Akhal-Teke

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Akhal-Teke (/kltk/ or /kltki/;

from Turkmen Ahalteke, [ahalteke]) is a
horse breed from Turkmenistan, where

Akhal-Teke

they are a national emblem.[1] They have a

reputation for speed and endurance,
intelligence, and a distinctive metallic
sheen. The shiny coat of palominos and
buckskins led to their nickname "Golden
Horses".[2] These horses are adapted to
severe climatic conditions and are thought
to be one of the oldest existing horse
breeds.[3] There are currently about 6,600
Akhal-Tekes in the world, mostly in
Turkmenistan and Russia, although they
are also found throughout Europe and
North America.[4]
There are several theories regarding the
original ancestry of the Akhal-Teke, some
dating back thousands of years. The tribes
of Turkmenistan selectively bred the
horses, recording their pedigrees orally and
using them for raiding. The breed was used
in the losing fight against the Russian
Empire, and was subsumed into the Empire
along with its country. The Akhal-Teke has
influenced many other breeds, including
several Russian breeds. There has been
extensive crossbreeding with the
Thoroughbred to create a fast, long-

Akhal-Teke
Distinguishing Riding horse bred for endurance; noted for 'metallic' coat
features
of some individuals
Country of
origin

Turkmenistan
Breed standards

Akhal-Teke
Breed standards (http://www.akhal-teke.org/breedAssociation of standard.html)
America
International Breed standards
Association of (http://www.maakcenter.org/ENG/BREED/grading.html)
Akhal-Teke
Breeding
(MAAK)
Equus ferus caballus

distance racehorse and as a result all Akhal-Tekes have a Thoroughbred ancestor.[5] The studbook was closed in
1932.[6] The Russians printed the first stud book for the breed in 1941, including over 700 horses.

Contents
1 Breed characteristics
2 History

3 Turkmenistan
4 Uses
5 Breeders
6 Genetic diseases
7 Others
8 Monuments
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Breed characteristics
The Akhal-Teke typically stands between 14.2 and 16 hands (58 and
64 inches, 147 and 163 cm). These horses are well known for those
individuals who have a golden buckskin or palomino color, a result of
the cream gene, a dilution gene that also produces the perlino and
cremello colors. A number of other colors are recognized, including bay,
black, chestnut, and grey. Aficionados of the breed claim that the color
pattern served as camouflage in the desert.[7] Many Akhal-Tekes have a
natural metallic sheen to their coat, particularly noticeable in those with
An Akhal-Teke stallion

cream gene colors.[8] Akhal-Tekes are not thought to carry the dun gene
or roan gene.

The Akhal-Teke has a refined

head with predominantly a straight or slightly convex profile, and long
ears. It can also have almond-shaped or "hooded" eyes.[9] The mane and
tail are usually sparse. The long back is lightly muscled, and is coupled
to a flat croup and long, upright neck. The Akhal-Teke possess sloping
shoulders and thin skin. The breed is tough and resilient, having adapted
to the harshness of Turkmenistan lands, where horses must live without
much food or water. This has also made the horses good for sport. The
breed is known for its endurance,[10] as shown in 1935 when a group of
Turkmen riders rode the 2500 miles from Ashgabat to Moscow in 84
days, including a three-day crossing of 235 miles of desert without
water.[11] The Akhal-Teke is also known for its form and grace as a
show jumper.

Perlino Akhal-Teke. Many members

of this breed carry a gene for the
cream dilution.

The quality of the Akhal-Teke horses are determined by the studbook manager. For over forty years now this
has been the same individual, which has led to continuous criticism and dissatisfaction from breeders all over
the world. Depending on type, conformation, pedigree, quality of offspring and achievement in sport, the horses
are designated as either Elite or Class I or Class II.[12] There are usually 2 annual grading events in Moscow,
Russia called the "International Sport Meeting and World Championship Heavenly Argamak" and "Golden
Akhal-Teke Cup Shael" where breeders present their best horses to a group of judges. At the World
Championship a group of judges evaluate the horses in age and gender categories as well as in various sport
disciplines and a halter class.

