Available online at www.jpsscientificpublications.

com

Life Science Archives (LSA)

ISSN: 2454-1354
Volume 1; Issue - 1; Year 2015; Page: 59 - 65

Research Article
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND FATTY ACID PROFILE OF NIGERIAN
MELON SEEDS
Folasade Oluwabamiwo1*, GabrielAdegoke2, Stella Denloye1, R. Akinoso and Doko Bruno
1
National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria.
2
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Abstract
Melon is a popular soup or stew condiment in Nigeria. Melon soup is usually prepared with or
without vegetables. Moisture, ash, fat, protein, trace and heavy metals and fatty acid profiles were
determined using AOAC methods. Melon seeds examined were found to contain moisture (3.890.80%), fat
(48.920.9%), ash (3.220.50%) and protein (30.160.98%). The trace metals found in the melon seeds
were potassium (1,042 mg/kg), magnesium (742.45 mg/kg), calcium (136 mg/kg), manganese (40.87
mg/kg), iron (19.31 mg/kg), sodium (12.85 mg/kg) and selenium (0.11 mg/kg). Heavy metals: lead (0.047
mg/kg), cadmium (0.0053 mg/kg), mercury (0.006 mg/kg) and arsenic (0.093 mg/kg) were found in melon
seeds. Melon seeds had 11 fatty acids among which arepalmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid, the
most abundant being linoleic acid (58.35-64.89%). The oil of melon seed was found to be high in
unsaturated fatty acid (84.34%).
Article History:

Key words: Melon seed, Moisture, Fat, Protein,

Received : 28.02.2015
Revised : 10.03.2015
Accepted : 22.03.2015

Ash, Heavy metals, Trace metals and Fatty acid.

1. Introduction

Melon popularly called egusi belongs to the

family Cucurbitaceae, and its botanical names are
Citrulus lanatus, Citrulusco locythis, Citrulus
vulgaries and Citrulus edulus. Melon originated
from Africa and Asia. It is a creeping annual herb,
with hairy stems, forked tendrils and three-lobed
hairy leaves. Melons flesh is pale yellow or
green, and also tastes bitter unlike the common
watermelon, whose flesh is sweet and red. It is
widely cultivated in the Caribbean and Indonesia
(Ojie et al., 2008). Diversification to other parts of
the world has been reported to occur from the
Kalahari and Sahara deserts in Africa. Melon is
popular in Nigeria because of its edible seeds
commonly used in the preparation of local soups
* Corresponding author : Folasade Oluwabamiwo
Tel.: +2348086758506
E-mail: oluwabamiwo.b@nafdac.gov.ng

or stew prepared with or without vegetables

(Oloko et al., 2006; Ogbonna, 2007; Jackson et
al., 2013). In Nigeria, melon was cultivated over
an area of 361,000 ha with a production figure of
347,000 tonnesin 2002 (Solomon et al., 2010).
Melon is called Egusi by the Yorubas, Agusi
by the Hausas and Ogil by the Igbo people of
Nigeria. Melon is usually grown in mixture with
other crops such as cassava, yam and maize where
they act as land cover and reduce the growth of
weeds in farms (Leona, 2006; Oluwole et al.,
2012; Jackson et al., 2013).
Melon is rich in oil and protein, comprising
about 50% oil and 35% protein,among major
foods only peanut has such high oil content (Ojieet
al., 2008). In northern Ghana it was reported that
melon seeds oil ranked second in importance to
sheanut as a major cooking oil. Chike et al. (2011)

2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved

Folasade Oluwabamiwo /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 1, Page 59 to 65, 2015

