
111402.8
114896.2
118399.3
121911.9
125433.6
***********************************
*
FUGRO 2004 (FUGRO) METHOD
*
***********************************
PILE
PENETRATION
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
END
BEARING
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
0.0
2.6
10.5
23.7
42.3
66.3
95.6
130.5
170.8
216.7
268.2
384.4
572.8
782.3
1013.6
1267.6
1545.3
1847.8
2176.0
2531.2
2914.5
3330.9
3776.7
4244.1
4733.4
5245.0
5779.1
6335.9
6916.0
7519.6
8147.1
8893.5
9773.5
10709.4
11704.8
12764.0
13891.7
15093.0
16373.8
17740.7
19201.2
20587.4
21876.9
23220.0
24618.5
26074.6
27590.3
29168.4
30811.8
32524.0
34309.0
37133.0
41151.2
45600.2
50589.6
56278.4
62910.6
70616.5
78736.9
86589.4
94032.5
KN.
47.7
76.2
118.4
169.6
230.6
287.6
344.5
752.3
2585.1
4568.2
6701.6
8985.4
11419.5
14003.9
15343.9
16363.2
17382.6
17891.8
16341.4
14631.7
12762.8
10734.7
8547.3
6200.8
5722.7
5722.7
5722.7
6585.6
10909.4
15384.0
20009.5
24785.8
29712.9
34790.9
36589.3
37555.0
38520.7
38589.7
35064.0
31387.5
27560.2
23582.0
19452.9
15173.0
14306.7
14306.7
14306.7
15541.9
21687.4
27832.9
33978.3
40123.8
46269.3
52414.8
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
53650.0
KN.
47.7
78.8
129.0
193.3
272.9
353.8
440.1
882.8
2755.9
4784.9
6969.9
9369.8
11992.3
14786.2
16357.5
17630.9
18927.9
19739.6
18517.4
17162.9
15677.3
14065.5
12324.0
10444.9
10456.1
10967.7
11501.7
12921.6
17825.4
22903.7
28156.6
33679.3
39486.5
45500.3
48294.1
50319.0
52412.4
53682.7
51437.9
49128.3
46761.4
44169.4
41329.8
38393.0
38925.2
40381.2
41897.0
44710.3
52499.2
60356.9
68287.3
77256.8
87420.5
98015.0
104239.6
109928.4
116560.6
124266.5
132386.8
140239.4
147682.5
*********************************************
* UNIV. OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (UWA) METHOD *
*********************************************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
48.00
49.00
50.00
51.00
52.00
53.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
2.6
10.5
23.7
42.3
66.3
95.6
130.5
170.8
216.7
268.2
425.0
696.8
994.0
1317.3
1667.1
2044.0
2448.8
2881.9
3344.2
3836.3
4307.5
4753.3
5220.7
5710.0
6221.6
6755.7
7312.6
7892.6
8496.2
9123.7
9949.9
10986.1
12070.2
13204.2
14390.3
15631.0
16928.8
18286.8
19708.1
21196.4
22589.2
23878.7
25221.8
26620.4
28076.4
29592.1
31170.2
32813.6
34525.8
36310.8
38742.3
41864.3
45164.6
END
BEARING
KN.
47.7
76.2
118.4
169.6
230.6
287.6
344.5
1122.0
4826.3
8840.1
13163.4
17796.3
22738.7
27990.7
30687.8
32726.5
34765.2
35604.0
31609.2
27296.0
22664.3
17714.1
12445.6
6858.5
5722.7
5722.7
5722.7
7628.3
17169.7
27012.9
37157.7
47604.2
58352.3
69402.2
73178.6
75110.0
77041.4
76730.3
67444.2
57856.4
47967.0
37775.9
27283.1
16488.6
14306.7
14306.7
14306.7
17226.3
31752.0
46277.7
60803.3
75329.0
89854.7
104380.3
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
47.7
78.8
129.0
193.3
272.9
353.8
440.1
1252.5
4997.1
9056.8
13431.6
18221.3
23435.5
28984.7
32005.1
34393.6
36809.2
38052.8
34491.2
30640.2
26500.6
22021.6
17198.8
12079.2
11432.7
11944.3
12478.3
14940.9
25062.4
35509.1
46281.4
57554.1
69338.4
81472.3
86382.8
89500.3
92672.4
93659.1
85731.0
77564.6
69163.4
60365.1
51161.8
41710.4
40927.0
42383.0
43898.8
48396.6
64565.7
80803.5
97114.2
114071.3
131719.0
149545.0
48678.0
52452.5
56557.5
61024.3
65666.9
70309.8
74952.8
107300.0
107300.0
107300.0
107300.0
107300.0
107300.0
107300.0
155978.0
159752.5
163857.5
168324.3
172966.9
177609.8
182252.8
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
10
10
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
M.
LOAD TRANSFER
KPA
PILE MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.3537E+00
0.5895E+00
0.8843E+00
0.1061E+01
0.1179E+01
0.1061E+01
0.1061E+01
0.1061E+01
0.1061E+01
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1437E+01
0.2395E+01
0.3592E+01
0.4311E+01
0.4790E+01
0.4311E+01
0.4311E+01
0.4311E+01
0.4311E+01
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.4647E+01
0.7745E+01
0.1162E+02
0.1394E+02
0.1549E+02
0.1394E+02
0.1394E+02
0.1394E+02
0.1394E+02
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.3203E+01
0.6407E+01
0.1281E+02
0.1922E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.0000E+00
0.5000E+01
0.9900E+01
0.1000E+02
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.2563E+02
0.2883E+02
0.3203E+02
0.3203E+02
0.3203E+02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.6224E+01
0.1245E+02
0.2489E+02
0.3734E+02
0.4979E+02
0.5601E+02
0.6224E+02
0.6224E+02
0.6224E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.7727E+01
0.1545E+02
0.3091E+02
0.4636E+02
0.6182E+02
0.6954E+02
0.7727E+02
0.7727E+02
0.7727E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2108E+02
0.3514E+02
0.5271E+02
0.6325E+02
0.7027E+02
0.6325E+02
0.6325E+02
0.6325E+02
0.6325E+02
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2441E+02
0.4068E+02
0.6102E+02
0.7323E+02
0.8136E+02
0.7323E+02
0.7323E+02
0.7323E+02
0.7323E+02
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.3387E+02
0.5644E+02
0.8467E+02
0.1016E+03
0.1129E+03
0.1016E+03
0.1016E+03
0.1016E+03
0.1016E+03
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1526E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.1500E+02
0.1990E+02
0.2000E+02
0.2500E+02
0.2990E+02
0.3000E+02
11
12
13
14
15
10
10
10
10
10
0.3052E+02
0.6103E+02
0.9155E+02
0.1221E+03
0.1373E+03
0.1526E+03
0.1526E+03
0.1526E+03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2126E+02
0.4253E+02
0.8506E+02
0.1276E+03
0.1701E+03
0.1914E+03
0.2126E+03
0.2126E+03
0.2126E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2350E+02
0.4701E+02
0.9401E+02
0.1410E+03
0.1880E+03
0.2115E+03
0.2350E+03
0.2350E+03
0.2350E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.6205E+02
0.1034E+03
0.1551E+03
0.1862E+03
0.2068E+03
0.1862E+03
0.1862E+03
0.1862E+03
0.1862E+03
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.6922E+02
0.1154E+03
0.1731E+03
0.2077E+03
0.2307E+03
0.2077E+03
0.2077E+03
0.2077E+03
0.2077E+03
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.9656E+02
0.1609E+03
0.2414E+03
0.2897E+03
0.3219E+03
0.2897E+03
0.2897E+03
0.2897E+03
0.2897E+03
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.3500E+02
0.3990E+02
0.4000E+02
0.4500E+02
0.4990E+02
17
18
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.0000E+00
0.3353E+04
0.6706E+04
0.1341E+05
0.2683E+05
0.4024E+05
0.4829E+05
0.5365E+05
0.5365E+05
0.5365E+05
10
0.5000E+02
10
0.0000E+00
0.4355E+02
0.8711E+02
0.1742E+03
0.2613E+03
0.3484E+03
0.3920E+03
0.4355E+03
0.4355E+03
0.4355E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.5253E+02
0.1051E+03
0.2101E+03
0.3152E+03
0.4202E+03
0.4728E+03
0.5253E+03
0.5253E+03
0.5253E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.5253E+02
0.1051E+03
0.2101E+03
0.3152E+03
0.4202E+03
0.4728E+03
0.5253E+03
0.5253E+03
0.5253E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.7500E+02
10
0.9990E+02
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.1067E-02
0.2134E-02
0.4268E-02
0.2774E-01
0.8963E-01
0.1558E+00
0.2134E+00
0.3201E+00
0.4268E+00
TOP
LOAD
KN.
