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THE AVERAGE
CONTAINING AN ARBITRARY
[1'2
- =
~
+ (1")2
(N.I)
As in Example (3.24), this result may be expressed in terms of one or the other of the
expansions
2:
(1")n
Pn(cos 1')
> 1"
(N.2)
2 L~
< r'
(N.3)
00
-1 = -1
r
1"
n=O
n=O
r'
~ (n-m)1
m=l
(n
+m
); P;:'(cos O)P;(cos
.
(N.4)
A.p(T,O) =
47r,LLo-
(N.5)
which agrees with Example 4.6. Unlike that example, no approximations will be made
due to assumptions about the relative sizes of r and a, but instead the expansions of
1 See, e.g., J. J). Jackson, Classical Electrodunamics, pp. 67-69, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York
1962.
APPENDIX
"\....................
cJ>/~\\
x
II
'"..........
I ,,~
I
\ I
\~
FIGURE
N.1
Idt
x
FIGURE
N.2
553
554
r- 1 will
APPENDIX
Acf>(r,8) =
~.
41rJ.L 0
I~ ()~ f cos
1 n= 0
21r
~4<p.
For
>
a,
+ 2 fL 1 (n-1n)!
(
)' P;:(cos fJ)P;:(O)
n + m. .
m=
This reduces to
(N.6)
(N.7)
To evaluate the radial component of B, one needs
oo
1ra2I
(a)n-l
p~ (0)
-B e = --21r ,-0 Ir 3 n = 1 r
n + 1
1l -
r: (cos B)
n
(r)n+2 -p~(o)
- P1(cos e)
1ra 2I I~
21rJ.Lo r n = 1 a
- -1
-3
>
<
>a
<
For r a, the n = 1 term dominates and is seen to give the same field as was found in
Example 4.6.
With these expressions for the magnetic field com ponents, it is now possible to find
the average value of B throughout a spherical volume Va. Referring to Figure N .3, let
the central point of V~ lie in the XZ plane at the Cartesian position (h,O,k), and let the
current loop (which is seen edge-on) lie entirely inside V s. Then, since
n=
>
1"3
ly sin
cJ
a,
21r).lo
cj>
P~(COS
- cos 8 n
[Clx cos
</>
i, sin
</
(N.8)
APPENDIX
555
FIGUR!'~
whereas, for r
= -
<
a,
7ra~~ n!.:.l
~ (~)n+2
P;(O)
a
21rJ..Lo
1"3
cos ()
Bav =
P~(cos ()))
n
()))J
(N.9)
Br 2 sin 8 dr d8 dcP
(N.lO)
(
.
P~(cOS
L, cos 8Pn(cos 8) - SIn 8
n
271"
""3"11"5
A f f f Br sin
71"
Since
N.3
0 dr dO d
+-
ff f
71"
471'"0 3 0
271"
n(O,)
with 1"1(8,4 the distance Irom the center of the loop to a point on Sa, a study of (N.8)
and (N .9) reveals the following:
1. The first integral of (N.lO) does not contribute an X component nor a Y cornponent to Bav because of the 4> periodicity of (N .8).
2. The first integral of (N.IO) does not contribute a Z component to Bav except for
the term n == 1 because sin 8 == - pi(cos 8) and cos () == PI (cos 8) and the orthogonality
relation (D.30) eliminates all other terms.
3. The second integral of (N.lO) does not contribute to Bav whatsoever, This is
because
k cos ()
[(h sin
f)
cos cP
+ k cos ())2 +
02 - h 2 - k2r~
is even in cPo If the r integration is performed first, the resulting integrand factor must
contain only even terms in cP, each of which is representable by spherical hannonics
whose cP integrations are zero except for m == O. Even for the case m == 0, only the Z
component need be considered, so the problem is reduced to an evaluation of integrals
556
of the type
P;(O)
f P1(COS 0)
[cos OPn(COS 0)
APPENDIX
sin
ede
However, inspection of the expression for 1'l(e,</ reveals that the m = 0 component is
accompanied by an even function of (), so the index l must be even. Since P~(O) is zero
unless n is odd, the term in square brackets in the above integrand is an even function
of e. Therefore, the entire integrand is odd and the integral is zero for all allowed values
of nand !.
Bay
= (
JJJ
1 211"
-1 3
47r0 )27r,LLo
-1 0
/[P 1(u)]2
+ [P~(u)J2lr2 dr de/> du
(N .11)
27T',li
15 3
in which m = lz7T'a 2X is the magnetic moment of the loop. This result is independent of
the position and orientation of the loop in 11 6 and therefore, if a distribution of loops
exists in l1 a, they contribute an average field in V 6 given by
N
Bav = _ 1- \'
L
27r,LLo 1 u~3 i=1
rn,
(N.12)
In the special but important ease that the distribution of loops is uniform in a region
containing V 6, and of volume density M, those loops within V 6 contribute an average
field throughout V 6 of amount
n-: = M(47l" 013j 3 ) = ~ M l
(N.13)
27T'J.Lo (j 3
3 J.Lo
This result includes the effects of
average such loops are half within
sphere of radius a around a given
loop contributes to Bav according
is within Yo.