11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

HomeAbout.Projects.Contact.WelcomeBridgeDesign.DesignNotes.Calculations.Spreadsheets
TutorialsWorkshopResources

BridgeDesign&Assessment

Go

Menu
HomeAbout.Projects.Contact.WelcomeBridgeDesign.DesignNotes.Calculations.
SpreadsheetsTutorialsWorkshopResources
closemenu
Youarehere:HomeBridgeDesignTutorialsAbutmentDesignDesignExample
Scrolltotop

AbutmentDesignExampletoBD30

Designthefixedandfreeendcantileverabutmentstothe20mspandeckshowntocarryHAand45
unitsofHBloading.Analysetheabutmentsusingaunitstripmethod.Thebridgesiteislocatedsouth
eastofOxford(toestablishtherangeofshadeairtemperatures).
Vehiclecollisionontheabutmentsneednotbeconsideredastheyareassumedtohavesufficientmass
towithstandthecollisionloadsforglobalpurposes(SeeBD60/04Clause2.2).

Thegroundinvestigationreportshowssuitablefoundingstrataabout9.5mbelowtheproposedroad
level.Testresultsshowthefoundingstratatobeacohesionlesssoilhavinganangleofshearing
resistance()=30oandasafebearingcapacityof400kN/m2.
BackfillmaterialwillbeClass6Nwithaneffectiveangleofinternalfriction(')=35oanddensity()
=19kN/m3.
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

1/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Theproposeddeckconsistsof11No.Y4prestressedconcretebeamsandconcretedeckslabasshown.
LoadingFromtheDeck
Agrillageanalysisgavethefollowingreactionsforthevariousloadcases:
CriticalReactionUnderOneBeam

NominalReaction
(kN)
UltimateReaction
(kN)
ConcreteDeck
180
230
Surfacing
30
60
HAudl+kel
160
265
45unitsHB
350
500

TotalReactiononEachAbutment

NominalReaction
(kN)
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

2/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

UltimateReaction
(kN)
ConcreteDeck
1900
2400
Surfacing
320
600
HAudl+kel
1140
1880
45unitsHB
1940
2770

Nominalloadingon1mlengthofabutment:
DeckDeadLoad=(1900+320)/11.6=191kN/m
HAliveLoadonDeck=1140/11.6=98kN/m
HBliveLoadonDeck=1940/11.6=167kN/m

FromBS5400Part2Figures7and8theminimumandmaximumshadeairtemperaturesare19and
+37oCrespectively.
ForaGroup4typestrucutre(seefig.9)thecorrespondingminimumandmaximumeffectivebridge
temperaturesare11and+36oCfromtables10and11.
Hencethetemperaturerange=11+36=47oC.
FromClause5.4.6therangeofmovementatthefreeendofthe20mspandeck=471210620
103=11.3mm.
Theultimatethermalmovementinthedeckwillbe[(11.3/2)f3fL]=[11.31.11.3/2]=
8mm.
Option1ElastomericBearing:
Withamaximumultimatereaction=230+60+500=790kNthenasuitableelastomericbearing
wouldbeEkspan'sElastomericPad:BearingEKR35:
MaximumLoad=1053kN
ShearDeflection=13.3mm
ShearStiffness=12.14kN/mm
BearingThickness=19mm
Note:therequiredsheardeflection(8mm)shouldbelimitedtobetween30%to50%ofthethickness
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

3/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

ofthebearing.Thefigurequotedinthecatalogueforthemaximumsheardeflectionis70%ofthe
thickness.
Atoleranceisalsorequiredforsettingthebearingiftheambienttemperatureisnotatthemidrange
temperature.Thedesignshadeairtemperaturerangewillbe19to+37oCwhichwouldrequirethe
bearingstobeinstalledatashadeairtemperatureof[(37+19)/219]=9oCtoachievethe8mm
movement.
Ifthebearingsaresetatamaximumshadeairtemperatureof16oCthen,byproportionthedeckwill
expand8(3716)/[(37+19)/2]=6mmandcontract8(16+19)/[(37+19)/2]=10mm.
Letusassumethatthismaximumshadeairtemperatureof16oCforfixingthebearingsisspecifiedin
theContractanddesigntheabutmentsaccordingly.
Horizontalloadatbearingfor10mmcontraction=12.1410=121kN.
Thisisanultimateloadhencethenominalhorizontalload=121/1.1/1.3=85kNateachbearing.
Totalhorizontalloadoneachabutment=1185=935kN935/11.6=81kN/m.
AlternativelyusingBS5400Part9.1Clause5.14.2.6:
H=AGr/tq
UsingtheEkspanbearingEKR35
MaximumLoad=1053kN
Area=610420=256200mm2
Nominlhardness=60IRHD
BearingThickness=19mm
ShearmodulusGfromTable8=0.9N/mm2
H=2562000.910310/19=121kN
Thiscorrellateswiththevalueobtainedaboveusingtheshearstiffnessfromthemanufacturer'sdata
sheet.
Option2SlidingBearing:
Withamaximumultimatereactionof790kNandlongitudinalmovementof8mmthenasuitable
bearingfromtheEkspanEASerieswouldbe/80/210/25/25:
MaximumLoad=800kN
BasePlateAdimension=210mm
BasePlateBdimension=365mm
MovementX=12.5mm
BS5400Part2Clause5.4.7.3:
Averagenominaldeadloadreaction=(1900+320)/11=2220/11=200kN
Contactpressureunderbaseplate=200000/(210365)=3N/mm2
AsthematingsurfacebetweenthestainlesssteelandPTFEissmallerthanthebaseplatethenthe
pressurebetweentheslidingfaceswillbeintheorderof5N/mm2.
FromTable3ofBS5400Part9.1theCoefficientoffriction=0.08forabearingstressof5N/mm2
Hencetotalhorizontalloadoneachabutmentwhenthedeckexpandsorcontracts=22200.08=
180kN180/11.6=16kN/m.

TractionandBrakingLoadBS5400Part2Clause6.10:
NominalLoadforHA=8kN/m20m+250kN=410kN
NominalLoadforHB=25%of45units10kN4axles=450kN
450>410kNhenceHBbrakingiscritical.
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

4/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Brakingloadon1mwidthofabutment=450/11.6=39kN/m.
Whenthisloadisappliedonthedeckitwillactonthefixedabutmentonly.

SkiddingLoadBS5400Part2Clause6.11:
NominalLoad=300kN
300<450kNhencebrakingloadiscriticalinthelongitudinaldirection.
Whenthisloadisappliedonthedeckitwillactatbearingshelflevel,andwillnotaffectthefree
abutmentifslidingbearingsareused.
LoadingatRearofAbutment

Backfill
ForStabilitycalculationsuseactiveearthpressures=Kah
KaforClass6Nmaterial=(1Sin35)/(1+Sin35)=0.27
DensityofClass6Nmaterial=19kN/m3
ActivePressureatdepthh=0.2719h=5.13hkN/m2
HenceFb=5.13h2/2=2.57h2kN/m

SurchargeBS5400Part2Clause5.8.2:
ForHAloadingsurcharge=10kN/m2
ForHBloadingsurcharge=20kN/m2
Assumeasurchageloadingforthecompactionplanttobeequivalentto30unitsofHB
HenceCompactionPlantsurcharge=12kN/m2.
ForsurchargeofwkN/m2:
Fs=Kawh=0.27whkN/m
1)StabilityCheck

InitialSizingforBaseDimensions
Thereareanumberofpublicationsthatwillgiveguidanceonbasesizesforfreestandingcantilever
walls,Reynolds'sReinforcedConcreteDesigner'sHandbookbeingonesuchbook.
Alternativelyasimplespreadsheetwillachievearesultbytrialanderror.

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

5/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

LoadCombinations

Backfill+Constructionsurcharge

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+Deckcontraction

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Brakingbehindabutment+Deckdeadload

Backfill+HBsurcharge+Deckdeadload

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

6/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+HBondeck

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+HAondeck+Brakingondeck
(Notappliedtofreeabutmentifslidingbearingsareprovided)

CASE1FixedAbutment

Densityofreinforcedconcrete=25kN/m3.
Weightofwallstem=1.06.525=163kN/m
Weightofbase=6.41.025=160kN/m
Weightofbackfill=4.36.519=531kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.312=52kN/m
BackfillForceFb=0.27197.52/2=144kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.27127.5=24kN/m

RestoringEffects:

Weight
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Stem
163
1.6
261
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

7/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Base
160
3.2
512
Backfill
531
4.25
2257
Surcharge
52
4.25
221
=
906
=
3251

OverturningEffects:

F
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Backfill
144
2.5
361
Surcharge
24
3.75
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

8/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

91
=
168
=
452

FactorofSafetyAgainstOverturning=3251/452=7.2>2.0OK.
Forslidingeffects:
ActiveForce=Fb+Fs=168kN/m
Frictionalforceonundersideofbaseresistingmovement=Wtan()=906tan(30o)=523kN/m
FactorofSafetyAgainstSliding=523/168=3.1>2.0OK.

BearingPressure:
Checkbearingpressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pe/Z)wherePeisthemoment
aboutthecentreofthebase.
P=906kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.42/6=6.827m3/m
Nettmoment=3251452=2799kNm/m
Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2799/906)=0.111m
Pressureunderbase=(906/6.4)(9060.111/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=142+15=157kN/m2<400kN/m2OK.
Pressureunderheel=14215=127kN/m2

HencetheabutmentwillbestableforCase1.

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5
usingasimplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtained:
FixedAbutment:

FofS
Overturning
FofS
Sliding
Bearing
PressureatToe
Bearing
PressureatHeel
Case1
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

9/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

7.16
3.09
156
127
Case2
2.87
2.13
386
5
Case2a
4.31
2.64
315
76
Case3
3.43
2.43
351
39
Case4
4.48
2.63
322
83
Case5
5.22
3.17
362
81
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

10/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Case6
3.80
2.62
378
43

FofS
Overturning
FofS
Sliding
Case1
7.16
3.09
Case2
2.87
2.13
Case2a
4.31
2.64
Case3
3.43
2.43
Case4
4.48
2.63
Case5
5.22
3.17
Case6
3.80
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

11/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

2.62

Bearing
PressureatToe
Bearing
PressureatHeel
Case1
156
127
Case2
386
5
Case2a
315
76
Case3
351
39
Case4
322
83
Case5
362
81
Case6
378
43

FreeAbutment:

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

12/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

FofS
Overturning
FofS
Sliding
Bearing
PressureatToe
Bearing
PressureatHeel
Case1
7.15
3.09
168
120
Case2
2.91
2.14
388
7
Case2a
4.33
2.64
318
78
Case3
3.46
2.44
354
42
Case4
4.50
2.64
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

13/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

325
84
Case5
5.22
3.16
365
82

FofS
Overturning
FofS
Sliding
Case1
7.15
3.09
Case2
2.91
2.14
Case2a
4.33
2.64
Case3
3.46
2.44
Case4
4.50
2.64
Case5
5.22
3.16
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

14/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Bearing
PressureatToe
Bearing
PressureatHeel
Case1
168
120
Case2
388
7
Case2a
318
78
Case3
354
42
Case4
325
84
Case5
365
82
Itcanbeseenthattheuseofelastomericbearings(Case2)willgovernthecriticaldesignloadcases
ontheabutments.Weshallassumethattherearenospecificrequirementsforusingelastomeric
bearingsanddesigntheabutmentsforthelesserloadeffectsbyusingslidingbearings.
2)WallandBaseDesign

Loadsonthebackofthewallarecalculatedusing'atrest'earthpressures.ServiceabilityandUltimate
loadeffectsneedtobecalculatedfortheloadcases1to6shownabove.Again,thesearebestcarried
outusingasimplespreadsheet.
UsingtheFixedAbutmentLoadCase1againasanexampleofthecalculations:
WallDesign
Ko=1Sin(')=1Sin(35o)=0.426
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

15/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

fLforhorizontalloadsduetosurchargeandbackfillfromBS5400Part2Clause5.8.1.2:
Serviceability=1.0
Ultimate=1.5
f3=1.0forserviceabilityand1.1forultimate(fromBS5400Part4Clauses4.2.2and4.2.3)
BackfillForceFbontherearofthewall=0.426196.52/2=171kN/m
SurchargeForceFsontherearofthewall=0.426126.5=33kN/m
AtthebaseoftheWall:
Serviceabilitymoment=(1716.5/3)+(336.5/2)=371+107=478kNm/m
Ultimatemoment=1.11.5478=789kNm/m
Ultimateshear=1.11.5(171+33)=337kN/m

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5
usingasimplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtainedforthedesignmomentsandshearat
thebaseofthewall:
FixedAbutment:

Moment
SLSDead
Moment
SLSLive
Moment
ULS
Shear
ULS
Case1
371
108
790
337
Case2a
829
258
1771
566
Case3
829
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

16/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

486
2097
596
Case4
829
308
1877
602
Case5
829
154
1622
543
Case6
829
408
1985
599
FreeAbutment:

Moment
SLSDead
Moment
SLSLive
Moment
ULS
Shear
ULS
Case1
394
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

17/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

112
835
350
Case2a
868
265
1846
581
Case3
868
495
2175
612
Case4
868
318
1956
619
Case5
868
159
1694
559

ConcretetoBS8500:2006
UsestrengthclassC32/40withwatercementratio0.5andminimumcementcontentof340kg/m3for
exposureconditionXD2.
Nominalcovertoreinforcement=60mm(45mmminimumcoverplusatolerancecof15mm).
ReinforcementtoBS4449:2005GradeB500B:fy=500N/mm2

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

18/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

DesignforcriticalmomentsandshearinFreeAbutment:

ReinforcedconcretewallsaredesignedtoBS5400Part4Clause5.6.
Checkclassificationtoclause5.6.1.1:
Ultimateaxialloadinwallfromdeckreactions=2400+600+2770=5770kN
0.1fcuAc=0.14010311.61=46400kN>5770designasaslabinaccordancewithclause
5.4

Bending
BS5400Part4Clause5.4.2forreisitancemomentsinslabsdesigntoclause5.3.2.3:
z={1[1.1fyAs)/(fcubd)]}d
UseB40@150c/c:
As=8378mm2/m,d=10006020=920mm
z={1[1.15008378)/(401000920)]}d=0.875d<0.95dOK
Mu=(0.87fy)Asz=0.8750083780.875920106=2934kNm/m>2175kNn/mOK

CarryingoutthecrackcontrolcalculationtoClause5.8.8.2givesacrackwidthof0.2mm<0.25mm.
Alsothesteelreinforcementandconcretestressesmeetthelimitationsrequiredinclause4.1.1.3
serviceabilityrequirementsaresatisfied.

Shear

ShearrequirementsaredesignedtoBS5400clause5.4.4:
v=V/(bd)=619103/(1000920)=0.673N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/920)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1008378}/{1000920})1/3(40)1/3=
0.72
svc=0.860.72=0.62N/mm2<0.673henceshearreinforcementshouldbeprovided,however
checkshearatdistanceH/8(8.63/8=1.079m)upthewall.
ULSshearatSection7H/8forloadcase4=487kN
v=V/(bd)=487103/(1000920)=0.53N/mm2<0.62
Henceheightrequiringstrengthening=1.073(0.6730.62)/(0.6730.53)=0.4m<d.
Providea500500splayatthebaseofthewallwithB32@150c/cbarsinslopingface.

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

19/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

EarlyThermalCracking

Consideringtheeffectsofcastingthewallstemontothebaseslabbycomplyingwiththeearly
thermalcrackingofconcretetoBD28thenB16horizontallacerbars@150c/cwillberequiredin
bothfacesinthebottomhalfofthewall.
MinimumareaofsecondaryreinforcementtoClause5.8.4.2=0.12%ofbad=0.00121000920=
1104mm2/m(useB16@150c/cAs=1340mm2/m)

BaseDesign

Maximumbendingandsheareffectsinthebaseslabwilloccuratsectionsnearthefrontandbackof
thewall.Differentloadfactorsareusedforserviceabilityandultimatelimitstatessothecalculations
needtobecarriedoutforeachlimitstateusing'atrestpressures'
UsingtheFixedAbutmentLoadCase1againasanexampleofthecalculations:

CASE1FixedAbutmentServiceabilityLimitState

fL=1.0f3=1.0
Weightofwallstem=1.06.5251.0=163kN/m
Weightofbase=6.41.0251.0=160kN/m
Weightofbackfill=4.36.5191.0=531kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.3121.0=52kN/m
B/fillForceFb=0.426197.521.0/2=228kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.426127.51.0=38kN/m

RestoringEffects:

Weight
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Stem
163
1.6
261
Base
160
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

20/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

3.2
512
Backfill
531
4.25
2257
Surcharge
52
4.25
221
=
906
=
3251

OverturningEffects:

F
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Backfill
288
2.5
570
Surcharge
38
3.75
143
=
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

21/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

266
=
713

BearingPressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pe/Z)
P=906kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.42/6=6.827m3/m
Nettmoment=3251713=2538kNm/m
Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2538/906)=0.399m
Pressureunderbase=(906/6.4)(9060.399/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=142+53=195kN/m2
Pressureunderheel=14253=89kN/m2
Pressureatfrontfaceofwall=89+{(19589)5.3/6.4}=177kN/m2
Pressureatrearfaceofwall=89+{(19589)4.3/6.4}=160kN/m2

SLSMomentataa=(1771.12/2)+([195177]1.12/3)(251.01.12/2)=99kNm/m
(tensioninbottomface).

SLSMomentatbb=(894.32/2)+([16089]4.32/6)(251.04.32/2)(5314.3/2)
(524.3/2)=443kNm/m(tensionintopface).

CASE1FixedAbutmentUltimateLimitState

fLforconcrete=1.15
fLforfillandsurcharge(vetical)=1.2
fLforfillandsurcharge(horizontal)=1.5
Weightofwallstem=1.06.5251.15=187kN/m
Weightofbase=6.41.0251.15=184kN/m
Weightofbackfill=4.36.5191.2=637kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.3121.2=62kN/m
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

22/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

BackfillForceFb=0.426197.521.5/2=341kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.426127.51.5=58kN/m

RestoringEffects:

Weight
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Stem
187
1.6
299
Base
184
3.2
589
Backfill
637
4.25
2707
Surcharge
62
4.25
264
=
1070
=
3859

OverturningEffects:

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

23/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

F
LeverArm
MomentAboutA
Backfill
341
2.5
853
Surcharge
58
3.75
218
=
399
=
1071

BearingPressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pxe/Z)
P=1070kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.42/6=6.827m3/m
Nettmoment=38591071=2788kNm/m
Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2788/1070)=0.594m
Pressureunderbase=(1070/6.4)(10700.594/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=167+93=260kN/m2
Pressureunderheel=16793=74kN/m2
Pressureatfrontfaceofwall=74+{(26074)5.3/6.4}=228kN/m2
Pressureatrearfaceofwall=74+{(26074)4.3/6.4}=199kN/m2

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

24/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

f3=1.1
ULSShearataa=1.1{[(260+228)1.1/2](1.151.125)}=260kN/m
ULSShearatbb=1.1{[(199+74)4.3/2](1.154.325)63762}=259kN/m

ULSMomentataa=1.1{(2281.12/2)+([260228]1.12/3)(1.15251.01.12/2)}
=148kNm/m(tensioninbottomface).

ULSMomentatbb=1.1{(744.32/2)+([19974]4.32/6)(1.15251.04.32/2)
(6374.3/2)(624.3/2)}=769kNm/m(tensionintopface).

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5
usingasimplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtained:
FixedAbutmentBase:
Sectionaa

ULSShear
SLSMoment
ULSMoment
Case1
261
99
147
Case2a
528
205
302
Case3
593
235
340
Case4
550
208
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

25/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

314
Case5
610
241
348
Case6
637
255
365

Sectionbb

ULS
Shear
SLS
Moment
ULS
Moment
Case1
259
447
768
Case2a
458
980
1596
Case3
553
1178
1834
Case4
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

26/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

495
1003
1700
Case5
327
853
1402
Case6
470
1098
1717

FreeAbutmentBase:
Sectionaa

ULS
Shear
SLS
Moment
ULS
Moment
Case1
267
101
151
Case2a
534
207
305
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

27/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Case3
598
236
342
Case4
557
211
317
Case5
616
243
351

Sectionbb

ULS
Shear
SLS
Moment
ULS
Moment
Case1
266
475
816
Case2a
466
1029
1678
Case3
559
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

28/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

1233
1922
Case4
504
1055
1786
Case5
335
901
1480

DesignforshearandbendingeffectsatsectionsaaandbbfortheFreeAbutment:

Bending

BS5400Part4Clause5.7.3designasaslabforreisitancemomentstoclause5.3.2.3:
z={1[1.1fyAs)/(fcubd)]}d
UseB32@150c/c:
As=5362mm2/m,d=10006016=924mm
z={1[1.15005362)/(401000924)]}d=0.92d<0.95dOK
Mu=(0.87fy)Asz=0.8750053620.92924106=1983kNm/m>1922kNm/mOK
(1983kNm/malso>1834kNm/mB32@150c/csuitableforfixedabutment.

FortheServiceabilitycheckforCase3anapproximationofthedeadloadmomentcanbeobtainedby
removingthesurchargeandbrakingloads.ThespreadsheetresultgivesthedeadloadSLSmoment
forCase3as723kNm,thustheliveloadmoment=1233723=510kNm.
CarryingoutthecrackcontrolcalculationtoClause5.8.8.2givesacrackwidthof0.27mm>0.25mm
Fail.
Thiscouldbecorrectedbyreducingthebarspacing,butincreasethebarsizetoB40@150c/casthis
isrequiredtoavoidtheuseoflinks(seebelow).
UsingB40@150c/cthecrackcontrolcalculationgivesacrackwidthof0.17mm<0.25mmOK.
Alsothesteelreinforcementandconcretestressesmeetthelimitationsrequiredinclause4.1.1.3
serviceabilityrequirementsaresatisfied.

Shear
ShearonToeUseFixedAbutmentLoadCase6:
ByinspectionB32@150c/cwillbeadequateforthebendingeffectsinthetoe(Muls=365kNm<
1983kNm)
ShearrequirementsaredesignedtoBS5400clause5.7.3.2(a)checkingshearatdawayfromthefront
faceofthewalltoclause5.4.4.1:
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

29/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

ULSShearontoe=1.1{(620+599)0.50.1761.1510.17625}=112kN
v=V/(bd)=112103/(1000924)=0.121N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
Reinforcementintension=B32@150c/c
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/924)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1005362}/{1000924})1/3(40)1/3=
0.62
svc=0.860.62=0.53N/mm2>0.121N/mm2OK

ShearonHeelUseFreeAbutmentLoadCase3:
Shearrequirementsaredesignedatthebackfaceofthewalltoclause5.4.4.1:

Lengthofheel=(6.51.11.0)=4.4m
ULSShearonheel=1.1{3480.5(5.1852.1)1.1514.4251.24.4(8.6319+
10)}=559kN
UsingB32@150c/cthen:
v=V/(bd)=559103/(1000924)=0.605N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/924)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1005362}/{1000924})1/3(40)1/3=
0.62
svc=0.860.62=0.53N/mm2<0.605N/mm2Fail
RatherthanprovideshearreinforcementtryincreasingbarstoB40@150c/c(alsorequiredforcrack
controlasshownabove).
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1008378}/{1000920})1/3(40)1/3=
0.716
svc=0.860.716=0.616N/mm2>0.605N/mm2OK

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

30/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

EarlyThermalCracking

Consideringtheeffectsofcastingthebaseslabontotheblindingconcretebycomplyingwiththeearly
thermalcrackingofconcretetoBD28thenB16distributionbars@250c/cwillberequired.
MinimumareaofmainreinforcementtoClause5.8.4.1=0.15%ofbad=0.00151000924=1386
mm2/m(useB20@200c/cAs=1570mm2/m).

LocalEffects

CurtainWall
Thiswallisdesignedtobecastontothetopoftheabutmentafterthedeckhasbeenbuilt.Loading
willbeappliedfromthebackfill,surchargeandbrakingloadsontopofthewall.
HBbrakingloadtoBS5400clause6.10=25%45units410kNon2axles=225kNperaxle.
Toallowforloaddistributioneffectsassumea45odispersaltothecurtainwallanda45odispersal
downthewall,withmaximumdispersalofthewidthoftheabutment(11.6m).

Thiscrudeanalysiswillslightlyunderestimatethepeakvaluesinthewallbelowtheload,but
allowancecanbemadewhendesigningthereinforcementtoensurethereissparecapacity.Then:
1staxleloadonbackofabutment=225/3.0=75kN/m
Dispersedtothebaseofthecurtainwall=225/9.0=25kN/m
2ndaxleloadonbackofabutment=225/6.6=34.1kN/m
Dispersedtothebaseofthecurtainwall=225/11.6=19.4kN/m
Forloadeffectsatthetopofthecurtainwall:
Maximumloadonbackofabutment=75+34.1=109.1kN/m
Forloadeffectsatthebaseofthecurtainwall:
Maximumloadonbackofabutment=25+19.4=44.4kN/m

BendingandShearatBaseof3mHighCurtainWall

HorizontalloadduetoHBsurcharge=0.426203.0=25.6kN/m
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

31/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Horizontalloadduetobackfill=0.426193.02/2=36.4kN/m
SLSMoment=(44.43.0)+(25.61.5)+(36.41.0)=208kNm/m(36dead+172live)
ULSMoment=1.1{(1.144.43.0)+(1.525.61.5)+(1.536.41.0)}=285kNm/m
ULSShear=1.1{(1.144.4)+(1.525.6)+(1.536.4)}=156kN/m
400thickcurtainwallwithB32@150c/c:
Mult=584kNm/m>285kNm/mOK
SLSMomentproducescrackwidthof0.14mm<0.25OK
svc=0.97N/mm2>v=0.48N/mm2ShearOK

BacktoAbutmentTutorial|BacktoTutorialIndex

LastUpdated:01/05/15
Formoreinformation:
ContactDavidChilds

Share

DavidChildsB.Sc,C.Eng,MICE
Home
CookieInfo
http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

32/33

11/14/2015

BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

PrivacyPolicy
TermsofUse
About
Projects
Contact
Welcome
BridgeDesign
DesignNotes
Calculations
Spreadsheets
Tutorials
Workshop
BS5400&DMRB
Eurocodes
Resources
Codes&Books
BridgePictures
Links
SiteMap

http://www.bridgedesign.org.uk/tutorial/abutex.html

33/33