reported that its fatty-acid make up is 63 percent

linoleic and 16 percent oleic. This indicated that it
is a highly polyunsaturated lipid. The seed is also
reported to contain important amounts of vitamins,
especially thiamin and niacin, and is an important
source of Vitamin E. It is high in minerals and the
crop thrives where milk is largely unavailable. It is
a high-energy, high-protein concentrate which
might be ideal to complement Africas prevalent
diets based on starch-rich grains (sorghum and
maize, for instance) and roots (notably cassava). It
can provide the calories and amino acids that
stressed, sick, and fast-growing bodies need each
day. Melon can also be a vital tool against
marasmus, kwashiorkor and other debilitations
(Vossen et al., 2004; Leona, 2006). The ground
seed is used to prepare various delicacies
including cake and soup. Melon seed oil is in high
demand in Sudan and Ethiopia (Oluwole et al.,
2012).
Global production of melon seed is about
586.605 metric tons; while Africa production is
about 548.600 metric tonnes and Nigeria produces
about 346.000 metric tons amounting to 56% of
the global volume of melon seeds (Solomon et al.,
2010). The seed was occasionally exported to
Europe for processing into vegetable oil and defatted meal. The solid remaining after the oil has
been squeezed out contains 60 per cent protein.
This defatted solid can be ground into flour with
myriads of dietary uses such as meat substitute
(Leona, 2006). Melon seed is in high demand in
tropical markets, especially in the semi-urban and
urban markets. Melon seed is one of the six crops
that were reported to be promising in Nigeria with
greater than 128% increase in production in 2011
when compared with the year 2000 yield. The land
putinto melon seed production in Nigeria by 2011
was about 470,000 hectares (Akinyoade et al.,
2013). Akinyoade et al. (2013) reported that from
Food and Agriculture Organization statistics (FAO
STAT) the most successful crops in Nigeria were
maize, cassava, rice, melon seed, potatoes and
pineapples, out of which melon seed is tagged as
the most recently successful crop in Nigeria
(Akinyoade et al., 2013).

60

heavy and trace metal composition of melon seed

obtained from four out of the seven Agro
Ecological Zones of Nigeria where melon seed is
produced. The zones are: Sudan Savanna (Sokoto
State), Northern Guinea Savanna (Kaduna State),
Derived Savanna (Enugu and Oyo States) and
Humid Forest (Anambra and Lagos States).
Information on the nutritional quality of melon
seeds may expand the scope of utilization of
melon seeds.
2. Methodology
Melon seeds were obtained from markets
in the North East (Sokoto), North central
(Kaduna), South West (Lagos and Ibadan) and
South east (Enugu and Agulu) parts of Nigeria.
All chemicals used were of analytical or Gas
chromatography grade.
2.1. Proximate Composition Analysis
Proximate analysis of the samples for
moisture, ash trace and heavy metals andfatty acid
profile were carried out in triplicate using methods
described (AOAC, 2006). The nitrogen was
determined by micro Kjeldahl method described
by Pearson (1976) and the nitrogen content was
converted to protein by multiplying by a factor of
6.25. Percentage fat was determined using nuclear
magnetic
resonance
procedures
(Texas
instrument), about 0.2g of the sample was weigh
accurately into the sample vials. The sample was
dried in the oven at 102oc for 3hrs before it was
transferred into the dry block heater set at 40oC
for 30mins.This allowed the conditioning of the
sample to the temperature of the magnet in the
probe. A detail of the sample was entered into the
probe input sample details (e.g. weight taken
sample ID) and the percentage fat content was
read after a few seconds.
2.2. Statistical analysis
The results are expressed as mean SD
(standard deviation). Statistical analysis was done
using DSAASTAT for excel macros (Onofri,
2011). One way analysis of variance and Duncan
comparisons were carried out to check for
significant differences (p0.05).

This present study was aimed at

investigating the proximate, fatty acid profile,
2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved

Folasade Oluwabamiwo /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 1, Page 59 to 65, 2015

