SENSATION & PERCEPTION

Sensation detect physical energy from

the environment and encode it as neural
signals through this process
Perception process by which we
organize, interpret, or make sense of our
sensory experiences
Prosopagnosia complete sensation
but incomplete perception
CONDITIONS FOR SENSORY
AWARENESS
#1 Stimulation of a sensory receptor to
have a sensory experience
#2 Presence of receptor cells receive
the information from the environment
and transmit the information to the
appropriate areas in the brain
#3 Stimulus is then converted into
electrochemical impulses through a
process known as transduction

*Figure-Ground Perception clarify

the distinction between sensation &
perception
Figure definite shape & a location in
space
Ground no shape and seems to
continue behind the figure, has no
definite location
*Grouping grouping stimuli together
Proximity nearby figures together
Similarity figures are similar to each
other
Continuity naturally follow a line or
curve
Closure filling in the gaps to create a
complete object
Connectedness perceive spots, lines,
or areas as a single unit

THRESHOLDS

*Perceptual Constancies allows us to

perceive an object as unchanging while
the stimuli we receive from it change

Threshold divides the line between

what energy can be detected or not

Size Constancy tendency to perceive

the same object as the same size

Absolute Threshold minimal amount

of energy that can produce a sensation

Shape Constancy perceive familiar

objects by having a constant form

Difference Threshold minimum

difference in the magnitude of two stimuli
present

Color Constancy perceive objects as

retaining their color even though
lightning conditions may alter their
appearance.

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

minimal amount by which a source of
energy must be increased or decreased
SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY

Lightness Constancy perceive an

object as having constant lightness even
while its illumination varies

cited several factors that determine

whether people will perceive sensory
stimuli (signals) or a difference between
two signals.

MOVEMENT PERCEPTION

Intensity of the Signal quality of a

persons biological sensory system

Stroboscopic motion motion pictures

Psychological Factors motivation,

expectation & learning.
SENSORY ADAPTATION
Sensitization more sensitive to
stimulation; positive adaptation
Desensitization less sensitive to
stimulation; negative adaptation
THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
VISUAL PERCEPTION
Gestalt organized cluster of sensations

Auto kinetic effect perceive a

stationary point of light as moving in a
dark room
Phi phenomenon result of on-off
process of switching the row of light
DEPTH PERCEPTION
*Monocular Cues using one eye to
depth or distance
Size if an object is larger than the other
objects, it is often perceived as closer.
Linear Perspective parallel lines
appear to converge in the distance; the
greater this effect, the farther away an
object appears to be.
Texture Gradient appears smoother
as distance increases

Atmospheric Perspective farther the

objects are, the less distinctly are seen
Overlap (Interposition) if one objects
overlaps another, it is seen as being
closer than the one it covers.
Height Cues (Aerial Perspective)
below horizon, objects lower down in our
field of vision are perceived as closer;
above horizon, objects higher up are seen
as closer
Motion Parallax objects far away
appear to move in the same direction as
the observer, whereas close object move
in the opposite direction

Contents what one thinks about

Products result of the application of an
operation to a certain content, or our kind
of thinking towards a certain subject
*Cattell and Horns Concepts of Fluid
and Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid Intelligence figure out the
relationships between two varying
concepts, to abstract and reason out.
Crystallized Intelligence ability to
use an accumulated body of general
information in solving problems and
making judgments

INTELLIGENCE

*Sternbergs Information Processing

Approach

Lewis Terman ability to think

abstractly

Encoding identify some important facts

to retrieve from one long term memory

David Weschler the ability to act

purposefully, to think rationally, and to
deal effectively with the environment

Inferring drawing relationship between

the pieces of facts and information

Psychometric approach
measurement of intelligence is
emphasized
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

Mapping relationship between past

and present
Application relationship of one
situation with the others

*Spearmans Two-Factor Theory

Justification justify or providing some

supporting evidences to your answer

G factor (general intelligence)

inherited intellectual capacity

Response identify the best solution or

answer

S factor (specific abilities) thought

to account the differences between
scores on diff. tasks
*Thurstones Primary Mental
Abilities

*Howard Gardners Multiple

Intelligence Theory the capacity to
solve the problems or to fashion products
that are valued in one or more cultural
setting

a.) Word Fluency think of words

rapidly

Linguistic Intelligence use of

language effectively

b.) Verbal Comprehension

understands and define words

Logical sensitivity in analyzing

problems; ability to detect patterns, etc.

c.) Reasoning find rules and

conventions to justify and solve issues
(logical thought)

Musical Intelligence composition and

appreciation of patterns in the music

d.) Memory recall and associate

previous learned items
e.) Perceptual speed detect
similarities & diff. between designs and
objects
f.) Space draw a design from memory
to recognize a figure
g.) Number deal with numbers speedily
and accurately
*J.P. Guilford Factor Analysis
Operations the ways ones think

Bodily kinesthetic intelligence; metal

abilities to coordinate bodily movements
Spatial potential to visualize & use
patterns of wide space and confined
areas
Interpersonal Intelligence
understand others motives, desires, and
goals
Intrapersonal Intelligence
understand oneself, to appreciate ones
motives, desires, feelings, and effective
working model of oneself

*Historical View of Intelligence

Testing Movement

a.

