Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
..
5- ,
2015
811.161.1'36(0.054.6)
81.2-2-96
89
89
..
Russian Grammar in Tables. : .
/ .. . 5- ., . . : : ,
2015. 92 . ( ).
ISBN 978-5-9765-0966-5 ()
ISBN 978-5-02-037281-8 ()
The textbook is constructed as a reference book focusing on the difficult items of
Russian grammar in an easy and understandable form. The tables of the book include
the meaning, formation and changing of different parts of speech.
This textbook is designed for foreign students learning Russian language from
any level. It can be used both by students and teachers for explaining, learning and
revision of grammar material, for systematization of knowledges, and for preparing
for exams as well.
,
.
, .
,
.
,
, .
811.161.1'36(0.054.6)
81.2-2-96
ISBN 978-5-9765-0966-5 ()
ISBN 978-5-02-037281-8 ()
.., 2010
, 2010
CONTENTS
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
17
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
23
23
24
25
25
26
27
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
Personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
37
38
Negative pronouns and adverbs with the particle - intensifying the negative constructions . .
Negative pronouns and adverbs with the particle - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
40
41
43
44
44
45
46
47
48
48
49
Verb forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
51
52
53
54
55
58
59
61
63
65
Verbs of motion:
1) Verbs of motion without prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) The use of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) Tense and mood forms of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) Verbs of motion with prefixes indicating spatial relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) Verbs of motion with non-spatial prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) Aspects of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7) Formation of the aspectual pairs of the verbs of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
68
70
72
74
75
77
78
The participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Formation of the participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
81
82
82
Passive constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
83
84
86
87
89
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
8
:
1) ( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) ( 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) ( 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) ( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) ( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
10
12
14
16
17
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) . . . . . .
4) .
5) - / - / - . . . .
6)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
23
23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
,
25
25
26
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? ? ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
:
1) . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
30
31
32
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
35
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) , , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
36
36
36
37
37
, . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
37
38
39
40
: , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) 2 - 7, / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
44
44
45
. . . . . . .
46
47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
48
49
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
55
58
59
61
63
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
:
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
68
70
72
74
75
77
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
81
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
82
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
(?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
1)
masculine: o - he
feminine: - she
hard
soft
hard
soft
hard
soft
consonant
neuter: - it
window
sea
brother
hero
sister
family
letter
sun
boy
museum
small girl
week
ring
field
person
tram
girl
village
matter, business
happiness
engineer
tea
woman
land, earth
word
misfortune
husband
hockey
wife
song
number, date
health
son
case, occasion
daughter
idea
place, seat
heart
friend
May
(girl)friend
article
face
Sunday
house
nightingale
flat
cherry
coat
dress
university
sparrow
school
tower
armchair
towel
concert
serpent; kite
exhibition
bedroom
mirror
college
theatre
stream
car
nanny, nurse
apple
monster
office
harvest
work, job
statue
milk
desire
shop
battle, fight
hotel
surname
wine
building
pencil
custom
pen
station
egg
attention
suitcase
sanatorium
bag
organization
summer
name, title
magazine
cafeteria
newspaper
profession
sky
decision, solution
table
commentary
book
army
tree
occupation; lesson
chair
script
cup
lecture
lake
meeting
beer
document
planetarium
paper
line
embassy
timetable
agreement
jockey
meeting
lecture hall
state
announcement
lane
system, structure
street
history
government
report, message
plant
layer
factory
accident
society
reading
2) masculine ( - ):
- father, - grandfather, - uncle; - men, - young men
short male names: (), (), (), ()
3) neuter (-):
- time, - name, - banner, - flame, - tribe, - seed
7
4) - / Nouns in -
masculine
- car
- ensemble
- nail
- hospital
- guest
- day
- rain
- animal
- calendar
- stone
- potatoes
- cough
- control
- ship
- the Kremlin
- bear
- cloister
- finger-nail
- zero
- fire
- midday
- brief-case
- way
- strap
- piano
- rouble
- steering wheel
- style
- dictionary
feminine
- performance
- coal
- level
- festival
- lamp, torch
- package
- illness
- pain
- eyebrow
- thing
- power
- chest
- sadness
- dirt
- distance
- door
- detail
- daughter
- life
- record, entry
- bed
- blood
- laziness
- horse
- love
- mother
- furniture
- small change;
months:
- January
- February
- April
- June
- July
- September
- October
- November
- December
suffix - / -
- teacher
- teacher
- writer
- reader
- inhabitant
- spectator
- switch
- secretary
- librarian
o - he
consonant
- she
- it
m/f
m
trifle
- snowstorm
- youth
- youthfulness
- carrot
- thought
- hatred
- oil, petroleum
- news
- night
- footwear
- autumn
- queue, line
- memory
- square
- short novel
- help
- bedding
- industry
- dust
- joy
- speech
- role
- connection
- table-cloth
- speed
- boldness
- death
- conscience
- salt
- profession
- exercise-book
- fabric
- purpose
- part
- wool
- brother
- museum
- sister
- family
- window
- sea
- dictionary
- door
- father, - uncle
- grandfather,
/
exception
CONSTRUCTION
? ?