3. Results and Discussion

The proximate composition of melon seeds
from Nigerian market is shown in Table 1. The
overall average moisture content for melon seeds
in Nigerian market was 3.89%. The ash content
was 3.22%, the fat content was 48.92% while the
protein content was 30.16%. The values obtained
for moisture content across the states ranged from
2.67% for melon seeds from Kaduna to 5.04% for
melon seeds from Ibadan (Oyo state). The results
obtained in this work were lower than those
reported by Bankole et al. (2005). Bankole et al.
(2005) reported that melon seeds from the
savannah forest had lower moisture content
(4.6%), when compared with the humid south.
Moisture content from the humid south ranged
from 5.3% to 10.4%. In this study, the values
obtained for the samples from the North (Sokoto
3.50%, Kaduna 2.67%) were slightly lower than
those obtained for samples from the East (Enugu
4.46%, Anambra 4.03%) and the West (Lagos
3.68%, Ibadan 5.05%). The average ash content
obtained was 3.2%. The values also ranged from
2.76% for Kaduna state, to 3.46% for Sokoto state.
The values obtained are in agreement with the
value obtained by Omafuvbe et al. (2004) (3.3%)
and Achu et al. (2005) who reported values of
3.47 - 4.37% for ash content for of melon seeds
from different regions of Cameroon. Ogundele et
al. (2012) also reported values of 3.15 to 3.53%
for ash and 2.75 to 3.08 for moisture content. The
fat content obtained (48.92%) and proteins
(30.16%) are in agreement with values reported by
Brisbe et al. (2011) (53% fat, 28% protein) and
Olaniyi et al. (2011). Olaniyi et al. (2011) also
reported that melon seeds contain 38% protein and
30-50% of semi dried oil while Shittu et al. (2012)
reported values of 26.2% for protein and 47.3%
for oil content. The results obtained for fat and
protein in this work is also in agreement with the
oil content (49.59 - 56.00%) fat (24.37) and
(39.36%) protein reported by Ogundele et al.
(2012).
3.1. Heavy and trace metals
Heavy metals are unwanted contaminants
in food products. Heavy metals have deleterious
effects in man and animals. The results for heavy

61

metals in melon seeds presented in Table - 2

indicated that all the values are within permitted
limits. While lead was 0.047 mg/kg, cadmium was
0.0053 mg/kg, mercury 0.006 mg/kg and arsenic
was 0.093 (mg/kg). The values are all below the
Codex limits for heavy metals (lead, copper and
arsenic- 0.1 mg/kg, and iron 1.5 mg/kg)
(CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev. 4-2003). The melon
seeds were found to be very rich in trace metals.
Melon seeds are rich in potassium (1,042 mg/kg),
magnesium (742.45 mg/kg), calcium (136 mg/kg),
manganese (40.87 mg/kg), iron (19.31 mg/kg),
sodium (12.85 mg/kg) and selenium (0.11 mg/kg).
The result obtained is in agreement with the report
of Olaniyi and Tella (2011). They reported that
melon contain water, vitamins and fair amount of
minerals like P K, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Fe.
Trace metals are beneficial to the body.
Values obtained in literature for trace metals in
melon seeds varied. Milovanovic et al. (2005)
reported values for iron ranging from 17 -42
mg/kg. Values obtained for some metals such as
calcium were 1035 mg/kg, zinc 39 mg/kg, copper
17.8 mg/kg, magnesium 2100 mg/kg and
potassium 7700 mg/kg. While, Jackson et al.
(2013) reported values of 1.75-1.85 for iron, 2.752.85. This indicated that the variability reported in
literature is very high (1000- 7700 mg/kg).
(Milovanovic et al., 2005). Melon has been
suggested as a good source of mineral in places
such as West Africa. In West Africa, there is a
large dependence on importation of milk. Melon
in particular is a good source of calcium and other
essential minerals (Gurudeeban and Rmenathan,
2010).
3.2. Fatty acid composition of melon seeds
The result obtained for the fatty acid
profile of the melon seed oil (Table - 3) indicated
that the oil consist of 11 fatty acids. The fatty
acids ranged from C-14 to C-24 with the exception
of C-19, C-21 and C-23. There were 5 main fatty
acids: Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and
linolenic acid, the most abundant being linoleic
acid (58.35 - 64.89%). The fatty acid profile is in
order C18:2 > C18:1 >16:0 >C18:3 > C18:0 in
most of the samples, irrespective of the origin. The
results indicated that melon seed oil is very high in

2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved

Folasade Oluwabamiwo /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 1, Page 59 to 65, 2015

unsaturated fatty acid which amounted to 84.34%.

The linoleic acid is higher than values reported for
cotton seed oil. The values are close to those of
soybean, sesame seeds and corn oil. This suggests
that melon seed oil can be a good substitute for
table, cooking and frying oils. Palmitolate,
arachidic and eicosadinoic were present in trace
amounts in almost all the samples. The low levels
of linolenic oil will contribute to high stability in
the oil as reported by Gurudeebanand Ramenathan
(2010). A few of the samples were also found to
contain eicosanotriate and arachidonate
The results obtained were in agreement
with values obtained by Achu et al. (2006), and
Oluba et al. (2008). Mello et al. (2011) reported a
total unsaturated fatty acid of 82. % with the
highest contributor to the fatty acid profile being
linoleic acid followed by oleic, palmitic and
stearic acid in the that order with values of 51, 31,
8.5 and 6.1% respectively. It was noted that melon
seed is very rich in poly unsaturated fatty acid
which has been reported to be good for diabetic
patients (Gurudeeban and Rmenathan, 2010).
Statistical analysis (Table - 4) indicated that there
were no significant differences between the
samples that were treated with Aframomum
danielli powder and those not treated.