0.7608E+02
0.7608E+03
0.3804E+04
0.7608E+04
TOP MOVEMENT
M.
0.7184E-05
0.7184E-04
0.3592E-03
0.7184E-03
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.7898E+01
0.7898E+02
0.3949E+03
0.7898E+03
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.2513E-05
0.2513E-04
0.1257E-03
0.2513E-03
0.3585E-02
0.6642E-02
0.1820E-01
0.3159E-01
0.5716E-01
0.3949E+04
0.7898E+04
0.1815E+05
0.2533E+05
0.3171E+05
0.1257E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.2513E-01
0.5026E-01
5.8
Many large offshore piles are driven with an open-ended tip. It is obvious that soil will be pushed
into the pile through the pile tip during pile driving, forming a soil plug inside the pipe pile. If the soil
plug develops excessive side friction on the inner wall at a certain depth, the soil plug may not be pushed
further into the pipe pile by driving. Under this condition it is typically named as a fully plugged pile.
On the other hand, the soil plug may be pushed up continuously during pile driving because the friction
developed on the inner wall is not strong. The pile tip is not fully plugged and it is named as an
unplugged pile.
The determination if the pile acts as a fully plugged pile or as an unplugged pile is a very
complicated task. One simple approach is described in the APILE Technical Manual. For unplugged
conditions, the total soil resistance at the tip is the sum of the side friction along the inner surface of the
pile and the end bearing from the metal area at the pile tip. If the pile is fully plugged, the soil resistance
at the pile tip is derived from end bearing over the full area of the base. Comparing the soil resistance at
the tip, based on the above two different conditions, the user may take the smaller one for the
recommended tip resistance.
The total length of soil plug formed inside the pipe pile depends on the soil properties in each sublayer. In many cases the length of the soil plug may less than 50% of the total pile penetration. The MTD
method (as well as other offshore methods) directly asks the user to determine the plug condition as one
of the required input parameters.
This example is included for the customers who purchased the offshore-version of APILE. This
example will focus on the axial capacity of open-ended, unplugged piles predicted by four CPT-based
semi-empirical methods (NGI method, MTD method, Fugro method, and UWA method) for an offshore
application. The pile is a 60-m-long pipe with an outer diameter of 2134 mm and an inner diameter of
2044 mm. The soil deposit consists of six sub-layers and the soil properties, including Qc from the CPT
tests, are shown in Table 5.8.
The pages following the input data are the output for the example problem. The output is shown in
detail so the user can examine the increase in pile capacity with depth. The user may elect to eliminate
the printing of capacity for each increment to shorten the length of output.
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
Depth
(m)
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
100
Soil Type
Clay
'
Cu
3
(kN/m ) (kN/m )
0.1
4
20
Ko
Nq
---
---
---
(Deg.)
Sand
---
34
0.6
20
Clay
200
200
---
---
---
Sand
---
36
0.6
30
Clay
350
350
---
---
---
Sand
---
38
0.6
30
Qc
1
200
10,500
20,000
2,000
2,000
30,500
30,500
5,000
5,000
50,000
50,000
PI
YSR
50
---
---
20
---
---
15
---
---
Comparison of Results
Table 5.9 and Table 5.10 contains some comparisons of the results obtained from hand
computations against those from the computer run in APILE for two different offshore methods.
NGI METHOD
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
Depth
(m)
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
Soil Type
Clay
516
537
Sand
2,513
2,253
Clay
6,280
6,145
Sand
9,288
9,361
Clay
12,014
11,498
Sand
18,771
18,111
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
Soil Type
Clay
230
209
Sand
2,563
2,399
Clay
4,495
4,099
Sand
7,771
8,535
Clay
13,697
11,720
Sand
24,032
22,488
The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem 7 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
EXAMPLE 7
Ensoft
00
2 1 12
0 0 2134 2044 200000000 60 0
60 2044
0 1 1 0 6 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
100 0
0.0 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 0.1 0.02 2 50 1 0 0 1 1
10 2 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0 0 20 4 2 50 200 0 0 1 1
10 1 0.6 9 34 20
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 10500 0 0 1
20 1 0.6 9 34 20
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 20000 0 0 1
20 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1
30 2 0.0 6 0.0 0.0
0 0 200 67 3 20 2000 0 0 1 1
30 1 0.6 9 36 30
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 30500 0 0 1
40 1 0.6 9 36 30
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 39500 0 0 1
40 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1
50 2 0.0 9 0.0 0.0
0 0 350 175 3 15 5000 0 0 1 1
50 1 0.6 9 38 30
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1
100 1 0.6 9 38 30
0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 50000 0 0 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
5.8.3
The resulting plots of the total capacity predicted by different methods and the axial load versus
settlement based on the NGI method may be observed in Figure 5.20 and Figure 5.21, respectively.
Figure 5.20 Curves of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 7.
Output Data
The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 7 is reproduced below in
162969628
to
of
of
of
file locations
input data file
output file
plot output file
:
:
:
:
C:\Ensoft\Apile2014-Examples\
Example7-Offshore.ap6d
Example7-Offshore.ap6o
Example7-Offshore.ap6p
Time:
16:25:22
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
EXAMPLE 7
DESIGNER
: Ensoft
JOB NUMBER : 00
METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :
- NGI (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute)
Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.