EXAMPLES
- ?
- ,
.
? where?
verbs:
- to live
- to be
- to be situated
- to work
- to study
- to have a lesson
- to rest
- to stroll
- to stand, - to sit
- to lie, - to hang
2. The object of speech or / ,
thought
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
- ?
- .
- ?
-
.
? ?
about whom / what?
1) verb + noun
verbs:
- to speak, to say
- to tell
- to ask a question
- to think
- to write, - to read
- to inform
2) noun + noun
- to remember about
- to dream
3. Time /
/
.
.
.
.
.
- ?
- .
? - ?
when? - ?
- ?
- ?
4. Transport /
/ 2009-
/ .
- ?
I- /
- 1799 .
, ,
- () ?
- .
? / ?
by what? / how?
: , , ,
, , ,
,
verbs of motion
5. Clothes /
: ,
: (,
),
.
-
-
:
(),
, , .
?
6. The musical instrument
? to play
1. An object /
? ?
transitive verbs:
- to see
- to love
- to know
- to understand
- to wait
- to meet
- to remember
- to lose
- to find
- to forget
- to buy
- to read
- to write
/ - to take
- to receive
CONSTRUCTION
without a preposition
? ?
EXAMPLES
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
? - .
2. Introduction
,
.
.
? where to?
- across, through
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
- behind
()
1) verbs of motion
.
.
2) verbs:
/ - to put
/ - to put
/ - to hang
verb + ? + ?
.
.
.
.
3) other verbs
.
.
.
10
MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
4. Time /
1) ? when?
- on + :
- ?
- () .
.
- in future tense
+ , ,
, ,
all
- ( )
, , ?
whole
,
- .
.
.
process - imperfect
) ?
- within
result - perfect
+ , , ,
, ,
-
?
- .
) ?
( ?)
- to stay for
-
?
- .
3) Recurrence of action
every
, ,
-
?
-
.
? how often?
+ /
()?
7. Price /
Acc.
? to cost
verb + number
8. Game /
, ,
, ,
- for
? to play
9. Cause /
?
11
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
1. The recipient /
?
verbs:
- to give
- to buy
() - to write
() - to give a present
- to show
- to bring
- to pass
- to send
? ?
- ?
- .
Acc.
? + ?
Prep.
- to say
- to tell
- to inform
() - to write
? + ?
() - to advise
? + inf
- to help
- to allow (permit) to do
() - to promise
() - to disturb
Nom.
2. verb to like
1) + + (thing)
()
+ ? / ?
2) + + inf (action)
3. Age /
+ number + (a) /
.
.
M .
.
- ?
- ,
.
(, , ) ?
4. in impersonal sentences:
+ inf
:
(),
-
m
f
n
pl.
Nom.
+
(thing)
Instr.
+ inf (+ )
( )
-.
+ 1) adverb (condition)
2) impersonal verb
+ inf
12
.
.
.
.
MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
- () ?
- / .
.
6. An object or a place to - to
which motion is directed
verbs of motion
? ?
(),
- ( ) ?
- .
- along
verbs of motion
and their synonyms
.
