11/12/2015

Aroutetodevelopingsuperconductingnanodevices

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Best1YearMBAPrograminIndia!.ByPondicherryUniversity,DDE
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Posted:Jun02,2015

Aroutetodevelopingsuperconductingnano
devices
(NanowerkNews)AresearchgroupatTohokuUniversityhassucceededin
fabricatinganatomicallythin,hightemperaturesuperconductorfilmwitha
superconductingtransitiontemperature(Tc)ofupto60K(213C).Theteam,
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ledbyProf.TakashiTakahashi(WPIAIMR)andAsst.Prof.KosukeNakayama
(Dept.ofPhysics),alsoestablishedthemethodtocontrol/tunetheTc.
Thisfindingnotonlyprovidesanidealplatformforinvestigatingthemechanism
ofsuperconductivityinthetwodimensionalsystem,butalsopavesthewayfor
thedevelopmentofnextgenerationnanoscalesuperconductingdevices.
TheresearchresultswerepublishedinNatureMaterialsonJune1,2015("High
temperatureSuperconductivityinPotassiumcoatedMultilayerFeSeThin
Films").

Fig.1:Blueandgreencirclesindicateiron(Fe)andselenium(Se)atoms,
respectively.Thesuperconductingtransitiontemperatureistunedbyintroducing
electronsbydepositingpotassiumatoms(orangecircles)onthesurface.Yellow
circlesrepresentapairofsuperconductingelectrons(Cooperpair).(Image:
TakashiTakahashi)
Background
Superconductorsareregardedasoneofthemostpromisingcandidatesfornext
generationadvancedelectronicdevices,becausetheuniquequantumeffectsin
superconductorsareagreatadvantageinachievingtheenergysavingand
AdsByStyleBuzz
Today'sSpecials.
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ultrahighspeedprocessing.
However,thedeviceapplicationofsuperconductorshaslongbeenhindered.
Thelargestobstacleisthenecessityofahugeandexpensivecoolingsystemwith
liquidhelium,becauseofthelowTcofconventionalsuperconductors,whichis
closetoabsolutezero(0K,273C)*1.Ithasalsobeenabigchallengetorealize
thehighdensityintegrationofsuperconductorsintoelectronicdevices.Inorder
toovercometheseproblems,itisdefinitelynecessarytodevelopanew
superconductorwithhigherTc,thatcanbefabricatedintoathinfilm.
TheresearchteamatTohokuUniversityturneditsattentiontoironselenide
(FeSe),whichisamemberofironbasedsuperconductors*2.WhiletheTcofbulk
FeSeisonly8K(265C),asignatureofhigherTcsuperconductivityhasbeen
suggestedinultrathinfilmanditsverificationhasbeenurgentlyrequired.
Presentresearch
Theresearchersatfirstfabricatedhighquality,atomicallythinFeSefilms[Fig.1],
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withthicknessofbetweenonemonolayer(whichcorrespondstothreeatoms
thickness)andtwentymonolayers(sixtyatomsthickness),byusingthe
molecularbeamepitaxy(MBE)method*3.Thentheycarefullyinvestigatedthe
electronicstructureofgrownfilmsbyangleresolvedphotoemission
spectroscopy(ARPES)*4[Fig.2].

Fig.2:Electronsareemittedfromthesurfacebyshinningultravioletlight.The
electronicstructureofcrystalisdeterminedbymeasuringtheenergyandthe
emissionangleofelectrons.(Image:TakashiTakahashi)
IntheARPESmeasurement,theresearchersobservedtheopeningofa
superconductinggapatlowtemperature*5,whichisdirectevidenceofthe
emergenceofsuperconductivityinthefilms.TheresearchersfoundthattheTc
estimatedfromthegapclosinginamonolayerfilmissurprisinglyhigh(above60
K),whichisabout8timeshigherthantheTcofbulkFeSe.
Whilemultilayerfilmsdonotshowsuperconductivityintheasgrownstate,the
researchershavediscoveredanovelmethodtodepositalkaliatomsontothe
filmsandtherebycontroltheelectrondensityinthefilm.Byemployingthis
method,theresearchershavesucceededinconvertingnonsuperconducting
multilayerFeSefilmsintohighTcsuperconductorswithTcashighas~50K.
Perspective
Thepresentresultgivesagreatimpacttoboththebasicandappliedresearches
insuperconductors.Theresearchershaveclearlyshownhowthe
superconductivityisemerged,enhancedandcontrolledinatomicallythinFeSe
films.WhiletheTcachievedinthisstudy(5060K)isstilllowerthanthatofthe
cupratehighTcsuperconductors(highestTc135K)whichcausedthehighTc
feverintheworld30yearsago,itobviouslyexceedstherecordofotherhigh
Tcsuperconductorssuchasfullerene(C60)superconductors(Tc33K)and
MgB2(Tc39K),closelyapproachingthetemperatureofliquidnitrogen(77K).
ThepresentreportwouldleadtointensiveresearchestofurtherincreaseTcby
changingthenumberofatomiclayers,theamountofdopedelectronsandthe
speciesofsubstrate.Thepresentresultwouldalsowidentherangeofboth
basicandappliedresearchesonsuperconductivity,becausetheTcof5060K
achievedinthepresentstudyishighenoughtokeepthesuperconductingstate
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byusingaclosedcyclegastypecoolingsystemwithoutliquidhelium.
Thepresentsuccessinfabricatinganatomicallythinhightemperature
superconductornotonlyprovidesanidealplatformtoinvestigatethenoveltwo
dimensionalsuperconductivity,butalsoopensaroutetodevelopinganultimate
superconductingnanodeviceconsistingofatomicsizeelectronicparts.The
ultrathinhighTcsuperconductorwouldeffectivelycontributetothesignificant
downsizingandconsequenthighdensityintegrationinelectriccircuits,leading
totherealizationoffuturegenerationelectronicdeviceswithhighenergy
savingandultrahighspeedoperation.
Notes
*1)K(Kelvin).Aunitoftemperaturebasedontheabsolutescale.Thefollowing
relationconvertsthisscaletothescaleofdegreeCelsius.C=K273.15
*2)Ironbasedsuperconductors.Agroupofsuperconductorsconsistingoftwo
dimensionalironlayer,whichwasfirstdiscoveredin2008byProf.HideoHosono
atTokyoInstituteofTechnology,Japan.
*3)Molecularbeamepitaxymethod.Amethodofgrowingathin,singlecrystal
filmonasubstrate.Constituentatomsareselectivelyevaporatedanddeposited
onasubstrateundervacuuminawellcontrolledmanner.Thismethodhasan
advantageingrowingahighqualitysinglecrystalfilm.
*4)Angleresolvedphotoemissionspectroscopy.Anexperimentaltechniqueto
directlydeterminetheenergyandmomentumofelectronsinsolids.Itisbased
ontheexternalphotoelectriceffectpredictedbyEinstein.Recentsignificant
improvementoftheenergyresolutionenablesthepreciseinvestigationof
superconductingelectrons.
*5)Superconductinggap.Anenergycosttocreateasuperconductingelectron
pair(Cooperpair).Themagnitudeisdirectlyobservedbyangleresolved
photoemissionspectroscopy.
Source:TohokuUniversity
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Aroutetodevelopingsuperconductingnanodevices

ChandraMouli
LakshmiKala
RamaChandra
Kasargod,Kerala
Vadakara,Kerala
Hyderabad,AP

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