= 0.200E+09 KPA
=
0.30 M2
2134.00 MM.
INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID
TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL
PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL
ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL
INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION
=
=
=
=
2044.00
60.00
0.00
0.00
MM.
M.
M.
M.
1.00 M.
PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
DEPTH
M.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
100.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
FRICTION
KPA
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
SOIL
TYPE
LATERAL
EARTH
PRESSURE
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
CLAY
CLAY
SAND
SAND
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.60
EFFECTIVE
UNIT
WEIGHT
KN/CM
4.00
4.00
9.00
9.00
6.00
6.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
FRICTION
ANGLE
DEGREES
0.00
0.00
34.00
34.00
0.00
0.00
36.00
36.00
0.00
0.00
38.00
38.00
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTOR
0.00
0.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
30.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
30.00
MAXIMUM
UNDISTURB REMOLDED
UNIT
SHEAR
SHEAR
BLOW
UNIT SKIN UNIT END
BEARING
STRENGTH
STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION
BEARING
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
0.10E+08*
0.10
0.02
2.00
50.00
1.00
0.10E+08*
20.00
4.00
2.00
50.00
200.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 10500.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 20000.00
0.10E+08*
200.00
67.00
3.00
20.00
2000.00
0.10E+08*
200.00
67.00
3.00
20.00
2000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 30500.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 39500.00
0.10E+08*
350.00
175.00
3.00
15.00
5000.00
0.10E+08*
350.00
175.00
3.00
15.00
5000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 50000.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 50000.00
DEPTH
M.
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
FRICTION
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
BEARING
DEPTH
M.
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
100.00
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
PLASTIC
INDEX
PI
%
50.00
50.00
0.00
0.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
15.00
15.00
0.00
0.00
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
YIELD
STRESS
RATIO
2.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
Qc
FROM
CPT
KPA
0.100E+01
0.200E+03
0.105E+05
0.200E+05
0.200E+04
0.200E+04
0.305E+05
0.395E+05
0.500E+04
0.500E+04
0.500E+05
0.500E+05
1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
9.9
35.7
73.8
123.9
185.5
258.5
342.5
437.3
542.6
719.0
983.5
1292.5
END
BEARING
KN.
2.9*
2.9*
12.0*
23.4*
37.2*
53.1*
71.3*
91.7*
114.1*
138.6*
165.0*
858.5*
1209.9*
1603.8*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
2.9
2.9
21.8
59.2
111.0
177.0
256.8
350.2
456.6
575.9
707.6
1577.5
2193.4
2896.3
1646.0
2044.1
2486.6
2973.6
3505.2
4081.2
4701.7
5397.3
6145.6
6893.9
7642.2
8390.5
9138.8
9887.0
10635.3
11383.6
12131.9
13140.7
14438.8
15794.2
17207.0
18677.2
20204.9
21789.9
23432.4
25132.3
26889.5
28416.1
29683.1
30950.2
32217.3
33484.4
34751.5
36018.6
37285.7
38552.7
39819.8
42036.0
45238.8
48516.7
51869.9
55298.1
58801.6
62380.2
66034.0
69762.9
73567.0
2040.4*
2519.6*
3041.4*
3524.5*
4033.6*
4585.3*
5179.7*
4911.8*
5151.9*
5392.0*
5632.1*
5872.2*
6112.3*
6352.4*
6592.5*
6832.6*
7072.7*
9873.1*
11116.4*
12414.6*
13767.9*
15176.1*
16639.3*
18157.5*
19730.7*
20909.5
18614.1
16318.7
14023.3
11727.9
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
12356.9
17782.0
23207.1
27896.9*
33760.4*
36828.1*
39967.8*
43179.5*
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
45998.0
3686.4
4563.7
5528.0
6498.1
7538.8
8666.5
9881.4
10309.1
11297.5
12285.9
13274.3
14262.7
15251.1
16239.5
17227.9
18216.3
19204.7
23013.8
25555.1
28208.8
30974.9
33853.4
36844.2
39947.5
43163.1
46041.7
45503.6
44734.7
43706.4
42678.1
43483.8
44750.9
46018.0
48375.5
55067.7
61759.9
67716.7
75796.4
82066.9
88484.6
95049.4
101296.1
104799.5
108378.2
112031.9
115760.9
119565.0
**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
14.0
34.7
62.0
102.7
156.8
END
BEARING
KN.
2.9*
4.3*
13.6*
25.4*
39.7*
56.7*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
2.9
18.3
48.3
87.4
142.5
213.4
224.2
304.9
398.9
506.3
627.1
737.8
840.4
960.3
1097.5
1252.0
1423.7
1612.7
1818.9
2042.5
2283.2
2743.2
3413.6
4084.0
4754.4
5424.8
6095.2
6765.7
7436.1
8106.5
8776.9
9316.0
9733.1
10168.7
10622.6
11095.1
11585.9
12095.2
12623.0
13169.2
13733.9
14607.4
15780.6
16953.9
18127.1
19300.3
20473.6
21646.8
22820.0
23993.2
25166.5
26085.2
26749.4
27413.6
28077.8
28742.0
29406.2
30070.4
30734.6
31398.8
32063.1
76.1*
98.2*
122.7*
149.9*
179.6*
796.3*
963.9*
1139.8*
1323.9*
1516.3*
1717.0*
1925.9*
2143.1*
2368.6*
2602.3*
1698.1*
1913.3*
2128.4*
2343.5*
2558.6*
2773.7*
2988.9*
3204.0*
3419.1*
3634.2*
6589.1*
6942.1*
7303.9*
7674.6*
7458.7*
7698.2*
7946.6*
8203.7*
8469.7*
8744.6*
6945.6*
7507.5*
8069.4*
8631.2*
9193.1*
9755.0*
10316.8*
10878.7*
11440.6*
12002.5*
17497.7*
17815.8*
18133.9*
18452.0*
18770.1*
19088.1*
19406.2*
19724.3*
20042.4*
20360.5*
300.3
403.0
521.7
656.2
806.7
1534.1
1804.4
2100.1
2421.4
2768.3
3140.7
3538.6
3962.0
4411.0
4885.6
4441.3
5326.8
6212.4
7097.9
7983.4
8869.0
9754.5
10640.0
11525.6
12411.1
15905.1
16675.2
17472.6
18297.2
18553.8
19284.1
20041.8
20826.7
21638.9
22478.4
21553.0
23288.1
25023.2
26758.3
28493.4
30228.5
31963.6
33698.7
35433.8
37168.9
43582.8
44565.1
45547.4
46529.8
47512.1
48494.4
49476.7
50459.0
51441.3
52423.6
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD
*
**********************
PILE
TOTAL SKIN
END
ULTIMATE
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
15.4
53.1
109.2
181.5
268.5
369.1
482.4
607.5
743.8
890.7
1042.6
1220.6
1422.8
1647.6
1893.6
2159.4
2443.9
2746.2
3065.1
3399.9
4111.5
4803.4
5476.7
6133.5
6775.4
7403.8
8020.2
8625.4
9220.5
9806.1
10166.3
10538.6
10922.6
11317.6
11723.3
12139.1
12564.6
12999.3
13442.8
13894.7
14705.6
15502.5
16286.0
17056.7
17815.2
18562.1
19297.8
20022.7
20737.3
21442.0
21923.5
22409.8
22917.3
23647.5
24394.0
25156.9
25936.1
26731.7
27543.7
28372.1
BEARING
KN.