.
.
.
()
? ( ?)
to send
to watch
to show
to search for
to call
to speak
to listen
to broadcast
to telecast
to inform, report
to perform
to tell
13
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
1. Negation /
/ .
positive:
Possessor: ?
Gen.
(-, -, -)
(-)
negation:
2. Possession /
Nom.
/ .
/
.
Gen.
/
.
/ .
- - - ? whose?
3. Relation:
Nom. + Gen.
/ .
/
.
? - .
? - .
? - .
- ? ( ?)
- .
? ?
:
,
4. Comparison /
? ?
simple comparative degree
of adjective (adverb) + Gen.
.
.
.
1 , , , ,
2, 3, 4 , , , ,
5 , , , ,
+ plural
-
?
-
() .
.
.
,
() .
100
Gen.
Gen. plural
14
,
,
,
6. Time or date /
1) ?
What date is it today?
ordinal
2) Date of the action
number
+ +
? when? / ?
- ?
-
.
- ?
- 1978
() .
/
.
.
? =
?
4) ? =
?
- before
? - during
?
- after
7. The place from where the from:
action is directed (the starting
()
point of motion)
,
( - - from behind
)
? / ?
- ?
- (
, ) .
/ /
.
- ?
- / -
.
.
.
.
- ?
- .
- () ?
- .
- ?
- .
.
.
.
.
.
.
... - from to
- - because of
- for
- apart from, except
?
-
, .
, .
- without
.
15
Accusative case
if the speaker means
a definite person or object
Genitive case
if the speaker means
an abstract or non-specific object
3.
.
(
- direction)
imperfect
imperfect
, ,
imperfect
()
pass,
, decision, ,
permission,
happiness, freedom,
independence, peace,
rest, peace
, defence, protection,
justice,
fairness,
sympathy
attention,
()
excuse, help
- to demand, to require
- to look for
- to wait
- to pour
- to put
- to slice
- to pick
, - jug ()
, ()
, , ()
, , ()
, ()
, ()
- grapes ()
( - bunch of)
- to give
- to take
, ()
, (some amount)
- to drink
- to eat
, ,
( , ).
(,
, ).
(, , ).
(, ).
the object
a specific person or thing
the object
an abstract or unspecified thing
+ verb
- to meet
- to know
sympathy
mutual understanding
,
- to love
noise, heat
- to see
, sense
- to feel
- to find
support
(), ()
- to buy
- to bring
16
CONSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES
1. Together with /
1) Joint action
C
verbs:
verbs of motion, - to be
- to speak
- to talk to
/ - to meet
() - to introduce
() - to say hello to
() - to say good-bye to
() - to consult
2) Emotional state (condition)
accompanying an action
,
? How?
3) The presence of the quality of
an object
- ?
-
/ .
- with
words:
- with pleasure
- with interest
- with pride
- with wonder
- with joy
- with difficult
- with
- appearance ()
- food ()
- architecture of building
( )
- ontent ()
4) The question about the health
of a person
.
.
? - .
- with
- ?
- .
2. Profession and rank / ,
Nom.
- to be
- to become
- to be
present: - .
+ Instr.
past: + +
future: + +
?
(there is no verb )
() .
- () ?
- () .
.
- ?
-
. / .
3. The object /
verbs:
- ?
- ().
- to be occupied
- to be keen on smth.
- to be interested / /
.
- to be satisfied (with)
3) another verbs
17
MEANING
CONSTRUCTION
there is no preposition
EXAMPLES
?- .
.
.
5. Place /
prepositions:
- ?
- .
- above
in front of
between
behind, after
- under
- near to, close by
.
.
.
.
6. Passive constructions
Nom.
perfect
+ +
short past passive participle
Nom.
imperfect
+ +
7. Time /
?
- seasons
Not long ago from the action
- just before
- ?
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
?
8. The means and manner of action
.
there is no preposition
(
).
(= ).
9. Purpose /
- for
? what for?
10. Congratulations
,
. =
.
Acc.
/
- with
()
I congratulate you with
! Happy birthday!
! holiday, celebration
! Merry Christmas!
! Happy New Year!
