Modified Bentonite for Purification of Dyeing Waste Water

DORIN BOMBOS1*, RODICA GANEA2, VASILE MATEI1, CATALINA MARINESCU2, ANDREEA BODNAREV1, SONIA MIHAI1,
TANIA NATU2, IRINA TAMAS2
1
Petroleum - Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Calea Bucuresti, 100520, Ploiesti, Romania
2
SC Zecasin SA, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021, Bucharest, Romania

The use of sodium bentonite to the treatment of wastewater containing anionic dyes, particulary reactive
dyes in aqueous solutions, requires the modification of the hydrophilic surface by inorganic cations with
organic cations exchange. Thus, the efficiency of adsorption to remove reactive dyes from aqueous solutions
occurs. Samples were prepared from bentonite modified with cationic surfactants (cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide, CTAB). The results of the adsorption / desorption of nitrogen showed textural changes induced by
the treatment of sodium bentonite with quaternary ammonium salt and organic-inorganic hybrid materials
(NaB-S) were obtained. The use of bentonite as an inexpensive sorbent for the removal of Reactive Black 5
(RB 5), Reactive Yellow 145 (RY 145) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) from synthetic aqueous solutions
has been studied in batch conditions. The influence of some parameters such as: contact time, initial dye
concentration, sorbent dose and agitation speed on sorption kinetics for dye removal were systematically
investigated.
Keywords: waste water, bentonite, adsorbtion, dyeing

Concerns about exploring of natural materials as sources

of low-cost products have resulted in research in order to
valorisation of natural zeolites and clay minerals. Thus
clays such as sepiolite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and
bentonite are used for the absorption of organic dyes in
wastewater [1 - 3].
The complex composition of wastewaters from dye
industry and large quantities of waters from industrial units
involve complicated cleaning treatments, especially at low
concentrations of the contaminant, associated generally
with high costs, which makes impossible their practical
application and justify researches for finding out more
advantageous decontamination methods.
Among the numerous investigated methods, adsorption
is an intensively studied and applied method, which has
application for different processes of water treatment,
recently researches in this domain being focused especially
upon the preparation of some alternative/modified
effective and cheap adsorbents, which derrive from a
various area of materials [4 - 7].
Clay minerals can be used in separation processes, in
liquid-solid system for organic pollutants removal from
aqueous solutions, noting the advantages of natural
deposits in terms of cost and area of distribution.
The data reported in the literature show that by the
modification of clay minerals with organic cations, such
as amines, quaternary ammonium salts or cationic
polymers, effective adsorbents for the removal of organic
pollutants, especially of reactive dyes from aqueous
solutions are obtained. Most reactive dyes contain azo
chromophore groups in combination with different types
of reactive groups based on substituted aromatic rings and
heterocyclic groups, which explains the stability of these
organic molecules under aerobic conditions [8-12].
Bentonite is a natural clay formed mainly by the
montmorillonite mineral, whose layered structure of type
2: 1 consists of two tetrahedral layers of silica and an
alumina octahedral layer. Bentonite surface is negatively
charged due to the isomorphic substitution of Si 4+ by Al 3+
ions in the tetrahedral layer and of Mg 2+ ions with Al 3+ in