2.9
4.3
12.7
23.0
35.2
49.1
64.8
82.4
101.8
122.9
145.9
479.9
647.3
833.9
1039.8
1264.9
1509.2
1772.7
2055.4
2357.4
2678.6
2637.7
2835.1
3034.6
3236.2
3439.6
3644.9
3852.1
4061.0
4271.7
4484.1
6165.9
6716.7
7288.4
7880.9
8494.2
9128.4
9783.5
10459.3
11156.0
11873.5
10858.7
11398.4
11853.0
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
12152.5
14719.3
15289.9
15867.6
19134.8
20094.3
21076.4
22080.9
23108.0
24157.7
25229.8
26324.4
27441.6
28581.3
CAPACITY
KN.
2.9
19.7
65.9
132.2
216.6
317.6
433.9
564.8
709.2
866.7
1036.6
1522.5
1867.9
2256.7
2687.4
3158.4
3668.6
4216.6
4801.6
5422.5
6078.4
6749.2
7638.5
8511.4
9369.7
10215.0
11048.8
11872.3
12686.4
13492.2
14290.2
16332.1
17255.3
18210.9
19198.5
20217.6
21267.6
22348.1
23458.6
24598.8
25768.2
25564.3
26900.9
28138.9
28323.2
29081.7
29828.6
31450.3
34742.0
36027.2
37309.6
41058.3
42504.1
43993.7
45728.4
47502.0
49314.5
51165.9
53056.2
54985.3
56953.4
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
48.00
49.00
50.00
51.00
52.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
7.0
18.8
40.3
71.2
111.5
161.4
220.7
289.5
367.7
455.4
556.2
675.5
814.9
974.3
1153.8
1353.3
1573.0
1812.7
2072.4
2352.2
2801.6
3413.7
4032.3
4657.2
5288.2
5925.2
6567.9
7216.3
7870.2
8529.4
9100.8
9592.7
10106.3
10641.6
11198.8
11777.6
12378.2
13000.6
13644.7
14310.6
15208.2
16330.8
17462.0
18601.5
19749.2
20904.8
22068.3
23240.2
24424.3
25623.2
26721.4
27723.1
END
BEARING
KN.
2.9*
4.3*
12.7*
23.0*
35.2*
49.1*
64.8*
82.4*
101.8*
122.9*
145.9*
479.9*
647.3*
833.9*
1039.8*
1264.9*
1509.2*
1772.7*
2055.4*
2357.4*
2678.6*
2637.7*
2835.1*
3034.6*
3236.2*
3439.6*
3644.9*
3852.1*
4061.0*
4271.7*
4484.1*
6165.9*
6716.7*
7288.4*
7880.9*
8494.2*
9128.4*
9783.5*
10459.3*
11156.0*
11873.5*
10858.7*
11398.4*
11853.0
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
12152.5
14719.3*
15289.9*
15867.6*
19134.8*
20094.3*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
2.9
11.3
31.6
63.3
106.3
160.6
226.2
303.1
391.2
490.6
601.3
1036.1
1322.8
1648.8
2014.1
2418.6
2862.5
3345.6
3868.1
4429.8
5030.8
5439.2
6248.8
7066.9
7893.3
8727.8
9570.1
10420.0
11277.3
12141.9
13013.5
15266.7
16309.4
17394.7
18522.5
19693.0
20906.1
22161.7
23459.9
24800.7
26184.1
26066.8
27729.2
29315.0
29868.0
31015.7
32171.3
34220.8
37959.5
39714.2
41490.8
45856.1
47817.4
28748.4
29797.3
30869.6
31965.4
33084.8
34227.6
35394.0
36583.8
21076.4*
22080.9*
23108.0*
24157.7*
25229.8*
26324.4*
27441.6*
28581.3*
49824.8
51878.2
53977.6
56123.1
58314.6
60552.1
62835.6
65165.2
****************************************************
* NORWEIGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (NGI) METHOD *
****************************************************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
7.1
20.0
44.7
80.8
128.4
187.3
257.7
339.5
432.6
537.1
659.4
803.5
967.9
1153.9
1362.7
1595.5
1853.5
2137.9
2449.7
2789.9
3265.8
3866.9
4475.6
5091.8
5715.3
6345.7
6983.1
7627.2
8277.8
8934.8
9652.7
10447.8
11282.5
12157.6
13073.6
14031.6
15032.0
16075.7
17163.4
18295.8
19427.1
20539.9
21662.9
22795.8
END
BEARING
KN.
3.2*
10.5*
20.0*
31.7*
45.6*
61.6*
79.9*
100.4*
123.0*
147.8*
3354.0*
3766.3*
4197.2*
4648.2*
5120.3*
5614.9*
6133.0*
6675.8*
7244.3*
7839.5*
3006.4*
3198.0*
3392.1*
3588.6*
3787.5*
3988.7*
4192.1*
4397.7*
4605.5*
4815.3*
13576.8*
14588.2*
15637.2*
16724.4*
17850.6*
19016.4*
20222.7*
21470.0*
22737.0
20699.4
15143.8*
15674.4*
14103.7
11746.7
11266.5
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
3.2
17.5
40.0
76.3
126.4
190.0
267.2
358.1
462.4
580.4
3891.1
4425.7
5000.7
5616.1
6274.2
6977.6
7728.5
8529.3
9382.2
10289.2
5796.3
6463.8
7259.0
8064.3
8879.4
9704.0
10537.9
11380.8
12232.6
13093.1
22511.6
24240.9
26085.0
28006.9
30008.1
32090.1
34254.2
36502.0
38812.8
37862.8
33439.6
35101.5
34643.6
33409.7
34062.3
23938.4
25090.6
26252.1
27422.9
28603.5
29793.5
31252.0
32988.6
34753.9
36547.9
38370.4
40221.1
42100.0
44006.9
45941.7
47904.3
11266.5
11266.5
11914.3
15159.2
18440.1
21756.4
25107.6
28493.3
31913.1
32782.5
33002.7
33220.0
33434.5
33646.4
33855.8
34062.7
35204.9
36357.1
38166.4
42582.2
47043.5
51549.9
56359.6
61481.9
66667.0
69330.5
71373.0
73441.1
75534.6
77653.4
79797.5
81967.0
***********************************
* IMPERIAL COLLEGE (MTD) METHOD *
***********************************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
2.0
8.2
18.5
33.0
51.6
74.5
101.7
133.1
168.9
209.0
312.1
485.5
678.3
891.0
1123.8
1377.4
1652.0
1948.3
2266.7
2607.7
2953.4
3300.8
3665.1
4046.4
4445.0
4861.2
5295.2
5747.2
6217.6
6706.6
7312.1
8041.7
8806.0
9606.1
10443.4
11319.2
END
BEARING
KN.