History
The ancestors of the breed may date back to animals living 3,000 years
ago, known by a number of names, but most often as the Nisean
horse.[13] The precise ancestry is difficult to trace, however, because
prior to about 1600 AD, horse breeds in the modern sense did not exist;
rather, horses were identified by local strain or type.[14]

1848 French image of a "Turkmene"

horse

According to one theory of origin, the Akhal-Teke were kept hidden by

tribesmen in the area where the breed first appeared, the Turkmenistan
desert Kara Kum, which is a rocky, flat desert surrounded by mountains.
Others claim that the horses are descendants of the mounts of Mongol
raiders of the thirteenth and fourteenth century.

The breed is very similar to, and possibly the direct descendant of the Turkoman horse, a breed believed to be
extinct, though a related strain may be bred today in Iran. Other breeds or strains with Turkoman roots also
include the Yomud, Goklan and the Nokhorli.[15] Some historians believe that the two are different strains of the
same breed. It is a disputed "chicken or egg" question whether the influential Arabian was either the ancestor of
the breed or was developed out of this breed. But a substantial number of Arabian mares have reportedly been
used to improve the breed in the 14th and 19th century.[16] It is also possible that the so-called "hot blooded"
breeds, the Arabian, Turkoman, Akhal-Teke, and the Barb all developed from a single "oriental horse"
predecessor.[17]
Tribal people in what today is Turkmenistan first used the Akhal-Teke for raiding. The horses were their most
treasured possession since they were crucial for income and survival. They selectively bred their horses,
keeping records of the pedigrees via an oral tradition. Horses were managed and trained in very specific ways.
Stallions were tethered next to the tent while mares and foals were free to seek forage. The stallions were
covered from head to tail with up to seven layers of felt, which kept their coat short and shiny. Before raids they
were put on a sparse diet to prepare them for the long ride through the desert with no water and hardly any
feed.[18] The horses were called Argamaks (divine or Sacred Horses) by the Russians,[19] and were cherished by
those who valued their speed and stamina in the desert and loyalty to their owner. Han emperors from China
sacrificed armies to obtain just a few of the precious "Argamaks".[20]
In 1881, Turkmenistan became part of the Russian Empire. The tribes fought with the tsar, eventually losing. In
the process, however, the Russian general Kuropatkin developed a fondness for horses he had seen while
fighting the tribesmen, founded a breeding farm after the war and renamed the horses, "Akhal-Tekes", after the

Teke Turkmen tribe that lived around the Akhal oasis (near Geok Tepe). The
Russians closed the studbook in 1932 which included 287 stallions and 468
mares. Stallions are not gelded in Central Asia. The studbook was printed in
1941.
The Akhal-Teke has had influence on many breeds, possibly including the
Thoroughbred; the Byerly Turk, which may have been Akhal-Teke, an Arabian,
or a Turkoman Horse), was one of the three major foundation stallions of the
breed. Three other stallions thought to be of Turkoman origin, known as the
"Lister Turk", the "White Turk", and the "Yellow Turk" were among a number
of minor stallions from the orient who contributed to the foundation bloodstock
of the Thoroughbred breed.[21] The Trakehner has also been influenced by the
Akhal-Teke, most notably by the stallion, Turkmen-Atti, as have the Russian
breeds Don, Budyonny, Karabair, and Karabakh.

Akhal-Teke stallion Mele

Koush, foaled 1909

The breed suffered greatly when the Soviet Union required horses to be
slaughtered for meat, even though local Turkmen refused to eat them.[22] At one point only 1,250 horses
remained and export from the Soviet Union was banned. The government of Turkmenistan now uses the horses
as diplomatic presents as well as auctioning a few to raise money for improved horse breeding programs.[23]
In the early twentieth century, crossbreeding between the Thoroughbred and the Akhal-Teke took place, aiming
to create a faster long-distance racehorse.[24] The Anglo Akhal-Tekes were not so resilient however, as their
Akhal-Teke ancestors, and many died due to the harsh conditions of Central Asia. After the 2,600 mile
endurance race from Ashkabad to Moscow in 1935, when the purebreds finished in much better condition than
the part-breds, the studbook management decided to consider all crossbred horses born after 1936, as not
purebred. Horses with English Thoroughbred ancestors born prior to that date were allowed to remain inside the
studbook (e.g. 044 Tillyakush, grandson of Thoroughbred Burlak, 831 Makh, granddaughter of Thoroughbred
Blondelli and great-great-granddaughter of Thoroughbred Junak, and line founder 9 Ak Belek, a direct
descendent in the male line of the Thoroughbred stallion Fortingbrass). Due to this fact there doesn't exist any
Akhal-Teke today whose ancestry doesn't contain a Thoroughbred.[25] Since 1973, all foals must be blood typed
to be accepted in the stud book in order to protect the integrity of the breed. From 2014 on, a DNA test based on
hair follicles is sufficient if the DNA of the parents is on file.[26] A stallion not producing the right type of horse
may be removed. Nowadays, artificial insemination is allowed as well as embryo transfer. The surrogate
mother, however, needs to be a pureblood Akhal-Teke mare for the foal to be registered in the General
Studbook as a pureblood Akhal-Teke.