the octahedral layer. The negative charge induced by

isomorphic substitution is compensated by Na+ cations
from the structure of bentonite.
The hydrophilic character of the surface is due to Na+
and Ca 2+ ions in the hydrated form, therefore natural
bentonite has no affinity for the organic compounds from
water. The substitution of inorganic cations (Na +, Ca2+, Mg
2+
) on the inner and outer surface with organic cations
such as quaternary ammonium salts have as effect the
improving of the adsorption capacity by changing the
hydrophilic properties of natural bentonite. The resulted
bentonite has organophyle properties, being a good
adsorbent for non-polar organic pollutants, with diverse
applications in the domain of industrial wastewater
purification [13, 14].
Experimental part
In this study we compared the efficiency of adsorbents
obtained by modifying sodium bentonite (bentonite - clay
minerals from bentonite deposits in Romania, Gurasada)
for the removal of three reactive dyes: Reactive Black 5,
Reactive Yellow 145 and Remazol Brilliant Blue R, from
aqueous solutions.
It was shown that to achieve efficiently adsorbents for
the removal of anionic dyes (acid dyes and reactive dyes)
the modification of sodium bentonite with organic cations
is necessary, in particular with cetyltrimethylammonium
cations C 16H33 (CH 3) 3N+. The effect of the adsorption
capacity improving, determined by the hydrophobicity of
the clay surface, was explained in correlation with the
results obtained by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and
thermogravimetric analysis. Thus, sodium bentonite has
been considered for the study of the adsorption process of
some dyes with important applications in the textile industry
in Romania and Turkey.
Data regarding the chemical composition and the
content of montmorillonite corresponding to sodium
bentonite used in the laboratory experiments in this phase
were obtained from the supplier (Table 1). The ion exchange
capacity evaluated from these data is 0.75 g mechiv /
100 g.

* email: dorin_bombos@yahoo.com
976

http://www.revistadechimie.ro

REV. CHIM. (Bucharest) 65 No.8 2014

Table 1
CHARACTERISTICS OF SODIUM BENTONITE

Table 2
SURFACTANT MODIFIED BENTONITE SAMPLES

* The teoretical ion exchange capacity (100%) of the bentonite

sample is 75 mequiv/100 g.
CEC = cation exchange capacity

Table 3
TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF
BENTONITE SAMPLES

We worked in our laboratory experiments with a grain

size fraction of sodium bentonite, with particle sizes less
than 200m, as it was obtained from the supplier.
Organobentonite type adsorbents were obtained by
modifying bentonite (NaB) with aqueous solutions
containing a cationic surfactant, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide C16H33 (CH3) 3 NBr (CTAB, Merck).
The modification of sodium bentonite with organic
cations was achieved by ion exchange, according to
procedures reported in the literature [15, 16].
The exchange process of the inorganic cations with
organic cations was achieved by treating the sodium
bentonite (NaB) in the powder form, with aqueous
surfactant solutions having various concentrations. The ion
exchange was performed under the following conditions:
-Concentration of CTAB solution: 100 240 mmol/L
-The ratio CTAB/NaB : 10 / 1 mL/g
-Temperature: 25oC
-Time: 1 h
-Continuous stirring: 200 rpm
The solid material was separated by successive
filtration-washing operations with distilled water, in order
to remove the excess of organic matter and it was dried at
80 C for 6 h.
Three samples of surfactant modified bentonite with
different concentrations of CTAB, corresponding to some
values of the cation-exchange degree (CEC) > 1.0 were
prepared.
Adsorbent characterization
The adsorbent materials based on the bentonite were
characterized by adsorption / desorption N2 and by FTIR
spectroscopy. Samples were analyzed in the form of
sodium bentonite (sodium base bentonite) and samples
obtained by modifying sodium bentonite with a quaternary
ammonium salt, CTAB.
The determination of the textural properties of the
adsorbent materials was performed by adsorption /
desorption of nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperature
(-196oC) using an Autosorb 1 Quantachrome device. The
isotherms of adsorption / desorption were measured at
values of the relative pressure p /po in the domain 0.01 REV. CHIM. (Bucharest) 65 No. 8 2014