3.2*
9.1*
18.9*
32.7*
50.5*
72.3*
98.1*
128.0*
162.1*
200.3*
3421.8*
3857.3*
4311.4*
4784.3*
5276.5*
5788.2*
6320.1*
6872.4*
7445.6*
8040.4*
3200.9*
3511.3*
3837.7*
4180.2*
4539.1*
4914.7*
5307.0*
5716.5*
6143.3*
6587.7*
11793.1
13622.6
15527.4
17507.8
18294.6
18777.5
19260.4
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
3.2
11.2
27.1
51.2
83.4
123.9
172.6
229.7
295.2
369.2
3630.8
4169.4
4796.8
5462.6
6167.4
6912.1
7697.4
8524.4
9393.9
10307.0
5808.6
6464.7
7138.5
7845.3
8585.5
9359.7
10168.2
11011.6
11890.5
12805.2
18499.6
20934.6
23569.2
26313.8
27900.8
29220.9
30579.6
12235.2
13193.0
14194.4
15241.4
16268.8
17273.7
18320.3
19410.1
20544.7
21725.9
22955.6
24236.3
25570.5
26961.5
28685.7
30757.9
32925.2
35204.1
37616.5
40193.8
42983.7
46064.9
49449.4
52971.2
19424.0
18303.6
17107.9
15836.7
14490.0
13068.0
11570.5
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
11755.0
14185.2
16615.5
19045.8
21476.0
23906.3
26336.5
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
31659.2
31496.6
31302.2
31078.1
30758.9
30341.7
29890.8
30676.6
31811.2
32992.4
34710.6
38421.5
42186.0
46007.3
50161.7
54664.1
59261.8
62029.1
64441.5
67018.8
69808.7
72889.9
76274.4
79796.2
***********************************
*
FUGRO 2004 (FUGRO) METHOD
*
***********************************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
2.0
8.2
18.5
33.0
51.6
74.5
101.7
133.1
168.9
209.0
259.2
320.5
388.7
464.0
546.7
637.1
735.5
842.4
958.0
1082.7
1317.0
1664.4
2028.6
2410.0
2808.6
3224.8
3658.7
4110.8
END
BEARING
KN.
3.2*
9.1*
18.9*
32.7*
50.5*
72.3*
98.1*
128.0*
162.1*
200.3*
3421.8*
3757.6*
4099.9*
4448.8*
4804.7*
5167.9*
5538.6*
5917.1*
6303.9*
6699.3*
1647.5*
1957.9*
2284.2*
2626.8*
2985.7*
3361.2*
3753.6*
4163.1*
4589.8*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
3.2
11.2
27.1
51.2
83.4
123.9
172.6
229.7
295.2
369.2
3630.8
4016.8
4420.4
4837.5
5268.7
5714.5
6175.7
6652.7
7146.3
7657.2
2730.2
3274.9
3948.6
4655.4
5395.7
6169.8
6978.4
7821.8
8700.6
4581.1
5070.1
5458.2
5744.6
6049.3
6373.3
6718.1
7085.2
7476.2
7893.1
8338.1
8813.5
9551.3
10556.1
11602.7
12692.6
13827.2
15008.3
16238.1
17518.7
18853.0
20244.0
21576.7
22884.7
24332.9
25957.0
27808.8
29967.7
32565.8
35849.8
40377.4
47122.8
5034.2*
11793.1
13622.6
15126.0*
15692.2*
16277.6*
16883.6*
17511.7*
18163.6*
18303.6
17107.9
9961.2*
10874.6*
11827.1*
11570.5
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
11755.0
14185.2
16615.5
19045.8
21476.0
23906.3
26336.5
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
26825.0
9615.4
16863.2
19080.7
20870.6
21741.5
22650.9
23601.7
24596.9
25639.8
26196.8
25445.9
18774.7
20425.9
22383.2
23173.3
23959.1
25093.7
26274.8
27993.1
31704.0
35468.5
39289.7
43052.7
46790.9
50669.4
52782.0
54633.8
56792.7
59390.8
62674.8
67202.4
73947.8
*********************************************
* UNIV. OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA (UWA) METHOD *
*********************************************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
2.0
8.2
18.5
33.0
51.6
74.5
101.7
133.1
168.9
209.0
293.2
425.3
569.8
726.8
896.7
1079.6
1276.0
1486.0
1710.0
1948.4
END
BEARING
KN.
3.2*
9.1*
18.9*
32.7*
50.5*
72.3*
98.1*
128.0*
162.1*
200.3*
3421.8*
3822.8*
4235.6*
4660.3*
5097.2*
5546.5*
6008.4*
6483.4*
6971.6*
7473.3*
2532.9*
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
3.2
11.2
27.1
51.2
83.4
123.9
172.6
229.7
295.2
369.2
3630.8
4116.0
4660.9
5230.1
5824.0
6443.1
7088.0
7759.3
8457.5
9183.3
4481.3
2240.7
2588.1
2952.3
3333.7
3732.3
4148.5
4582.4
5034.4
5504.8
5993.8
6486.6
6985.0
7506.3
8051.4
8621.3
9217.2
9840.4
10492.2
11174.1
11887.9
12745.1
13749.9
14796.6
15886.4
17021.0
18202.2
19431.9
20712.6
22046.8
23437.8
24873.5
26363.3
27937.5
29612.7
31411.6
33367.0
35493.7
37703.7
39913.8
42124.2
2843.3*
3169.7*
3512.2*
3871.1*
4246.7*
4639.0*
5048.5*
5475.3*
5919.7*
13917.0
15664.0*
16417.8*
17193.9*
17993.3*
18817.0*
19666.2*
20542.1*
21446.2*
20386.2
13023.3*
13936.7*
14037.8
11733.5
11266.5
11266.5
11266.5
11963.6
15431.8
18900.0
22368.2
25836.3
29304.5
32772.7
33469.8
33469.8
33469.8
33469.8
33469.8
33469.8
33469.8
5084.0
5757.7
6464.5
7204.8
7979.0
8787.5
9630.9
10509.7
11424.5
19910.8
22150.6
23402.8
24700.2
26044.6
27438.3
28883.4
30382.5
31938.4
31560.3
24911.2
26681.8
27787.7
26530.0
27152.9
28287.5
29468.7
31395.5
36144.4
40946.8
45806.0
50709.8
55667.8
60710.2
63082.6
64881.4
66836.8
68963.5
71173.5
73383.7
75594.0
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
M.
