CChapt 10

Chapter 10
Applications in Communications
School of Information Science and
Engineering, SDU.
School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved
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Introduction
Some methods for digitizing analog

waveforms:
Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

Differential PCM (DPCM)
Adaptive differential PCM (ADPCM)
Delta modulation (DM)
Adaptive delta modulation (ADM)
Linear predictive coding (LDC)
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Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)
PCM is used for
quantizing an analog signal to transmit

storing the signal in digital form
Speech transmission
Telemetry systems
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- law compressor
A logarithmic compressor employed in U.S.

and Canadian telecommunications systems
y=
ln (1 + s )
ln (1 + )
sgn ( s ) ;
s 1, y 1
s : the mormalized input;

y : the normalized output;
sgn() : the sign funciton;
: a parameter that is selected to give
the desired compression characteristic.
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A law compressor
The logarithmic compressor standard used in

European telecommunication systems:
1 + ln ( A s )
1
sgn ( s ) ,
s 1
1 + ln A
A
y=
1
As
0 s
1 + ln A sgn ( s ) ,
A
where A is chosen as 87.56.
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Figure 10.1 Comparison of -law and

A-law nonlinearities
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Project 10.1: PCM
Purpose of this project:

To gain an understanding of
PCM comprssion (linear-to-logarithmic)
PCM expansion (logaithmic-to-linear).
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Three Matlab functions are needed:
A -law compressor function

A quantizer function
-law expander funciton
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Figure 10.2 PCM project
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The signal-to-quantization noise ratio

(SQNR) in dB is:
N
2
s (n)
SQNR = 10 log10 N n =1
2
( s ( n ) sq ( n ) )
n =1
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Differential PCM (DPCM)

s ( n ) = a (i ) s ( n i )
p
i =1
s(n): the current sample of speech

s ( n ) : the predicted value of s(n)
a(i): the predictor coefficients
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The error function is the sum of squared errors,

so we select the a(i) to minimize: 2
p
2
p = e ( n ) = s ( n ) a ( i ) s ( n i )
n =1
n =1
n =1
= rss ( 0 ) 2 a ( i ) rss ( i ) + a ( i ) a ( j) rss ( i j)

n =1
i =1 j=1
where rss(m) is the autocorrlation function of s(n)

N
rss ( m ) = s ( i ) s ( i + m )
i =1
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Figure 10.3
Block diagram of a DPCM transcoder
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The output of the predictor is

p
s = a ( i ) s ( n i )
i =1
The difference

e ( n ) = s ( n ) s ( n )
is the input to the quantizer.

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The estimate value s ( n ) of s(n) is

obtained by taking a linear combination
of past values s ( n k ) , k=1,2,,p.
The estimate of s(n) is
p
p

s ( n ) = a ( i ) s ( n i ) + b ( i ) e ( n i )
i =1
i =1
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Project 10.2: DPCM
Generate correlated random sequences

using a pole-zero signal model of the form:
s ( n ) = a (1) s ( n 1) + b0 x ( n ) + b1x ( n 1)
where x(n) is a zero-mean unit variance

Gaussian sequence.
filter function
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Some modules for this project:

A model predictor function
A DPCM encoder function
A DPCM decoder function
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Figure 10.4 DPCM modified by the linearly

filtered error sequence
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Adaptive PCM (ADPCM) and DPCM
Adaptive quantizer:
feedforward adaptive quantizer
Adjust its step size for each signal sample
feedback adaptive quantizer
Employ the output of the quantizer in the

adjustment of the step size.
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Figure 10.5 Example of a quantizer with

an adaptive step size
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Table 10.1 Multiplication factors for

adaptive step size adjustment
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Figure 10.6
ADPCM block diagram (Encoder part)
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Figure 10.6
ADPCM block diagram (Decoder part)
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Project 10.3: ADPCM
Figure 10.7 ADPCM interface to PCM system

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Delta Modulation (DM)
DM may be viewed as asimplified form

of DPCM in which a two-level (1-bit)
quantizer is used in conjunction with a
fixed first-order predictor.
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We note that

s ( n ) = s ( n 1) = s ( n 1) + e ( n 1)
Since
It follows that

q ( n ) = e ( n ) e ( n ) = e ( n ) s ( n ) s ( n )

s ( n ) = s ( n 1) + q ( n 1)
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Figure 10.8 Block diagram of a delta

modulation system
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Figure 10.9 An equivalent realization of a

delta modulation system
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Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)
Figure 10.10 Two types of distortion in the DM encoder