1.0. The specific area was estimated from the linear portion
of the adsorption isotherms by Brunauer-Emett-Teller (BET)
method. The adsorbed volume was determined at
saturation, respectively at values of the relative pressure p
/po nearest to unit. Pore size distribution was calculated
from the desorption branch of the isotherms using BarrettJoyner-Halenda (BJH) method.
Textural properties of sodium bentonite (NaB) and of
two samples with different content of surfactant
corresponding to an organic cation exchange rate of 1.3
(Na-S1) and 3.2 (Na-S3) are grouped in table 3.
Comparing the two samples is observed that after
modification with CTAB a narrow size distribution of
mesopores is preserved around 3 nm, but pores volume
decreases, having larger dimensions (D > 10 nm).
The increase of the surfactant concentration (3CEC, the
sample NaB-S3) has the effect of a significantly increasing
of the mesopores size, which may be due to a collapse
phenomenon of some thin-walled pores with a smaller
size.
Dyes characterization
In order to test the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents
obtained by modifying sodium bentonite with a quaternary
ammonium salt, three reactive dyes were selected:
Reactive Black 5 (RB 5), Reactive Yellow 145 (RY 145) and
Reactive Brilliant Blue R (RBBR). The choice of these dyes
was made considering the following criteria:
- the molecular structure of the reactive dyes which were
selected is representative for two important classes of
important applications, such as azo dyes and
anthraquinone dyes;
-selected reactive dyes are commercial products and
have numerous applications in the textile industry. In
particular, the investigated dyes are used in the textile
industrial installations of ASOS, Company- Turkey, partner
in Ecotreat project. Reactive Black 5 dye (powder form,
dye content 55%) and Reactive Brilliant Blue R dye (powder
form, dye content 50%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich
and Reactive Yellow 145 dye (powder form, dye content
50%) was purchased from PROCIV S.R.L Romania.

http://www.revistadechimie.ro

977

Table 4
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
REACTIVE DYES

General characteristics of the reactive dyes which were

studied are grouped in table 4.
Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Yellow 145 belong to azo
dyes class and Remazol Brilliant Blue R is an anthraquinone
dye. In the studied dyes, chromophore groups (azo,
anthraquinone) are associated with reactive vinyl sulfonic
groups. Reactive dyes are soluble in water due to the high
degree of sulfonation, which generates negative charges
in aqueous solution [17, 18]. RY 145 structural complexity
compared to RB 5 and RBBR is determined by the presence
of the reactive vinyl sulfonic groups, respectively
chlorotriazine.

Fig.1 The chemical structure of Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) dye

Fig. 2 The chemical structure of Reactive Yellow 145 (RT 145) dye

The adsorption process was conducted in a batch

system using adsorbent materials in powder form and
aqueous solutions of reactive dyes. The adsorption of dye
from aqueous solution was made by a usual method which
consists in immersing the adsorbent in solution under
stirring and maintaining the suspension under continous
stirring (200 rpm) throughout the adsorption test.
Comparative tests were performed, considering the
adsorption studies previously performed to assess the
influence of the structure of the reactive dyes from the azo
dyes category (RB 5 RY 145) and the anthraquinone dyes
category (RBBR) and maintaining constant the following
work parameters:
- initial concentration of dye in aqueous solution : 50
mg/L;
- the adsorbent dose (adsorbent mass/solution volume):
10 g/L;
- temperature: 25oC.
In this series of experiments we studied the influence
of initial pH in the alkaline domain (pH = 8-11), this area is
of interest for the application of the adsorption process to
textile wastewater effluents treatments, because it
corresponds to the properties of textile effluents.
Experiments were also performed to study the influence
of the initial solution concentration (Co = 25-100 mg / L)
and adsorbent dosage (10-30 g / L) correlated with the
initial pH on the adsorption capacity of the reactive dyes .
To determine the equilibrium adsorption of an organic
molecule correlated with the initial solution pH, the contact
time was varied in the range of 30-240 min . The contact
time is an important parameter to evaluate an adsorption
process, the rapid adsorption kinetics being of practical
interest.
Samples of the residual solution obtained in the
mentioned time interval were collected by centrifuging
the suspension at 8000 rpm for 30 min using a Hettich
Universal 320 centrifuge. Residual dye concentration in the
final solution was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry.
The following formula was used to calculate the quantity
of dye adsorbed on the solid material (Q):
(1)