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan has a separate agency, Turkmen Atlary, responsible for the breeding, training and maintenance of
Akhal-Teke horses.[27] However, the agency's work has been the focus of criticism from the President of the
country, who holds the agency responsible for decreasing numbers of horses and inadequate facilities for their
breeding, training and management.[28] At present Akhal-Teke horses in Turkmenistan are not registered with
any other studbook. The main reason for this are allegations of a heavy infusion of Thoroughbred blood into the
breed to create faster horses for racing in Turkmenistan.[29] There are estimates that as many as 30% of the

horses in the Ashgabat hippodrome were not purebred.[30] This may have also been a main reason for the
fabricated charges against the first horse minister of Turkmenistan, Geldy Kyarizov, who tried to avoid and
remedy the secretive outcrossing and found himself in severe opposition to fellow breeders.[29]
Turkmen Atlary, in its capacity as the administrative arm of the International Akhal-Teke Horse Association,
hosts a meeting of the association once or twice a year upon invitation in Ashgabat. Most of the bigger breeding
farms and national Akhal Teke associations as well as Akhal Teke owners and representatives of the horse
industry from around the world attend.[31][32] There is a horse racing
organization called "Galkinysh" .[33] In Ashgabat, the Ahalteke
equestrian complex,[34] one of the largest in Central Asia, is a horsebreeding center. The former Akhal-Teke horse Holiday, celebrated on
the last Sunday in April, has been renamed 'Turkmen Horse Day'[35][36]

Uses
The Akhal-Teke, due to its natural athleticism, can be a sport horse,
good at dressage, show jumping, eventing, racing, and endurance riding.
A noted example was the Akhal-Teke stallion, Absent, who won the
Grand Prix de Dressage at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, while
being ridden by Sergei Filatov. He went again with Filatov to win the
bronze individual medal in Tokyo in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and
won the Soviet team gold medal under Ivan Kalita at the 1968 Summer

From a race at the national horseracing stadium in Ashgabat,

Turkmenistan. Normally all horses
competing here are Akhal-Teke
horses.

Olympics in Mexico City.[37] However, by today's studbook standards

he wouldn't be admitted as Akhal-Teke, owing to the Thoroughbred
ancestry of his dam Bakkara.[38]

Breeders
Akhal-Teke horses are bred all over the world. In addition to their
motherland there are breeders in Russia and Central Asia, in Germany
and other European countries and USA, Uruguay and

Akhal-Teke under saddle

Australia.[40]

Genetic diseases
There are several genetic diseases of concern to Akhal-Teke breeders.
The genetic diversity of the breed is relatively low with an AVK
(Ancestor Loss Coefficient [41]) of 30-50%, which raises concerns for
dealing with an increase in carriers of these conditions, and even some
risk of inbreeding depression.[42] To date, there are no DNA tests for
these conditions.

Free jumping Akhal-Teke

Naked Foal Syndrome or Hairless Foal Syndrome is most likely

an autosomal, lethal recessive gene, though the exact inheritance pattern has not yet been verified. It

