Chapter 08 Thread Fastener

Thai Nguyen University of Technology
Division of English Taught Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Engineering Drawing

ME11- 3 Credits
CHAPTER 8: THREAD FASTENER

Mechanical assembly uses various methods to mechanically attach two (or
more) parts together. In most cases, the method involves the use of discrete hardware
components, called fasteners, that are added to the parts during the assembly
operation. In other cases, the method involves the shaping or reshaping of one of the
components being assembled, and no separate fasteners are required. Many
consumer products are produced using mechanical assembly: automobiles, large and
small appliances, telephones, furniture, etc. In addition, industrial products such as
airplanes, machine tools, and construction equipment almost always involve
mechanical assembly.
Mechanical fastening methods can be divided into 2 major classes: (1) those
that allow for disassembly, and (2) those that create a permanent joint. Thread
fasteners, for example screw, bolts, nuts, washers, keys, pins, are examples of the
first class, and rivets illustrate the second.
(1)
(2)
Figure 8.1: Disassembly (1) and permanent joint (2)

Mechanical assembly is usually accomplished by unskilled workers with a
minimum of special tooling and in a relatively short time. The technology is simple,
and the results are easily inspected. These factors are advantageous not only in the
factory, but also during field installation. Large products that are too big and heavy
to be transported completely assembled can be shipped in smaller subassemblies and
then put together at the customers site. Ease of disassembly applies, of course, only
to the mechanical fastening methods that permit disassembly. Periodic disassembly
is required for many products so that maintenance and repair can be performed;
today, they are designed for hundreds of different purpose, the three basis
applications being (1) to hold parts together, (2) adjust parts with reference to each
other, and (3) to transmit power.
Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao
Email: thaophan@tnut.edu.vn


ME11- 3 Credits
1. Thread terminology
* Thread application:
- To hold parts together
- To move parts relative to others
1.1. Thread definitions
- Screw thread: a ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix (Figure), on the
external and internal surface of a cylinder.
- External thread- A thread cut on
the outside of a member, as on the
shaft.
- Internal thread- A thread on the
inside of a member, as in a hole.
- Comparision between external and
internal
Figure 8.2: Screw thread
- Right-hand thread- Thread that will assemble when turned clockwise.

- Left-hand thread - Thread that will assemble when turned counter-clockwise.



ME11- 3 Credits
Figure 8.3: Right-hand thread and Left-hand thread

- Crest- the top surface joining the 2 sides of a thread.
- Root- The bottom surface joining the sides of 2 adjacent threads.
- Thread angle- The angle included between the sides of the thread measured in a
plane through the axis of the screw.
Figure 8.4: Crest, root and thread angle

- Major diameter- The largest diameter of a screw thread (applied to both external
and internal thread)



ME11- 3 Credits
- Minor diameter- The smallest diameter of a screw thread (applied to both external
and internal thread)
Figure 8.5: Major diameter and minor diameter

- Pitch- The distance from a
point on a screw thread to a
corresponding point on the
next thread measured
parallel to the axis. The
pitch is equal to 1 divided
by the number of threads
per inch.
Figure 8.6: Pitch in external and internal thread
- Lead- The distance a screw will advance
when turned 360 degrees.
- Thread form- the cross section of thread
cut by a plane containing the axis.
Figure 8.7: Thread form



ME11- 3 Credits
1.2. Thread manufacturing

a. Thread manufacturing by hand
* External threads- For producing external threads, the hand operated dies are
commonly use, which are coaxially rotated around the pre-machined rod like blank
with the help of handle or die stock.
+ Solid die: used for making threads of usually small pitch
and diameter in one pass.
+ Spring die: the die ring is provided with a slit, the width of
which is adjustable by a screw to enable elastically slight
reduction in the bore and thus cut the thread in number of passes
with lesser force on hands.
+ Split die: the die is made in 2 pieces, one fixed and one movable within the
cavity of the handle or wrench to enable cut relatively larger threads or fine threads
on harder blanks easily in number of passes, the die pieces can be replaced by
another pair for cutting different threads within small range of variation in size and
pitch.
+ Pie die: Pipe threads of larger diameter but smaller pitch are cut by manually
rotating the larger wrench (stock) in which the die is fitted through a guide bush.



ME11- 3 Credits
* Internal threads- small size are cut manually in

plates, blocks, machine parts, etc. By using taps
which look and behave like a screw but made of
tool steel and have shaft cutting edges produced by
axial grooving over the threads. Three taps namely,
taper tap, plug taps and bottoming tap are used
consecutively after drilling a tap size hole through
which the taps are axially pushed helically with the
help pg a handle or wrench.
b. Thread manufacturing by machine tools
+ By lathe- this is done by means of
the lead screw, which is driven by a train
of gears from the spindle. Modern lathes
are fitted with change gears boxes, by
means of which any thread pitches can be
cut without working out and setting the
change gears. However, there are some
machines on which change gears must be
fitted for screw cutting.



ME11- 3 Credits
Machining threads in semiautomatic lates:
+ Thread chasing process of cutting a thread on a lathe with a chasing toll that
comprises several sing-point tools banked together in a single tool called a chaser.
Chasing is used for the
production of threads
that are too large in
diameter for a die head.
Thread chasing reduces
the threading time by
50% compared to a
single-point threading.
However, thread chasing is a relatively slow method of cutting a thread, as a small
depth of cut is used per pass.