Fig. 3 The chemical structure of Remazol Brilliant

Blue R (RBBR) dye

Results and discussions

The experimental studies presented in this work
consisted mainly in pursuing the decrease of the
concentration of dye aqueous solutions by adsorption on
different adsorbents in various adsorption conditions in
terms of initial concentration of contaminated solutions,
pH and contact time. Tests on extruded samples proved
an insufficient contact time and because of this aspect,
the adsorbent was used as powder, with the particle size
less than 0.2 mm.
978

The efficiency of adsorption (the capacity of adsorbent

to remove the dye from aqueous solution) was calculated
using the formula:
(2)

The signification of terms used in above mentioned

formula is the following:
- Co = the initial concentration of dye solution (mg/L)
- Ct = the concentration of the residual solution at time t
(mg/L)

http://www.revistadechimie.ro

REV. CHIM. (Bucharest) 65 No.8 2014

The adsorption of Reactive Yellow 145 dye (RY 145)

The influence of the following factors was studied at
the adsorption of RY 145 dye: pH, dye solution concentration
and the quantity of the adsorbent which was used in the
adsorption process.

Fig. 4. UV-Vis spectrum of Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) dye

Fig.5 UV-Vis spectrum of Reactive Yellow 145 dye

- m = the adsorbent weight (g/L)

- V = the volume of the liquid sample, l.
The results of the adsorption tests of the reactive dyes
Reactive Black 5, Reactive Yellow 145 and Remazol Brilliant
Blue are presented.
The analyses were performed with a spectrophotometer
CECIL CE 1011.
The characteristic UV-Vis spectrum of Reactive Black 5
dye was determined in the domain 200 - 700 nm, and it is
presented in figure 4.
UV-Vis spectrum of Reactive Yellow 145 dye is presented
in figure 5.
The adsorption of Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) dye
The influence of initial pH
The data obtained for RB5 dye adsorption using samples
of bentonite modified with different concentrations of
surfactant, in the following conditions: Co = 50 mg / L,
adsorbent mass 10 g / L, temperature 25oC.
The adsorption of RB-5 is dependent on pH, the increase
of pH has generally a positive effect on adsorption in the
two systems which differ in the concentration of CTAB in
bentonite. This favorable effect is more prominent in case
of modification with a higher concentration of surfactant
and when pH is increased from 8 to 10. The increase of pH
from 10 to 11 has a less significant effect. The observed
differences could be explained considering that the surface
charge changes in function of pH of the dye solution, and it
is correlated with the degree of exchange with organic
cations.
The influence of the initial concentration of dye solution
Figure 8 presents the data obtained from the experiments
in which we aimed the influence of the initial solution
concentration of RB 5 dye (Co 50-100 mg / l) in the following
conditions: pH= 10, adsorbent NaB-S1 (CTAB = 1.3 CEC)
= 10 g / L and temperature 25oC.
It is observed that the adsorption efficiency of RB 5 dye
in the concentrations range Co: 50-100 mg / L is 98-100%
for a contact time of 120 min, the discoloration of the
solution is practically complete at initial concentrations
greater than 50 mg / L. This result shows that the saturation
of the adsorbent was not achieved in the conditions used,
so sufficiently active centers available for adsorption at
higher concentrations remain.
REV. CHIM. (Bucharest) 65 No. 8 2014