LOAD TRANSFER
KPA
PILE MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.5803E+00
0.9671E+00
0.1451E+01
0.1741E+01
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.0000E+00
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.1934E+01
0.1741E+01
0.1741E+01
0.1741E+01
0.1741E+01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2894E+01
0.4823E+01
0.7235E+01
0.8682E+01
0.9646E+01
0.8682E+01
0.8682E+01
0.8682E+01
0.8682E+01
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.5074E+01
0.8456E+01
0.1268E+02
0.1522E+02
0.1691E+02
0.1522E+02
0.1522E+02
0.1522E+02
0.1522E+02
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1987E+01
0.3973E+01
0.7947E+01
0.1192E+02
0.1589E+02
0.1788E+02
0.1987E+02
0.1987E+02
0.1987E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.3661E+01
0.7322E+01
0.1464E+02
0.2197E+02
0.2929E+02
0.3295E+02
0.3661E+02
0.3661E+02
0.3661E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.6087E+01
0.1217E+02
0.2435E+02
0.3652E+02
0.4870E+02
0.5478E+02
0.6087E+02
0.6087E+02
0.6087E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2410E+02
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.5000E+01
0.9900E+01
0.1000E+02
0.1500E+02
0.1990E+02
0.2000E+02
10
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
0.4016E+02
0.6024E+02
0.7229E+02
0.8032E+02
0.7229E+02
0.7229E+02
0.7229E+02
0.7229E+02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2837E+02
0.4728E+02
0.7092E+02
0.8510E+02
0.9456E+02
0.8510E+02
0.8510E+02
0.8510E+02
0.8510E+02
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.3076E+02
0.5127E+02
0.7690E+02
0.9229E+02
0.1025E+03
0.9229E+02
0.9229E+02
0.9229E+02
0.9229E+02
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.1128E+02
0.2257E+02
0.4514E+02
0.6771E+02
0.9027E+02
0.1016E+03
0.1128E+03
0.1128E+03
0.1128E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1461E+02
0.2921E+02
0.5842E+02
0.8763E+02
0.1168E+03
0.1314E+03
0.1461E+03
0.1461E+03
0.1461E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1688E+02
0.3377E+02
0.6753E+02
0.1013E+03
0.1351E+03
0.1519E+03
0.1688E+03
0.1688E+03
0.1688E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.2500E+02
0.2990E+02
0.3000E+02
0.3500E+02
0.3990E+02
14
15
16
17
18
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.4000E+02
0.0000E+00
0.5021E+02
0.8368E+02
0.1255E+03
0.1506E+03
0.1674E+03
0.1506E+03
0.1506E+03
0.1506E+03
0.1506E+03
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.5177E+02
0.8628E+02
0.1294E+03
0.1553E+03
0.1726E+03
0.1553E+03
0.1553E+03
0.1553E+03
0.1553E+03
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.5926E+02
0.9876E+02
0.1481E+03
0.1778E+03
0.1975E+03
0.1778E+03
0.1778E+03
0.1778E+03
0.1778E+03
0.0000E+00
0.3414E-02
0.6615E-02
0.1216E-01
0.1707E-01
0.2134E-01
0.4268E-01
0.6402E-01
0.1067E+00
0.4268E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2383E+02
0.4766E+02
0.9531E+02
0.1430E+03
0.1906E+03
0.2145E+03
0.2383E+03
0.2383E+03
0.2383E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2927E+02
0.5855E+02
0.1171E+03
0.1756E+03
0.2342E+03
0.2635E+03
0.2927E+03
0.2927E+03
0.2927E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2927E+02
0.5855E+02
0.1171E+03
0.1756E+03
0.2342E+03
0.2635E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.4500E+02
0.4990E+02
0.5000E+02
0.7500E+02
0.9990E+02
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.0000E+00
0.2129E+04
0.4258E+04
0.8516E+04
0.1703E+05
0.2555E+05
0.3066E+05
0.3406E+05
0.3406E+05
0.3406E+05
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.1067E-02
0.2134E-02
0.4268E-02
0.2774E-01
0.8963E-01
0.1558E+00
0.2134E+00
0.3201E+00
0.4268E+00
TOP
LOAD
KN.
0.1536E+03
0.1536E+04
0.7642E+04
0.1337E+05
0.3485E+05
0.4624E+05
0.5804E+05
0.6256E+05
0.6603E+05
TOP MOVEMENT
M.
0.8448E-04
0.8448E-03
0.4217E-02
0.7957E-02
0.2537E-01
0.3660E-01
0.5733E-01
0.7461E-01
0.1034E+00
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.5014E+01
0.5014E+02
0.2507E+03
0.5014E+03
0.2507E+04
0.5014E+04
0.1153E+05
0.1608E+05
0.2013E+05
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.2513E-05
0.2513E-04
0.1257E-03
0.2513E-03
0.1257E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.2513E-01
0.5026E-01
5.9
An example is presented for the NHI Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway
Bridge Substructures (2001) to illustrate design of driven piles as foundations based on the proposed
LRFD method. This case study is included in Example 8 for demonstrating the convenience of using
APILE in design of driven piles under axial loads based on the new LRFD design procedures. The
proposed driven pile is a close-ended steel pipe pile with an outside diameter of 460 mm. The wall
thickness is 12.7 mm. The total length (penetration) below the original grade (without scouring) is 12
meters. The configuration and loading of the proposed bridge substructures are shown in Figure 5.22.
Figure 5.22 Bridge substructures configuration and loading for Example Problem 8.
5.9.1
A generalized subsurface profile along the alignment of the bridge is shown in Error! Reference
ource not found.. The subsurface soils are predominated by fine sand and medium dense to dense sand.
The soil density and strength increase with the increase of soil depth. The water table is at the 2 m below
Loading Computations
The unfactored vertical loads on the pile group (substructure) shown in Figure 5.22 include:
DC (Dead load of structural components and non-structural attachments) = 4600 kN.
DW (Dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities) = 3900 kN.
LL (Vertical live load) = 3450 kN.
The total unfactored load (Q) is:
Q = DC + DW + LL
= 4600 kN + 3900 kN + 3450 kN
= 11950 kN
For the Strength I and Service I Limit States, the factor load is expressed as
Limit State
DC
DW
LL
Strength I
1.25
1.25
1.75
Service I
1.00
1.00
1.00
Table 5.11 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled APILE for Example
Problem 8
[ DC DC + DW DW + LL LL ]
= (1.0) [ (1.25) (4600 kN) + (1.50) (3900 kN) + (1.75) (3450 kN) ]
= 17638 kN
For the Service I Limit State:
[ DC DC + DW DW + LL LL ]
= (1.0) [ (1.0) (4600 kN) + (1.0) (3900 kN) + (1.0) (3450 kN) ]
= 11950 kN
5.9.3
Calculations of nominal side and base resistance were carried out using a spreadsheet tool. Table
5.12 shows the calculated ultimate side friction and ultimate tip resistance for various methods.