! Happy Easter!
: ! Same to you!
18
h a r d
1 - Nominative
onsonant
? / ?
2 - Genitive
? / ?
3 - Dative
? / ?
4 - Accusative
inan. = Nom.
anim. = Gen.
? / ?
5 - Instrumental
? / ?
6 - Prepositional
s o f t
hard
soft
inan. = Nom.
anim. = Gen.
()
hard
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
()
soft
no ending
? / ?
PLURAL
f+m
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional
ANIMATE OBJECT
?
?
?
?
?
?
INANIMATE OBJECT
who?
of whom?
to whom?
whom?
by whom? with whom?
about whom?
?
?
?
?
?
?
what?
of what?
to what?
what?
by what? with what?
about what?
/ Genitive plural
CASE
1Nom.
singular
MASCULINE
onsonant
museum
FEMININE
, , ,
thousand
hour
sanatorium
teacher
question
month
day
(girl)friend
floor
boy
2Gen.
plural
news
apple
sea
thing
business
field
week
mother
stop
daughter
word
seat
window
letter
+ unstable
vowel /
1. after sibilants - , , , ,
2. instead of ,
19
girl
no ending
unstable vowel :
doctor
NEUTER
no ending
+ unstable
vowel /
feminine
neuter
Special case:
- station
- building
Genitive plural
Exceptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- in the wood
- in the port
- in the airport
() - in the corner
- in the garden
/ - in / on the cupboard
- on the bank
- / - / -
1 - Nominative
6 - Prepositional (?)
3 - Dative
- soup
- tea
- sugar
- cheese
- honey
- chocolate
- poison
- grapes
- people
20
endings
-
or
-
case
consonant +
(except , , , , , , , )
, , +
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
animate
- mother
inanimate
- mountain
animate
inanimate
- land
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
case
Nom.
, , , +
+
animate
inanimate
animate
inanimate
wifes mother
rain cloud
she-wolf
street
fairy
statue
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
animate
- dog
inanimate
- book
- line
PLURAL
SINGULAR
vowel (except ) +
animate
inanimate
ending
-
-
-
- ()
PLURAL
-
no ending
-
an. = Gen. / in. = Nom.
-
Nom.
, ,
animate
inanimate
animate
inanimate
artist
table
teacher
dictionary
grandson
sunflower
sanatorium
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
PLURAL
21
SINGULAR
case
1
Nom.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
4
Acc.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
, , ,
animate
inanimate
- knife
friend, comrade
- march
animate
inanimate
(except -)
animate
inanimate
prince
month
hero
occasion, case
ending
-
-
anim. = Gen.
inan. = Nom.
- ()
PLURAL
1
Nom.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
4
Acc.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
- , -
- ,
-
anim. = Gen.
inan. = Nom.
-
case
consonant + E
(except , , , , )
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
animate
- word
inanimate
- sea
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Instr.
Prep.
, , , , +
animate
- monster
ending
- building
-
-
-
- = Nom.
-
PLURAL
-
no ending /
-
- = Nom.
-
-
case
animate
1 - Nom. ,
inanimate
2 - Gen. ,
3 - Dat. ,
PLURAL
ending
animate
inanimate
,
,
4 - Acc. ,
5 - Instr. ,
6 - Prep. ,
,
,
daughter, mother
exercise book
22
ending
an. = Gen.
in. = Nom.
- time
2 - Gen.
3 - Dat.
4 - Acc.
5 - Instr.
6 - Prep.
case
1 - Nom.