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Figure 10.11 An example of a delta

modulation system with adaptive step size
Encoder part
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Decoder part
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Project 10.4: DM and ADM
A Hanning filter that has the impulse

response
1
2n
h ( n ) = 1 cos
, 0 n N 1
2
N 1
may be used, where the length N may

be selected in the range 5 N 15 .
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Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) of Speech
The LPC method is based on modeling the vocal tract

as a linear all-pole filter.
The system function:
H (z) =
G
p
1+ ap (k) z
k =1
p : the number of poles;

G : the filter gain;
{ap(k)}: parameters that determine the poles.
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Figure 10.12 Block diagram model for the

generation of a speech signal
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Figure 10.13 Encoder and decoder for LPC
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Project 10.5: LPC
The encoder divides speech signals into

short-time segments, and process each
segment, separately.
The decoder that performs the synthesis is
an all-pole lattice filter.
The output is a synthetic speech signal.
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Dual-Tone Multi-frequency (DTMF)

Signals
DTMF is the generic name for push-button

telephone signaling.
DTMF also finds widespread use in
electronic mail systems and telephone
banking systems.
A combination of a high-frequency tone
and low-frequency tone represent a
specific digit or the characters * and #.
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Figure 10.14 DTMF digits
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The Goertzel Algorithm
The Goertzel algorithm exploits thek

periodicity of the phase factors WN and
allows us to express the computation of the
DFT as a linear filtering operation.
Since WN kN = 1, we can multiply the DFT by
this factor.
Thus
N 1
X ( k ) = WN kN X ( k ) = x ( m ) WN
k( Nm)
m =0
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Figure 10.15 Realization of two-pole

resonator for computing the DFT
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Project 10.6: DTMF Signaling
Design the following Matlab modules:

A tone generation function
A dial-tone generator
A decoding funciton
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Binary Digital Communications
A binary digital communications system

employs two signal waveforms:
s1(t)=s(t)
s2(t)=-s(t)
To measure the performance, we

normally use the average probability of
error, which is often called the bit error
rate (BER).
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Project 10.7:
Binary Data Communications System
Five Matlab functions are required:

A binary data generator module
A modulator module
A noise generator
A demodulator module
A detector and error-counting module
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Figure 10.16 Model of binary data

communications system
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Spread-Spectrum Communications
Figure 10.17
Basic spread spectrum digital communications system
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Project 10.8:
Binary Spread-Spectrum Communications
Figure 10.18 Block diagram of binary PN spread-spectrum

system for simulation experiment
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Thats all!
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Chapter 10

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

Some methods for digitizing analog

Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)

PCM is used for

quantizing an analog signal to transmit

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

A logarithmic compressor employed in U.S.

s : the mormalized input;

The logarithmic compressor standard used in

where A is chosen as 87.56.

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

Figure 10.1 Comparison of -law and

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

Project 10.1: PCM

Purpose of this project:

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

Three Matlab functions are needed:

A -law compressor function

-law expander funciton

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

Figure 10.2 PCM project

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

The signal-to-quantization noise ratio

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Differential PCM (DPCM)

s(n): the current sample of speech

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

The error function is the sum of squared errors,

= rss ( 0 ) 2 a ( i ) rss ( i ) + a ( i ) a ( j) rss ( i j)

where rss(m) is the autocorrlation function of s(n)

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

The output of the predictor is

is the input to the quantizer.

The estimate value s ( n ) of s(n) is

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

Project 10.2: DPCM

Generate correlated random sequences

where x(n) is a zero-mean unit variance

Some modules for this project:

School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

Figure 10.4 DPCM modified by the linearly

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Adaptive PCM (ADPCM) and DPCM

Adjust its step size for each signal sample

feedback adaptive quantizer

Employ the output of the quantizer in the

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Figure 10.5 Example of a quantizer with

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Table 10.1 Multiplication factors for

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School of IS&E, SDU. Copyright Reserved

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Project 10.3: ADPCM

Figure 10.7 ADPCM interface to PCM system

Delta Modulation (DM)

DM may be viewed as asimplified form

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Figure 10.8 Block diagram of a delta

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