The influence of initial pH

The rate of RY 145 adsorption on bentonite NaB-S1
(CTAB = 1.3CEC) is less influenced by pH. Thus, at pH= 8
it is observed a tendency of the curve flattening after 120
min , at a value of 90%, while at pH= 10, the absorption
increases linearly in the range of 30-120 min , from 82% to
95%. The increasing of pH from 10 to 11 is accompanied
by an increase of the adsorption rate in the range 30-60
min., after 120 min. reaching a value similar to that obtained
at pH = 10. The efficiency of adsorption on bentonite with
a higher surfactant content is maximum 20% after 240
min, at both pH 8 and pH 11.
The influence of pH on the adsorption of Reactive Yellow
145 (Co : 50 mg/L; adsorbent concentration: 10g/L) is
presented in figures 9, 10.
The increase of pH to 11 has a significant efficiency
improvement of adsorption, the value obtained was 89%
after 240 min. Thus, the intercalation of larger quantities of
surfactant is advantageous for RY 145 dye adsorption, as
shown by comparison with maximum adsorption (99% in
120 min) on bentonite with lower surfactant content. This
result might be related to a sensitive change in texture of
bentonite, determined by the intercalation of large amounts
of surfactant interlamelar space.
Differences between the two azo dyes RB 5 and RY 145
can be also noted in terms of the performance of the
adsorption process under similar conditions. Structural
differences between the two organic molecules
associated with their different configurations in aqueous
solution could cause differences in the adsorption
behaviour. Based on data obtained, next experiences of
RY 145 dye adsorption were performed at pH =11.

Fig. 6. Adsorption of RB-5 dye on the adsorbent NaB-S1

(CTAB= 1.3 CEC)

Fig. 7. Adsorption of RB-5 dye on the adsorbent NaB-S1

(CTAB= 3.2)

http://www.revistadechimie.ro

979

L) can be determined by the fact that under the conditions

used, the saturation of active centers was not total, so
adsorption continued on available centers.
It can be observed that in similar conditions, the
adsorbent NaB-S1 (CTAB = 1.3 CEC) is generally less
effective for removing RY 145 dye, compared with RB 5
dye. This difference may be due to the difference in terms
of structural and chemical changes induced by nature of
reactive groups associated with the azo group which make
up the molecular structure of the two dyes, as we showed
above.

Fig. 8. Influence of the initial concentration on the adsorption

process of RB 5 dye on bentonite NaB-S1 (1.3CEC)

The influence of the initial concentration of dye solution

The influence of the initial concentration of RY 145 dye
(Co : 25-100 mg/L) was studied in the following
conditions : pH 11, the adsorbent NaB-S1 concentration
(CTAB=1.3CEC): 10 g/L and temperature 25oC .
Figure 11 shows that the efficiency of RY 145 dye
adsorption grows as the concentration of the solution
increases. The adsorption of diluted solution (25 mg/L) is
slow and gets to 48% after 120 min, while at higher
concentrations is rapid, the equilibrium being achieved after
120 min (95%), respectively after 60 min (98%) of the
initial concentration of 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L.
It is possible that at lower concentrations of dye solution
(25 mg/L), saturation of adsorption centers to be faster,
which correlates with the tendency of the adsorption curve
to flatten out (fig. 11). At the same time, good performance
obtained at the maximum initial concentration (100 mg/

Fig. 9. Adsorption of RY 145 dye on bentonite NaB-S1

(CTAB= 1.3 CEC)

980

The influence of the adsorbent dose

The data obtained in the experiences in which we
studied the influence of NaB-S3 adsorbent dosage (CTAB
= 3.2 CEC) on the uptake of RY 145 dye (Co: 25-100 mg/l),
in the following conditions: Co: 50 mg/L, pH =11 and
temperature 25 C, are presented in figure 12.
Generally, the efficiency improvement can be observed
in the presence of a larger quantity of bentonite, which is
due to the higher concentration of active centers available
for adsorption. It looks like adsorption is faster at a higher
concentration of adsorbent, noting in all cases the tendency
of the curves flattening around 80%, for 120 min contact
time.
Thus, the result does not justify the increase of bentonite
quantity over 10 g/L. The use of a large quantity of
adsorbent can have the effect of limiting the transport of
dye ions to active centers, in consequence the
effectiveness of adsorption decreased. As shown above,
the efficiency of RY 145 dye adsorption depends sensitively
on the characteristics of bentonite, in particular by
amending conditions with cationic surfactant. In working
conditions, use of sodium bentonite modified with CTAB
at a concentration corresponding to an exchange degree
of 130% is more advantageous.