62

there were no significant difference. However the

mono unsaturated fatty acids and the poly
saturated fatty acids were significantly different
both within each state and among the states as
presented in Table - 4. The mean value obtained
for mono unsaturated fatty acid and poly saturated
fatty acid were 17.59% and 66.75% respectively.
The values obtained were within the same range
with values obtained by Ismail et al. (2010) for
melon seeds in Sudan. The sum saturated fatty
acid (SFA) ranged from 14.00 16.30, 16.00 18.30 for mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
and 69.30% for poly unsaturated fatty acid
(PUFA). Edidiong et al. (2013) also reported total
saturated fatty acid (TSFA) of 18.9% and total
unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) of 81.9%. These
values were slightly different from values obtained
by Oluba et al. (2008), 28.1% for SFA, 14.5%
mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), 54.7% for
PUFA and 71.9% for TUFA for melon seeds from
Ondo state Nigeria. The values obtained in this
study were in agreement with the range of values
obtained for melon seeds from Cameroun. The
values for sum fatty acid were 30.475.67,
13.683.08, mono fatty acid, 56.5810.35 for
PUFA and 70.278.34 for SFA.bubbles. The
dispersion was then casted on solvent casting
machine by adjusting the thickness of
formulations to get desired dose per strip of
specified area. Process parameters of the machine
were selected (temperature 120 oC and machine
speed 0.1 m/min) on the basis of preliminary
experiments. The casted strip were then removed
and cut into desired size.

While the mean value obtained for sum

saturated fatty acid was 15.66%, the sum saturated
fatty acid obtained for the different geographical
areas with or without Aframomum danielli were
not significantly different at p=0.05% (p=0.45).
The sum unsaturated fatty acid had a mean value
of 84.34%, using the Duncan multiple range test
Table - 1: Proximate composition of melon seeds
Parameter

Sampling sites

Overall
mean

Moisture (%)

Lagos
Ibadan
Enugu
3.680.35 5.040.38 4.460.22

Agulu
Sokoto
4.030.46 3.50.09

Kaduna
2.670.06

3.890.80

Ash (%)

3.150.76 2.840.56 3.720.14

3.410.24 3.460.12 2.760.21

3.220.50

Fat (%)
Protein (%)

50.510.8 48.450.3 49.920.5 50.050.5 50.030.8 50.560.3 48.920.9

30.460.2 29.450.3 28.890.97 29.161.2 29.970.9 31.340.17 30.160.98

2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved

Folasade Oluwabamiwo /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 1, Page 59 to 65, 2015

63

Table 2: Heavy and trace metals in melon seeds from Lagos state
Name of metals (mg/kg)
Lead
Cadmium
Copper
Mercury
Arsenic
Zinc
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Iron
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Selenium

Mean value (mg/kg)

0.047:0.023
0.0053:0.0005
3.304:0.41
0.006:0.0091
0.093:0.012
8.18:0.37
0.075:0.006
3.30:0.41
40.87:1.05
19.31:2.72
742.45:43.53
1042:50.25
12.85:5.94
136.04:4.38
0.11:0.13

Table 3: Fatty acid composition of melon seeds obtained from different parts of Nigeria
Fatty acid
profile
C14:0
Palmitic
C16:0
Palmitolate
C16:1
Strearic
C18:0
Oleic
C18:1
Linoleic
C18:2
Linolenic
C18:3
Arachidonic
C20:0
C20:2
C20:3

Sampling sites

Overall
mean

Lagos
0.050.01
10.720.3

Ibadan
Enugu
Agulu
Sokoto
0.130.04 0.070
0.040.01 0.060.01
12.520.39 12.080.97 11.340.38 8.735.00