Methods
Side Friction, kN
Tip Resistance, kN
FHWA method
US ARMY method
API method
Field Test (Vesic, 1970)
1310
667
816
1180
1486
1135
802
1900
Table 5.12 Calculations for ultimate axial compressive capacity for Example 8
The factored axial resistance of a single pile is:
qp= 0.45
qs= 0.45
The reduction factors for the axial capacity of a driven pile based on a full-scale loading test are:
qp= 0.8
qs= 0.8
The factored side friction and tip resistance for the methods above and the result from the full-scale
loading test are presented in Table 5.13. Based on Strength I Limit State, the total factored load is 17638
kN. If the designer selects the factored pile capacity based on FHWA method, the pile group
(substructure) will need 14 piles.
Methods
Side Friction, kN
Tip Resistance, kN
FHWA method
US ARMY method
API method
Field Test (Vesic, 1970)
589
296
367
944
669
511
361
1520
Table 5.13 Calculations for factored axial compressive capacity for Example 8
The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem 8 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
Example 8 - usage of LRFD method
Ensoft
00
2 1 8
0 0 460 0 200000000 12 0
0 0
1 0.25 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
15 0.0178
0.0 1 1 18.9 0 15
0 0 0.0 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45
2 1 1 18.9 0 15
0 0 0.0 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45
2 1 1 10 0 15
0 0 0.0 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45
11 1 1 10 0 35
0 0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45
11 1 1 10 0 35
0 0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45
13 1 1 10 0 35
0 0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45
13 1 1 10 0 35
0 0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45
15 1 1 10 0 40
0 0 0.0 36 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.45 0.45
0
0 1
0 0
2 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
5.9.5
The results of factored side friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth provided by the
computer program for FHWA method were plotted together in Figure 5.24 and Figure 5.25 includes a
plot of axial load versus settlement. Based on Service I Limit States, the total factored load is 11950 kN
on a total of 14 piles. Therefore, each pile will take 854 kN, which will have an approximate settlement
of 0.003 m as indicated in Figure 5.25.
Figure 5.24 Curve of LRFD Geotechnical Capacity (factored capacity) vs Depth for
Example Problem 8.
Output Data
The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 8 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
=========================================================================
APILE for Windows, Version 2014.6.1
Serial Number :
162969628
to
of
of
of
file locations
input data file
output file
plot output file
:
:
:
:
C:\Ensoft\Apile2014-Examples\
Example8.ap6d
Example8.ap6o
Example8.ap6p
Time:
19:36:30
1
*********************
* INPUT INFORMATION *
*********************
: Ensoft
JOB NUMBER : 00
METHOD FOR UNIT LOAD TRANSFERS :
- FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)
Unfactored Unit Side Friction and Unit Side Resistance are used.
= 0.200E+09 KPA
=
0.02 M2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER, OD
INTERNAL DIAMETER, ID
TOTAL PILE LENGTH, TL
PILE STICKUP LENGTH, PSL
ZERO FRICTION LENGTH, ZFL
INCREMENT OF PILE LENGTH
USED IN COMPUTATION
=
=
=
=
=
=
460.00
0.00
12.00
0.00
1.00
MM.
MM.
M.
M.
M.
0.25 M.
PLUGGED/UNPLUGGED CONDITIONS :
Internal Pile Plug Calculated by Program
SOIL INFORMATIONS :
DEPTH
M.
0.00
2.00
2.00
11.00
11.00
13.00
13.00
15.00
MAXIMUM
UNIT
FRICTION
KPA
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
SOIL
TYPE
LATERAL
EARTH
PRESSURE
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
SAND
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
EFFECTIVE
UNIT
WEIGHT
KN/CM
18.90
18.90
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
FRICTION
ANGLE
DEGREES
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
BEARING
CAPACITY
FACTOR
15.00
15.00
15.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
40.00
MAXIMUM
UNDISTURB REMOLDED
UNIT
SHEAR
SHEAR
BLOW
UNIT SKIN UNIT END
BEARING
STRENGTH
STRENGTH COUNT FRICTION
BEARING
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
KPA
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.10E+08*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
36.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
DEPTH
M.
0.00
2.00
2.00
11.00
11.00
13.00
13.00
15.00
DEPTH
M.
0.00
2.00
2.00
11.00
11.00
13.00
13.00
15.00
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
FRICTION
LRFD FACTOR
ON UNIT
BEARING
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
PLASTIC
INDEX
PI
%
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.450
YIELD
STRESS
RATIO
5.00
5.00
5.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
36.00
Qc
FROM
CPT
KPA
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
1
**********************
* COMPUTATION RESULT *
**********************
**********************
* FED. HWY. METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
3.5
END
BEARING
KN.
10.0
16.8
27.1
40.8
53.2
64.8
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
10.0
16.8
27.1
40.8
54.3
68.3
6.4
9.8
13.6
17.8
22.4
27.4
32.7
38.4
44.5
51.0
57.9
65.3
73.3
81.8
91.0
100.9
111.4
122.6
134.5
147.0
160.3
174.3
188.9
204.2
220.1
236.7
254.0
271.9
290.4
309.6
329.4
349.6
370.1
390.8
411.9
433.2
454.9
476.8
499.1
521.6
544.2
566.8
589.4
76.0
87.0
98.0
109.1
120.3
131.8
143.5
155.4
168.1
182.0
197.3
214.2
232.6
252.4
273.1
294.7
316.6
339.0
361.6
384.0
406.2
428.2
450.8
474.2
498.7
524.4
551.3
577.3
599.5
617.3
630.8
639.9
645.2
649.0
653.1
657.5
661.5
664.4
665.9
665.9
665.9
666.5
668.5
82.4
96.8
111.7
126.9
142.7
159.1
176.2
193.8
212.6
233.0
255.2
279.5
305.9
334.2
364.2
395.5
428.0
461.6
496.0
531.0
566.5
602.5
639.8
678.4
718.8
761.1
805.2
849.2
889.9
927.0
960.2
989.5
1015.3
1039.9
1065.0
1090.7
1116.3
1141.2
1165.0
1187.5
1210.0
1233.3
1258.0
**********************
* ARMY CORPS METHOD *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
2.4
4.4
6.8
9.5
12.5
END
BEARING
KN.
11.4
19.3
31.4
47.3
61.9
75.6
89.0
102.0
114.7
127.3
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
11.4
19.3
31.4
47.3
62.6
78.0
93.4
108.7
124.2
139.8
15.7
19.1
22.8
26.7
30.7
35.1
39.6
44.3
49.3
54.6
60.0
65.8
71.7
77.9
84.4
91.1
98.1
105.3
112.8
120.5
128.4
136.6
145.0
153.7
162.6
171.8
181.2
190.8
200.5
210.1
219.7
229.4
238.9
248.5
258.1
267.6
277.1
286.6
296.0
139.8
152.5
165.2
178.1
191.2
204.9
219.4
234.5
250.3
266.8
283.7
300.9
318.2
335.7
353.1
370.4
387.5
404.4
421.2
437.7
454.3
470.9
487.5
503.7
518.7
532.4
544.6
555.5
565.3
566.7
564.0
559.1
551.8
541.7
530.9
525.8
520.5
515.3
510.8
155.6
171.6
188.0
204.7
222.0
240.0
258.9
278.9
299.7
321.3
343.7
366.7
390.0
413.6
437.5
461.5
485.6
509.7
533.9
558.2
582.7
607.5
632.6
657.5
681.4
704.2
725.9
746.4
765.7
776.9
783.7
788.5
790.8
790.2
789.0
793.4
797.6
801.9
806.8
**********************
* LAMBDA 2 METHOD
*
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.7
7.6
17.3
23.0
29.1
35.4
41.9
48.7
55.7
END
BEARING
KN.
