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POLItecnico
di MIlano
Carlo L. Bottasso
Politecnico di Milano
November 2011
Outline
One-Dimensional annular stream tube theory with wake swirl
(A. Betz 1919, H. Glauert 1926, 1935)
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Hypotheses:
Stationary flow
a = axial
induction factor
Constant mass flow rate along stream tube (no interaction among annuli and
no mixing at stream tube boundary)
Incompressible and inviscid flow
Actuator disk (infinite number of blades)
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Axial thrust:
Bernoullis Th.:
Thrust:
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Betz limit
Power:
Turbulent
wake state
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a=angular
induction factor
Bernoullis Th.:
Rotor plane
Torque:
Power:
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where
Local speed
ratio
Tip speed
ratio (TSR)
Power coefficient:
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Solve to get
then set optimality condition
Optimal solution:
Betz limit
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Rotor plane
Speed resultant
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Inflow angle
Rotor plane
B = number
of blades
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Chord solidity
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Possible strategies:
A) Assume constant CL (and hence ), e.g. for maximum efficiency
E=CL/CD, and compute optimal chord from (1) and twist from (2)
B) Assume constant chord, and compute CL from (1), then its
corresponding , and finally twist from (2)
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power P and thrust T will be the same for strategies A and B when the
two rotors have the same solidity
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Constant chord
blade
Blade with optimal (max E)
chord distribution
Using the previous relationships, one can compute power and thrust
at a generic TSR and blade pitch:
1
0.5
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.6
CT
0.3
CP
0.5
0.4
0.2
Increasing pitch
Increasing pitch
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
2
6
TSR
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0
2
TSR
Weibull
distribution
0.5
Pr
0.4
0.3
CP
0.2
0.1
0
2
TSR
Vr
Vcut in
Region I
Region II - constant
TSR strategy
V
Vcut out
Recapitulation
Main points to be remembered:
1) Maximize CP to optimize performance in a variable speed wind
turbine
Further Reading
Comprehensive treatment of this material:
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Homework Assignment
- Write a computer program (MATLAB, Excel, ) according to these
notes
- Choose a design TSR
- Compute the optimal solution with span-wise varying chord (max E)
- Compute performance off the design TSR
- Can you find an approximation which is easier/less expensive to
manufacture (e.g. linear taper, linear twist)? Quantify the performance
loss wrt the optimal solution
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