Sequin & Esquirol 1st intelligence test

b.

Attributions & Emotions

how one reacts to an event or
situation depends on how he/she
perceives & explain it

Francis Galton intelligence was

hereditary; father of mental test &
individual differences
James Cattell mental test
Alfred Binet normal from abnormal
learners
Theophile Simon Binets associate
Lewis Terman devised

3.

Intelligence Quotient index of the

rate of an individuals mental progress

2.

EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT
Peter Salovey & John Myer define E.Q
as the ability to understand ones own
feelings & to have empathy for the
feelings of others
*Perceiving emotions
awareness

*Self

*Using emotions
regulation

*Self

*Understanding emotions

*Social skills

*Managing emotions

*Empathy

*Motivation

3.
1.
2.
3.
4.

1.

Emotions distinct feeling or quality of

consciousness

3.

Human Emotions private & subjective

1.

2.

The Body
a. Primary Emotions
universal & biological bases
to be considered in
emotions
b. Secondary Emotions
develop with cognitive
maturity & vary across
individuals & culture
The Mind
Two Factor Theory

Adaptive repression of
emotions
Physiological Changes
involuntary reactions
Emotional Expression
manifestation of what person
feels
Emotional Feelings
experiences gather reflects on
his responses

THEORIES OF EMOTION

2.

ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONS

Facial Expression universal

expression of human emotions
Brain Regions and Circuits
Amygdala responsible for
assessing any eminent threat
Norepinephrine
2 kinds of
Epinephrine
hormones
produced
Autonomic Nervous System

CHARACTERISTICS OF EMOTIONS

EMOTIONS

Emotional States particular

constellation of bodily response

The Culture determines what

people feel angry, sad, happy or
disgusted about

AREAS OF EMOTION
1.

I.Q = M.A / C.A x 100

Emotions are brought by

physiological arousal
And cognitive labelling

4.

James-Lange Theory body

arousal > emotional feelings
Cannon-Bard Theory feelings
= body arousal
Schachters Cognitive Theory
aroused > interpret
(influenced by experience)
Evolutionary Perspective
Darwin; emotions evolved via
natural selection

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMOTIONS
1.
2.

Primary Emotions basic

emotions; Robert Plutchik
Mixed Emotions more
complex emotions

Fear + surprise = AWE

Surprise + sadness =
DISSAPOINTMENT
Sadness + disgust = REMORSE
Anger + anticipation = AGGRESSION

Love + anger + fear = JEALOUSY

Anticipation + joy = OPTIMISM
Disgust + anger = CONTEMPT
Acceptance + fear = SUBMISSION
Joy + acceptance = LOVE
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, STRESS,
ADJUSTMENT & THERAPIES
Health Psychology study of
psychological or behavioural factors
affecting physical health and illnesses
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCES PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
HEALTH
1.
2.
3.

Time Consciousness no
wasted time
Chronic Activation tendency
to be always on the go
Multiphasia tendency to have
several works to do
simultaneously

Stress physical & mental response to

an unacceptable disparity between real &
imagined personal experience &
expectation
TYPES OF STRESSORS
1.
2.
3.

Catastrophic Events sudden,

often life threatening calamity or
disaster
Major Life Changes e.g
death of family member
Daily Hassles minor irritants
that can cause significant stress

Pressure when person feels compelled

to a particular way because of his selfexpectations from others
EFFECTS OF STRESS
Eustress positive stress
Distress negative stress
Fight/Flight response energizes the body
to either confronts or flees from a threat
Generalizes Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
1.
2.
3.

Adjustment refers to any attempt we

make to cope with a stressful situation
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

CAUSES OR INTERNAL SOURCES OF

STRESS
Frustration when individual is blocked
reaching a goal
Personal frustration cannot accept
his limitations and weaknesses
Environmental frustration
environmental situation blocks his
attainment of a goal

10.
11.

Depression prolonged frustration

Conflict when two incompatible goals
are simultaneously present
FOUR TYPES OF CONFLICT PATTERN
1.
2.
3.
4.

Approach-approach
Approach-avoidance
Avoidance-avoidance
Double approach-avoidance

Alarm stage
Resistance/Adaptation stage
Exhaustion stage

12.
13.

Fantasy/Daydreaming
temporary escape from
difficulties
Nomadism getting away from
frustrating situation
Denial refusal of acknowledge
a painful reality
Repression excluding
uncomfortable thoughts
Projection attributing ones
own repressed feelings to others
Identification taking on the
characteristics of someone else
Introjection acquires or
imitate the characteristics he
fears or hates from a person
Regression child-like
behaviour
Rationalization plausible
reasons as an excuse for a
behaviour that would cause loss
of self esteem/ approval
a.) Sour-graping mechanism
b.) Sweet-lemonading
mechanism
Intellectualization thinking
abstractly about stressful
situation
Displacement original object
to a substitute object
a.) Scapegoating
b.) Free-floating
c.) Suicide
Reaction Formulation
expression of opposite
Sublimation adjustment by
w/c unconscious/unacceptable
desires directed into socially
acceptable activities.

14. Substitutions express directly

an unacceptable desire w/o
losing conscious quality of desire

15. Compensation tries to

disguise the presence of a weak

trait by emphasizing the

desirable one.

a.) Over-compensation
counterbalancing an
imagined inferiority