Fig. 11. Influence of the initial concentration on the adsorption

process of RY 145 dye on NaB-S1 bentonite (1.3CEC)

Fig. 12.Influence of NaB-S1 bentonite concentration (1.3CEC)

Fig. 10. Adsorption of RY 145 dye on bentonite NaB-S3
on the adsorption of RY 145 dye
(CTAB= 3.2 CEC)
http://www.revistadechimie.ro
REV. CHIM. (Bucharest) 65 No.8 2014

Fig. 13. Influence of initial pH on the adsorption of RBBR dye

Fig. 14. Influence of initial concentration on the adsorption of

RBBR dye on NaB-S1 bentonite (1.3CEC)

Table 5
SIGNIFICANT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
OBTAINED AT THE ADSORPTION OF REACTIVE
DYES

The adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye (RBBR)

The influence of initial pH in the domain 8-11 and the
influence of the initial concentration (Co : 50-100 mg/L)
was studied at the adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R
dye.
The influence of initial pH
Figure 13 presents the results of the adsorption tests of
RBBR dye at different values of pH. The adsorbent used
was the sodium bentonite sample with an average
concentration of surfactant compared to adsorption
experiences for RB 5 and RY 145 dyes. The sample of NaBS2 bentonite (CTAB = 1.8 CEC) was used.
The initial concentration of dye in solution was : Co =
50 mg/L ; adsorbent concentration: 10g/L.
Figure 13 shows that pH of the dye solution is an
important factor in the process of adsorption of RBBR
anthraquinone dye. Although in the first part of the process
small differences occur in the domain studied, the
difference between the samples is significant as the
contact time increases. At pH 8 and pH 10, dye removal is
performed at rates of 80% and 89% in 120 min, while in a
higher alkalinity medium (pH 11), the tendency of
adsorption flattening at a small value of 64% is noticed. It
is obvious that the conditions shown, the maximum
efficiency was obtained in case of RBBR dye adsorption at
pH = 10 (89% in 120 min). This result was taken into
consideration for the following experiments of the dye
adsorption.
The influence of initial concentration of dye solution
Figure 14 presents the data obtained in experiments in
which we studied the influence of the initial concentration
of dye solution RBBR (Co = 50 and 100 mg / L) at pH 10
and the temperature of 25 C, on the bentonite sample
NaB-S1 (CTAB = 1.3 CEC). This adsorbent was also used in
adsorption experiments of RY 145 and RB 5 dyes.
Very good results were obtained for RBBR dye adsorption
on bentonite modified with surfactant (NAB-S1 = 1.3CEC
REV. CHIM. (Bucharest) 65 No. 8 2014

CTAB), for both values of the initial concentration, as shown

in figure 14. It can be observed that at a concentration of
100 mg / L, the adsorption process is very fast, so that the
total removal of the dye takes place in a contact time of 30
min. The comparison of the two sets of samples shows
that in case of lower initial concentration (50 mg / L)
kinetics of the process is slower, but adsorption efficiency
in the first 30 min of contact is over 90%.
Equilibrium is reached after 120 min of contact, when
dye removal from solution is 98% achieved. These results
show a higher efficiency of bentonite with a lower
concentration of surfactant for the adsorption of the
anthraquinone dye Brilliant Blue R. It is also noted that the
trend of increasing of the adsorption efficiency of the
anthraquinone dye Brilliant Blue R with the increase of the
initial concentration is similar to that observed for the
adsorption of azo dye RB 5, which shows that by modifying
sodium bentonite with cationic surfactant, a good
performance adsorbent is obtained for reactive dyes
removal (azo and anthraquinone dyes) from aqueous
solutions.
The table 5 presents significant experimental results
regarding the equilibrium of dye adsorption on sodium
bentonite modified with a quaternary ammonium salt.
Conclusions
Our studies have led to an efficient adsorbent for
wastewater from dyeing. Thus, the adsorption focused on
a natural sorbent, accessible and affordable in our country,
modified by impregnation with an organic substance that
would increase the efficiency of adsorption, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide C16H33 (CH3)3 NBr (CTAB, Merck) in
variable proportions.
The efficiency of adsorption was found to increase after
bentonite modification, this deriving specifically for dyes
used in experimentation, improving the adsorption capacity
of nonpolar organic compounds is achieved through a
simple exchange process of inorganic cations from the
structure of bentonite with tetraalkylammonium cations