appears to be similar in clinical signs, though not identical to, junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB)
found in the Belgian horse and another condition of a similar
nature identified in the American Saddlebred.[43] The defect
causes foals to be born without any hair coat, mane or tail. In
some cases, the front teeth are in at birth or molars grow
abnormally from normal jaws. Other symptoms include persistent
diarrhea, frequent digestive disorders, and laminitis-like,
treatment-resistant rotation of the coffin bones in the hooves. Due
the lack of normal skin protection, secondary symptoms include
scaly, dry, and inflamed skin, as well as severe cases of sunburn in
summer, and frequent pulmonary infections during winter. NFS is
always fatal, most foals die within weeks of birth, although some
horses have survived up to the age of two years. Early demise is
usually caused by digestive problems, whereas older horses need
to be humanely euthanized because of severe laminitis-induced
The horse Yanardag[39] of the first
pain. Cases were recorded within the Akhal-Teke breed as early as
president of Turkmenistan Saparmurat
1938. Some 35 carriers have been ascertained, including 943
Niyazov on the arms of Turkmenistan
Arslan, 736 Keymir, 2001 Mariula, or 1054 Gilkuyruk, but the
estimated number of unknown cases is likely higher, as several
Russian and Turkmenian breeders have acknowledged that NFS foals are often just reported as stillborn
or aborted.[44][45][46]
Hereditary cryptorchidism exists within the Akhal-Teke breed and affected stallions can be traced through
multiple generations. The influential foundation sire, 2a Boinou was a cryptorchid according to experts of
the breed. Other verified cryptorchids include 779 Peren, 1248 Orlan, 971 Khalif, Sayvan, Saburbek, and
Garayusup.[47] 1069 Kortik produced a cryptorchid. Unlike many European and North American breed
organisations, neither Russia nor Turkmenistan bar cryptorchids from breeding. Cryptorchidism is said to
be related to health and behavior problems. Affected horses are more expensive to castrate.[48] There are
no studbook regulations related to the use of cryptorchid stallions. Breeders balance the risk of
cryptorchidism against propagating other desirable qualities. Some national Akhal Teke associations,
however, ban Cryptorchidism from breeding.
The Akhal-Teke is one of many light riding horse breeds that may be prone to cervical vertebral
malformation (CVM), commonly called Wobbler syndrome,[49] and to Degenerative suspensory ligament
desmitis (DSLD).[50] These conditions are seen in a number of other breeds, including the Thoroughbred.
There is likely a genetic component to Wobbler's, but the mechanism has not been clearly identified.
There also is a possible connection to Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD).[49]

Others
Akhal-Teke is presented in the official coat of arms and banknotes of Turkmenistan, as well as on stamps of
both the Turkmenistan and other countries.
Akhal-Teke horse in postage stamps and bank notes

Azerbaijan (1993)

Azerbaijan (1997)

Kazakhstan (2002)

USSR (1968)

Turkmenistan (1992)

Turkmenistan
(2001):Miniature sheet

Turkmenistan
2001):Miniature sheet

Turkmen manat

Monuments
In different cities of Turkmenistan are monuments to the Akhal-Teke.[51] The largest number of sculptures
located in Ashgabat.

Monument in Ashgabat

See also

Monument in International
Equestrian Sports Complex

Turkmenistan
Turkoman horse

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VNIIK, Ryasan
"Hairless Foal Photos". Ultimatehorsesite.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
"Citation: Stallion Garaiusup, black, "Young World Champion 2002" , was granted a Special Prize for the most
expressed breed type, but the jury had to move him to the 8th place because of unilateral cryptorchidism and spavin.".
Maakcenter.org. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
Smith Thomas, Heather (July 1, 2004). "Stallion or Gelding?". The Horse. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014.
" "Wobbler Syndrome" Akhal-Teke: A Differentiated View". Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved
January 3, 2009.
"Akhalteke.info". Akhalteke.info. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
(http://tdh.gov.tm/?id=6765)

External links
The European Akhal-Teke Horse Association
Wikimedia Commons has
(http://www.akhaltekehorse.org/)
media related to Akhal-Teke.
(MAAK) International Association of Akhal-Teke Breeders
(http://www.maakcenter.org/)
Turkmenistan Akhal Teke government website (http://www.ahalteke.gov.tm/)
Akhal-Teke Association of America (http://www.akhal-teke.org/)
Akhal-Teke World association (http://www.akhaltekeforsale.com/akhal-teke_links_association.html)
Akhal-Teke Switzerland (http://achal-tekkiner.ch/)
Czech Akhal Teke Association (http://www.achalteke.cz/)
The French Akhal-Teke Horse Association (http://www.akhal-teke.fr/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhal-Teke&oldid=686116691"
Categories: Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy Horse breeds
Horse breeds originating in Turkmenistan National symbols of Turkmenistan

This page was last modified on 17 October 2015, at 03:16.

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