0.10.00

0.190.07

10.045.38 7.294.68

0.160

0.00

0.160.00

4.753.75

0.250.16

3.394.07

Kaduna
0.07
0.070.03
10.98
11.061.21
0.120.03
0.66

4.393.48

16.985.24 15.433.91 14.601.97 27.251.25 16.696.34 14.77

17.624.40

61.060.04 59.370.01 58.495.17 60.771.49 58.358.69 64.89

60.522.21

0.031.54

0.361.33

14.370.52 0.30.00

16.617.87 8.25

6.656.89

0.330.48

0.090.07

0.270.04

0.270.06

0.240

0.340.52
0.440.00

0.070.01

0.250.04

0.250.22

0.040.02

0.37

0.210

2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved

Folasade Oluwabamiwo /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 1, Page 59 to 65, 2015

64

Table 4: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid in melon seeds

Fatty acid
profile

Sampling sites

Lagos
Ibadan
Enugu
Agulu
Sokoto
Overall mean
Sum
21.05a
24.48a
16.18a
15.60a
14.02a
15.66:3.45
saturated
20.80a
13.99a
15.12a
13.59a
12.04a
(SFA)
13.40a
11.65a
13.48a
2.12a
2.13a
Sum
86.60a
88.35a
87.96a
87.88a
87.87a
84.34:3.45
unsaturated 86.52a
87.96a
84.40a
86.41a
85.98a
(SUFA)
78.95a
75.52a
83.82a
86.01a
79.20a
Mono
24.95abc 26.72ab
16.11abcd 28.74a
28.74a
19.67:6.53
unsaturated 15.96abcd 26.60abc 12.78bcd 26.52abc 17.09abc
(MUFA)
11.55cd
16.20abcd 17.55abc 13.18bcd 12.33bcd
Poly
74.97a
61.74bcd 82.85a
73.23abc 73.65abc 66.75:4.46
unsaturated 61.65bcd 59.32cd
75.19ab
61.36bcd 62.11bcd
(PUFA)
62.99bcd 59.29cd
68.77abcd 55.73d
59.12cd
Values with the same letter are not significantly different at p=0.05%.
*Duncan multiple range test
melon seeds (ColocynthiscitrullusL.) African
Acknowledgements
Journal of Biotechnology. 4 (8): 799-803.
The authors are highly grateful to Mrs. Falana
5)
Brisibe E. A, Ogbu U, Valentine O. N, Peggy
A. A., Mr. Adeniyi O. T., Mr. Numonaiya J. J.,
A. Otuand Peter N. C (2011)Sensitivity of
Miss Ogboh H., Miss Ojomu A., Mrs. Micheal C.
some quantitative and yield characters of
N. N., Mrs. Audu A and Dr. Aroyeun S. O.
Egusi melon (Colocynthiscitrullus L.) to
4. References
treatment with microtubule inhibitors African
Journal of Plant Science 5(13): 759-766,
1) Achu, M.B., Fokou, E., Tchiegang, C., Fotso,
assessed on 28032013 3:27.
M. and Tchouanguep, F.M. (2005). Nutritive
6)
Chike C. P. R., Nlerum F. and Amah-Tariah F.
value of some cucurbitaceae oil seeds from
(2011). Effect of Long Term Administration of
different regions in Cameroon. African Journal
Defatted Egusi (CitrulusLanatus) And Soya
of Biotechnology (4): 1329-1334.
Flour (Glycine Max) On Body Weight and
2) Akinyoade A, Dietz T, Foeken D. and Klaver
Rectal
Temperature
of
Wistar
Rat
W. (2013) Agricultural dynamics and food
(Rattusrattus) African Journal of Applied
security trends in Nigeria Developmental
Zoology and environmental Biology 13: 23-30
Regimes in Africa (DRA) Project ASC AFCA
7) Codex alimentarius commission (2003)
Collaborative Research Group: Agro-Food
Recommended International code of practice.
Clusters in Africa (AFCA) Research Report
General
priciples
of
food
hygiene
2013-ASC-1London/Leiden.
www.codexalimentarious.org/standards
3) Ash of Nuts and Nut Products: Gravimetric
downloaded on 12022014.
method Official Methods of Analysis.
8) Edidiong A. Essien and Ubong M.
Association
of
Official
Analytical
Eduok(2013)
Chemical
analysis
of
Chemist,Maryland, USA. AOAC 950.49
th
Citrulluslanatus seed oil obtained from
(2005). 18 Ed., pp.
Southern Nigeria Elixir Org. Chem. 54 127004) Bankole S.A., Osho A., Joda A.O. and
12703.
Enikuomehin O.A. (2005). Effect of drying
9)
Gurudeeban S. S. K. and Ramanathan T.
method on the quality and storability of egusi
(2010) Bitter appel (Citurlluscolocynthis) an
2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved

Folasade Oluwabamiwo /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume 1, Issue 1, Page 59 to 65, 2015

overview of chemical composition and

biomedical potentials Asian journal of plant
Sciences 9 (7): 394-40.
10) Jackson B. A., Adamade C. A., Azogu I. I. and
Oni K. C. (2013)Melon pod fermentation and
its effects on physiochemical characteristics of
melon seeds. Academic Journals, 8(17): 664
669.
11) Leona C. (2006) Egusi (Citrulluslanatus)
and kindred plants; lost crops of AfricaVol.2
Vegetables National
Academies press
Washington D.C. Lead, Cadmium, Copper,
Iron and Zinc in Foods; Trace Elements in
water and waste waters Official Methods of
Analysis. Association of Official Analytical
Chemist, Maryland, USA. AOAC 999.11;
993.14 (2005). 18th Ed.,pp
12) Milovanovi M. and Piuri-Jovanovi K.
(2005) Characteristics and Composition of
Melon Seed Oil Journal of Agricultural
Sciences 50, (1): 41-47.
13) Ogbonna P. E. and obi I U. (2007) Effect of
time of planting and poultry manure
application on growth and yield of egusi
melon (colocynthiscitrullus l.) in a derived
savannah agroecology. Journal of Agriculture,
Food, Environment and Extension Volume
6(2): 33- 39.
14) Ogundele J.O., Oshodi A.A. and. Amoo I.A
(2012) Comparative Study of Amino Acid and
Proximate
Composition
of
Citurlluscolocynthis and Citrullus vulgaris
Seeds Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 11 (3):
247-251.
15) Olaniyi J. O and Tella B. A. (2011) Effects of
nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the
growth, seed yield and nutritional values of
egusi melon (Citrulluslanatus (thumb) manf.)
in Ogbomoso South west Nigeria International
Research Journal of Plant Science 2(11): 328331.
16) Oloko S. A. and Agbetoye L. A. S. (2006)
Development and Performance Evaluation of a
Melon Depodding Machine.

65

17) Oluba O. M., Ogunlowo Y. R., Ojieh G. C.,

Adebisi K. E., Ediangbe G. O. and Isiosio I. O
(2008) Physicochemical properties and fatty
acid composition of citrulluslanatus (egusi
melon) seed oil. Journal of biological sciences
8 (4): 814-817.
18) Oluwole O. O, Adedeji A. S (2012) Effect of
Moisture Content and Inner Drum Rotation
Speed on the Shelling Performance of A
Melon Sheller Science and Technology, 2(2):
21-26.
19) Omafuvbe B. O., Falade O. S., Osuntogun B.
A. and Adewusi S. R.A. (2004) Chemical and
Biochemical Changes in African Locust Bean
(Parkiabiglobosa) and Melon (Citrullus
vulgaris) Seeds During Fermentation to
Condiments Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3
(3): 140-145.
20) Onofri Andrea (2011) DSAASTA excel macro
to perform basic statistics analysis on routine
agricultural
experiments.
technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc755491
downloaded on 2502 - 2013.
21) Shittu, G.A., Umari, D. and Bawa, M. (2002).
Mycoflora associated with two varieties of
groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). Nigerian
Journal of Botany, 15: 68-73.
22) Solomon G., Luqman C. A. and Adam N. M.
(2010)
Investigating
Egusi
(CitrullusColocynthis L.) Seed Oil as Potential
Biodiesel Feedstock Energies, 3: 607 - 618.
23) Van der Vossen, H. A. M., Denton, O. A. and
El Tahir, I. M., (2004) Citrulluslantus (Thumb)
Matsum and Nakai vegetables. Plant
Resources of Tropical Africa Prota
Foundation/Backhuyl
Publishers/CTA
Wageningen Netherlands, pp 185 191.

2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved