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BEKG 2433
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
(SISTEM ELEKTRIK)
Lecture 1 : Introduction

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL
MALAYSIA MELAKA

28/12/2009

Reference
[1]
Glover, Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design, 4th ed.,
Thomson Learning, 2008.- main reference
[2]

Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, 2nd ed., Mc-Graw Hill, 2004.

[3]
William D. Stevenson, Jr., Elements of Power System Analysis, 4th
ed., Mc-Graw Hill, 1998.
[4]
1994.

Grainger and Stevenson Jr, Power System Analysis, Mc-Graw Hill,

[5]
2000

Arthur R. Bergen, Power System Analysis, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall,

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Class policy
Be punctual to lecture & tutorial
Pay attention to class,take notes when necessary
Silence out all handphones
Do your assigned readings! (especially by Glover)
Do your homeworks!
Regularly check the e-learning portal for updates of
lecture notes/assignments etc.
If dont understand, rise hand, ASK!! or, can discuss
later during tutorial or other times (open door policy)
If get bored/sleepy....get out, wash your face & come
back.

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Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this class, the student
should be able to:
Describe the basic concept of the electric
power system network (generation,
transmission and distribution) and various
power generation system and energy
sources.

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What we will learn?

Fundamentals of Power System

Generator
Power Transformer
Transmission line
- Parameters
- Models
Introduction to Power System Protection

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POWER SYSTEM

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Electricity arrive in Malaysia at around 1900

Power engineering- past, present &

future
In the past, electrical power is only viable at cities.
Nowadays, electric power is so important like air we
breathe, cant live without it! Therefore, it need to be
sustainable, or, well fall apart.
Presently, is one of the oldest, largest, fastest
growing & most complex system ever invented and
need constant improvement .
Future going towards more reliable, secure,
efficient, environmentally friendly, secure, (e.g. green
energy, new technology on smarter grid system, asset
management system etc).
All in all, power engineering must KEEP THE
LIGHTS ON
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August 14th, 2003 Blackout

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Power
Instantaneous rate of consumption of energy,
How hard you work!

Power Units:

Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)

kW

1 x 103 Watt
MW
1 x 106 Watt
GW
1 x 109 Watt
Installed Malaysian Generation is about 18,000MW.
Maximum load of Malaysia is about 13,000MW.

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Energy
Energy:
Integration of power over time,
energy is what people really want from a power system,
How much work you accomplish over time.

Energy Units:

Joule =
kWh
Btu

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1 watt-second (J)
kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh

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Power System Examples

Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as an

island, to one covering half the continent

there are four major interconnected ac power systems
in North America, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is
used in some other countries.
Airplanes
Ships and submarines.
Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard and, in the future,
42 volts.
Battery operated portable systems.
Etc etc

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Energy Economics
Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff

between fixed costs (primarily capital costs to build them)

and operating costs
Nuclear, wind, and solar high fixed costs, but low
operating costs,
Natural gas has low fixed costs but relatively high
operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
Coal in between.
Total average costs depend on fixed costs, operating
costs, and capacity factor (ratio of average power
production to capacity).
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Sources of Energy
Other sources of energy:

Nuclear
8.1%

Other
3.5%

Hydro
2.6%

Petroleum
39.8%

Natural Gas
22.9%

solar

wind

Coal
23.1%

Sources of
energy in
the US

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geothermal

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Sea current/wave

biomass
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Hydroelectric Power Plant

Fossil Fuel Power Plant

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Sources of Energy/ capacity mix - Malaysia

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Generation Plant in Malaysia

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Electrical Utility Industry

Structure
Within a particular geographic market, the electric
utility had an exclusive franchise
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Customer Service

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In return for this exclusive

franchise, the utility had the
obligation to serve all
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointly
by utility and
regulators/governments

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Electrical Power System in Malaysia

Malaysias electricity supply system comprises 3

major franchise areas:

Peninsular Malaysia (holds 90% of Malaysias

generation capacity)
Sarawak
Sabah

Power stations consists of from TNB (Tenaga

Nasional Berhad) & IPPs (Independent Power

Producers).
Grid system in Peninsular Malaysia is controlled
and operated by TNB
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Goals of Electric Power System

Supply load (users) with electricity at
specified voltage (240V ac common for residential),
specified frequency (50Hz in Malaysia)
at minimum cost consistent with operating constraints,
safety (people & environment) etc.

KEEP THE LIGHTS ON!!

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Grid System in Semenanjung Malaysia

Consists of:
Power Stations (Stesen Janakuasa)
Substations(PMU & SSU)
Customers
Interconnection with Thailand &
Singapore
Transmission System
500kV
275kV
132kV
66kV

Distribution system
33kV
11kV
415V
240V

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Typical Outdoor Substation

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General (continued)

Highlights of Peninsular Grid System:

Total number of customer: 6,253,239 (Aug 05)
Maximum demand: 15,826 MW (Jun12)
Maximum generation capacity: 21,749 MW (Jun
12)
Types of power generation (% by capacity): 29%
thermal, 61% CCGT & OCGT, 10% hydro (Aug 06)
Types of power generation (% by capacity): 33%
thermal, 58% CCGT & OCGT, 9% hydro (Jun 12)
Type of primary fuel: Natural gas, coal, hydro, oil*
and distillate*
System voltage: 500kV, 275kV, 132kV\

(* standby and back-up fuel stock)

CCGT =Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
OCGT =Open Cycle Gas Turbine
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Status Sistem 2006 (sepintas lalu)

(Sambungan)

Jumlah circuit-km talian

pengantaran

500kV
275kV
132kV

890 cct-km
6,730 cct-km
10,436 cct-km

Jumlah circuit-km kabel

(275kV & 132kV)

Jumlah

735 cct-km

Bilangan alatubah

500kV
275kV
132kV

7
129
864

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General (continued)

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Complications/Challenges
No ideal voltage sources exist.
Loads are seldom constant and

are typically not entirely resistive.

Transmission system has

Daily curve
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000

8273

7756

7239

6722

6205

5688

5171

4654

4137

3620

3103

2586

2069

1552

518

0
1035

MW Load

resistance, inductance,
capacitance and flow limitations
Power system is subject to
disturbances, such as faults,
lightning strikes.
Simple system has no
redundancy so power system will
not work if any component fails
Engineering tradeoffs between
reliability and cost.

Hour of Year

Yearly curve
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End of Lecture 1

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