ME11- 3 Credits
+ Thread milling- used a single form or multiple form milling cutter. Thread milling
makes smoother and more accurate threads than a tap or die. It is more efficient than
using a single cutting-point-tool in a lather.
2. Thread drawing
2.1. Detailed representation- representation is a close approximation of the
appearance of an actual screw thread.
- Use slanting lines to represent crest and roots.
- Roots and crest are drawn in sharp V
- Advantage: Looks good and clearly represents a thread
- Disadvantage: Takes a long time to draw


ME11- 3 Credits
2.2. Schematic representation

- Use alternate long and short lines for representing crests and roots of the thread,
respectively. Should not be used for hidden internal threads or sections of external
threads.
- Advantage: Nearly as effective as the detailed representation and easier to draw.
- Disadvantage: Still takes some time to draw.
2.3. Simplified representation



ME11- 3 Credits
- Use thick continuous lines for representing crest and thin continuous lines for
representing root of the thread, respectively.
- Advantage: Simple and fast to draw.
- Disadvantage: Does not look like a real thread.

10


ME11- 3 Credits
2.3.1. Drawing steps of external thread

(1) Draw thread axis, major and minor diameter, starting position, thread length,
minor diameter, 45 degrees chamfer, line which is made 30 degrees with thread axis.
(2) Draw an arc that represents as a root, draw a circle that represents at a crest
2.3.2. Drawing steps of threaded hole

a. Through threaded hole:
(1) Draw thread axis, major diameter, minor diameter, draw a root and crest.
(2) Draw an arc that represents as a root, draw a circle that represents at a crest.

11


ME11- 3 Credits
b. Blinded thread hole

(1) Draw thread axis, major diameter and minor diameter, thread depth, hole depth.
(2) Draw an arc that represents as a root, draw a circle that represents at a crest.
Section view of blinded threaded hole
3. Thread symbol
- Thread tables in the appendix can be used up value for the: pitch, minor diameter,
tap drill diameter.
- If screw thread tables are not available the minor diameter can be approximated as
75% of the major diameter.

12


ME11- 3 Credits
a. Pitch diameter: The pitch diameter cuts threads at a point where the distance of
the spaces equal the distance of the threads.
- Metric thread note component

13


ME11- 3 Credits
+ Metric form: Placing an M before the major diameter indicates the metric thread
form.
+ Major diameter: the largest diameter.
+ Pitch (P): millimeters per thread.
+ Tolerance class: It describes the looseness or tightness of fit between the internal
and external threads (Number= tolerance guide; Letter= tolerance position).
+ Tolerance class: Tolerance grade: smaller numbers indicate a tighter fit; Tolerance
position: specifies the amount of allowance (upper case letter= internal threads;
lower case letter= external threads). 2 classes of metric thread fits are generally used:
6H/6g= general purpose or not specified; 6H/5g6g= Closer fit.
+ Right handed (RH) or Left handed thread (LH)
+ Depth of thread: it indicates the thread depth for internal threads, not the tap drill
depth.
Dimensioning in external and and thread
hole
- Use local note to specify: - thread form,
nominal size, pitch (if it is a fine thread)
- Use typical method to specify: - thread
length.
- Use local note specify: tap drill size,
drill depth, thread form, nominal size, pitch,
thread depth.

14


ME11- 3 Credits
4. Thread fastener
4.1. Bolt- a threaded cylinder with a head
Drawing steps:
- Draw bolt axis
- Draw an end view of the head
- Draw a bolt head
- Draw body of a bolt

15


ME11- 3 Credits
4.2. Nut
Drawing steps:
- Draw an end view of the nut
- Dash lines represent a threaded hole are omitted for clarity
Application of bolt and nut

16


ME11- 3 Credits
4.3. Stud- headless bolt, threaded at both ends
Drawing steps
- Draw stud axis
- Major, minor diameter
- Thread length
- Draw 45 degrees chamfer and draw line making 30 degrees with
axis.
Application of stud

17


ME11- 3 Credits
4.4. Cap screw- similar to bolt but has a longer thread than a bolt.
- Counterbore hole:
- Countersink hole:

18


ME11- 3 Credits
4.5. Set screw- a thread cylinder used to prevent rotation or movement between
parts.
5. Keys, pins, rivets and springs- Self study

19

Chapter 08 Thread Fastener

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Chapter 08 Thread Fastener

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Division of English Taught Mechanical Engineering

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

CHAPTER 8: THREAD FASTENER

Figure 8.1: Disassembly (1) and permanent joint (2)

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Figure 8.2: Screw thread

- Right-hand thread- Thread that will assemble when turned clockwise.

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Figure 8.3: Right-hand thread and Left-hand thread

Figure 8.4: Crest, root and thread angle

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Figure 8.5: Major diameter and minor diameter

Figure 8.7: Thread form

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

1.2. Thread manufacturing

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

* Internal threads- small size are cut manually in

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Machining threads in semiautomatic lates:

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

2.2. Schematic representation

2.3. Simplified representation

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

2.3.1. Drawing steps of external thread

2.3.2. Drawing steps of threaded hole

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

b. Blinded thread hole

Section view of blinded threaded hole

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

- Metric thread note component

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Eng. Phan Thi Phuong Thao

Thai Nguyen University of Technology

Introduction to Engineering Drawing