http://www.revistadechimie.ro

981

from aqueous solution, having a hydrophobic effect of

sodium bentonite surface.
The adsorbent textural changes after modification were
noted and mentioned. In this sense one can notice a light
decrease of the specific surface, a decrease of pore volume
and an increase in diameter of the mesopores. It was
determined the influence of the operating parameters: pH,
initial concentration of dye, contact time (under stirring) of
the adsorbent with the contaminated solution, stirring rate,
room temperature (ambient temperature). These
conditions are specific to each type of dye. The solutions
proposed in the studies presented have practical value.
Acknowledgements: The article was elaborated with the support of
the ERA NET MANUNET project: Sorbent-zeolite catalyst for
wastewater treatment (ECOTREAT), Contract no. 7-056/2012.

References
1.MOCANU, B.I., NAUM, N., LUNGU, C., BOMBO, D., BOMBO, M.,
Rev. Chim. (Bucharest), 59, no. 7, 2008, p. 730
2.GUPTA, V. K., J. Environ. Management, 90, 2009, p.2313I
3.GOK, O., OZCAN, A. S., OZCAN, A., Appl. Surf. Sci., 258, 2010,
p.5439;
4.IQBAL, M. J., ASHIQ, M. N., J., Hazard. Mater., B139, 2007, p.57

5.GULGONUL, I., Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 48, nr. 2, 2012,

p.369
6.BINGOL, D., TEKIN, N., ALKAN, M., Appl. Clay Sci. 50, 2006, p.315
7.GULBAHAR, A., ILHAN, U., FUAT, G., Dyes Pigm., 73, 2007, p.168
8.LI, Q., YUE, Q., SU, Y., GAO, B., Biores Technol., 102, 2011, p.5290
9.WON, S. W., CHOI, S. B., YUN, Y.S., Biochem. Eng. J., 28, 2006,
p.208
10.GOK, O., OZCAN, A. S., OZCAN, A., Appl. Surf. Sci., 258, 2010,
p.5439
11.D. CHEN, D., CHEN, J., LUAN, X., JI, H., XIA, Z., Chem. Eng. J.,
171, 2011, p.1150;
12.XUE, W., HE, H., ZHU, J., YUAN, P., Spectroch. Acta: A, 67, 2007,
p.1030;
13.BERTAGNOLLI, C., CARLOS DA SILVA, M. G., Mater. Res, 15, nr. 2,
2012, p.253;
14.ZEYBEK, Z., Application of experimental design to the treatment
of dye wastewater in a pilot plant, Adnan Menders University, 4th
AACD Congress, 29 Sep.-3 Oct. 2004, Kuadas-AYDIN/TURKEY
Proceeding Book 061
15.BENAISSA, Z, SENOUCI, B., Influence of some experimental
parameters on methylene blue sorption kinetics from synthetique
aqueous solutions using textile stalks as a low-cost sorbent:
Experimental and modeling studies, 16 th International Water
Technology Conference, IWTC16 2012, Istanbul, Turkey
Manuscript received: 13.08.2013

982

http://www.revistadechimie.ro

REV. CHIM. (Bucharest) 65 No.8 2014