3.7
6.3
10.4
15.9
21.2
26.5
31.8
36.9
41.9
46.9
51.8
56.7
61.8
67.1
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
3.7
6.3
10.4
15.9
21.2
31.2
39.4
54.2
64.9
76.0
87.2
98.7
110.5
122.9
63.0
70.4
78.2
86.1
94.3
102.7
111.4
120.3
129.4
138.8
148.5
158.3
168.4
178.7
189.2
199.9
210.8
221.9
233.3
244.8
256.5
268.5
280.6
292.8
305.2
317.7
330.4
343.2
356.2
369.3
382.6
396.0
409.5
423.1
436.8
72.7
78.4
84.3
90.5
96.8
103.4
110.1
117.1
124.3
131.7
139.3
147.1
155.1
163.3
171.7
180.3
189.2
198.2
207.5
217.0
226.6
236.5
246.6
256.9
267.4
278.1
289.0
300.2
311.1
321.4
330.9
339.5
347.2
354.1
360.7
135.6
148.8
162.5
176.6
191.1
206.1
221.5
237.4
253.7
270.5
287.7
305.4
323.4
342.0
360.9
380.2
400.0
420.2
440.8
461.8
483.2
505.0
527.2
549.7
572.6
595.8
619.4
643.4
667.3
690.7
713.5
735.5
756.7
777.2
797.4
**********************
* API RP-2A (1994) *
**********************
PILE
PENETRATION
M.
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
TOTAL SKIN
FRICTION
KN.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
2.8
5.1
7.9
11.1
14.5
18.3
22.2
26.5
31.0
35.8
40.8
46.1
51.7
END
BEARING
KN.
3.7
6.3
10.4
15.9
21.2
26.5
31.8
36.9
41.9
46.9
51.8
56.7
61.8
67.1
72.7
78.4
84.3
90.5
ULTIMATE
CAPACITY
KN.
3.7
6.3
10.4
15.9
22.1
29.3
36.9
44.8
53.0
61.4
70.1
79.0
88.3
98.1
108.4
119.2
130.4
142.1
57.5
63.7
70.1
76.9
83.9
91.3
98.9
106.9
115.2
123.7
132.6
141.8
151.3
161.0
171.1
181.5
192.1
203.1
214.4
225.9
237.6
249.5
261.7
274.2
286.8
299.7
312.9
326.2
339.8
353.5
367.4
96.8
103.4
110.1
117.1
124.3
131.7
139.3
147.1
155.1
163.3
171.7
180.3
189.2
198.2
207.5
217.0
226.6
236.5
246.6
256.9
267.4
278.1
289.0
300.2
311.1
321.4
330.9
339.5
347.2
354.1
360.7
154.3
167.1
180.3
194.0
208.2
222.9
238.2
254.0
270.2
287.0
304.3
322.1
340.4
359.3
378.6
398.4
418.8
439.6
461.0
482.7
505.0
527.7
550.8
574.3
598.0
621.2
643.8
665.8
687.0
707.7
728.1
*************************************************
* COMPUTE LOAD-DISTRIBUTION AND LOAD-SETTLEMENT *
* CURVES FOR AXIAL LOADING
*
*************************************************
T-Z CURVE
NO.
NO. OF
POINTS
10
10
DEPTH TO CURVE
M.
LOAD TRANSFER
KPA
PILE MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1637E+01
0.3274E+01
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.0000E+00
0.1000E+01
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.6549E+01
0.9823E+01
0.1310E+02
0.1474E+02
0.1637E+02
0.1637E+02
0.1637E+02
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2476E+01
0.4952E+01
0.9905E+01
0.1486E+02
0.1981E+02
0.2229E+02
0.2476E+02
0.2476E+02
0.2476E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.2703E+01
0.5406E+01
0.1081E+02
0.1622E+02
0.2163E+02
0.2433E+02
0.2703E+02
0.2703E+02
0.2703E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.8800E+01
0.1760E+02
0.3520E+02
0.5280E+02
0.7040E+02
0.7920E+02
0.8800E+02
0.8800E+02
0.8800E+02
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1377E+02
0.2754E+02
0.5508E+02
0.8261E+02
0.1102E+03
0.1239E+03
0.1377E+03
0.1377E+03
0.1377E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1387E+02
0.2775E+02
0.5549E+02
0.8324E+02
0.1110E+03
0.1249E+03
0.1387E+03
0.1387E+03
0.1387E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.1900E+01
0.2000E+01
0.6500E+01
0.1090E+02
0.1100E+02
0.1200E+02
10
11
12
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.0000E+00
0.9285E+02
0.1857E+03
10
0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02
0.2781E+02
0.5561E+02
0.8342E+02
0.1112E+03
0.1251E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02
0.2781E+02
0.5561E+02
0.8342E+02
0.1112E+03
0.1251E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02
0.2781E+02
0.5561E+02
0.8342E+02
0.1112E+03
0.1251E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02
0.2781E+02
0.5561E+02
0.8342E+02
0.1112E+03
0.1251E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.0000E+00
0.1390E+02
0.2781E+02
0.5561E+02
0.8342E+02
0.1112E+03
0.1251E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.1390E+03
0.0000E+00
0.2513E-03
0.5026E-03
0.1005E-02
0.1508E-02
0.2011E-02
0.2262E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.5026E-01
0.1290E+02
10
0.1300E+02
10
0.1400E+02
10
0.1490E+02
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.0000E+00
0.2300E-03
0.4600E-03
0.9200E-03
0.5980E-02
0.1932E-01
0.3358E-01
0.4600E-01
0.6900E-01
0.9200E-01
TOP
LOAD
KN.
0.3398E+01
0.3398E+02
0.1699E+03
0.3398E+03
0.1424E+04
0.1843E+04
0.2281E+04
0.2560E+04
0.2840E+04
TOP MOVEMENT
M.
0.1048E-04
0.1048E-03
0.5241E-03
0.1048E-02
0.4678E-02
0.7159E-02
0.1869E-01
0.3219E-01
0.5827E-01
TIP
LOAD
KN.
0.1015E+01
0.1015E+02
0.5073E+02
0.1015E+03
0.3961E+03
0.4884E+03
0.9262E+03
0.1205E+04
0.1486E+04
TIP MOVEMENT
M.
0.2513E-05
0.2513E-04
0.1257E-03
0.2513E-03
0.1257E-02
0.2513E-02
0.1257E-01
0.2513E-01
0.5026E-01