ending
-
SINGULAR
= declension III
PLURAL
= declension II: 2
neuter: ending -
/ Indeclinable nouns
- bureau, office
- jury
- interview
- cafe
- cinema, movie
- coffee
- compartment
- underground, subway
- overcoat
- piano
- radio
- taxi
- hobby
- highway
23
-() /- (-) /- /- /- /- /- /-
- /- /- /- /- /- /- /- /- /-
-
call, bell, ring
-
piece
-
sock
-
gift
-
lane
-
ambassador
-
drawing
-
baby, child
-
machine(tool)
-
corner
-
coal
-
flower
in words of one syllable /
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
log
oar
village
small girl
girl
land
toy
kopeck
ring
armchair
spoon
sheep
song
-
-
-
-
-
day
forehead
moss
mouth
sleep, dream
-
-
-
-
-
-
letter
towel
shirt
heart
bench
match
-
-
-
wind
foreigner
stone
-
-
pine (tree)
cup
-
-
-
end
light
eagle
-
-
-
-
singer
seller, (shop)assistant
-
-
-
artist(e), actress
jar, tin, can
roll, loaf
-
-
-
-
-
bottle
branch
fork
board, plank
fir (tree)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
note
boat
stamp
window
stop
postcard
mark, note
fairy tale
-
-
-
-
grandfather
boy
(stem ends in -)
ice
lion
stream
nightingale
soldier
24
NUMBER
feminine: - she
table
question
SINGULAR
lesson
briefcase
car
museum
newspaper
script
month
window
sea
station
business
pen
towel
dress
building
thing
, ,
,
, , ,
consonant
- they
week
floor
PLURAL:
neuter: - it
, , +
, +
Special cases of formation of nouns in the plural
-
friend
mother
-
time
brother
daughter
name
-
son ()
-
-
-
- cook
-
-
-
banner
foreman
-
tribe
teacher
- city
- house
-
-
- -
child
children
chair
seed
-
()
- train
-
- shore
leaf
()
- island
-
- evening
- -
tree
- voice
kitten
sky
- colour
-
- -
ear (of corn)
- eye
wolf-cub
miracle
- number
-
- forest
wing
- meadow
-
- snow
feather
-
- - cold
flower
apple
- century
- sort
- edge, land
- side
husband ()
person - people
25
- citizen
- peasant
- Englishman
-
owner, host
-
gentleman, Mr.
-
Tatar
-
Bulgarian
- scales
- scissors
- glasses
- money
- clock, watch
- trousers
- chess
- shorts, pants
- cream
- perfume
- canned goods
- cabbage soup
- ink
- elections
- finance
- negotiations
- funeral
- twenty-four hour
- week days
- holidays
2) Food
5) Certain actions
26
- oxygen
- iron
- nitrogen
- copper
- aluminium
- hydrogen
- iodine
- aspirin
- fish
- meat
- cheese
- butter
- rice
- sugar
- flour
- salt
- milk
- clothes
- footwear
- tableware
- furniture
- young people
- humankind
() - potatoes
- cabbage
() - carrots
- onions
- pea
- parsley
vine, grapes
- raspberries
- reading
- swimming
- harvesting / cleaning up
- hunting
- struggle
- love
- youth
- hatred
- darkness
- health
- radio
- metro, subway
- cinema
- main road
- coat
- taxi
- cafe
- jury
- menu
- interview
( 6)
, = in / at / on
- north, - south, - east, - west
- floor
- theatre, - cinema, - museum, - club
2. buildings -
, - restaurant, , , - hospital
, , - school, - university
- hotel, - shop, - pharmacy, - bank
- performance, - concert, - exhibition
3. events, shows ,
- discotheque, - party, - ballet
- work, - meeting, - meeting
- lesson, - lecture, , - excursion
- stadium, - market, - holiday cottage in the country
4. remember exceptions
- post office, - factory, - plant
- homeland, - island
- railway station, - station, - stop
,
! - airport
- business trip, - on holiday
? ? ?
inanimate
? where? [in, at, on]
place
() /
6 - Prepositional case
m
-
f
- at home
? where to?
direction
/ - I (will) go to
/ - I went to
4 - Accusative case
m
f
- / -
- home
? = ? [at]
2 - Genitive case
m - / -
- / -
? = ?
3 - Dative case
m
- / -
? where from?
from the place
/
I came from
2 - Genitive case
m - / -
f
- / -
- from home
animate (person)
? = ?
2 - Genitive case
m - / -
- / -
adverbs
- here
- there
/ - on the right / left
- below
, - above
- in front
, - behind
- to here
- to there
/ - to the right / left
- down
, - up
- forward
- back
27
- from here
- from there
/ - from the right / left
- from below
- from above
- from the front
- from behind
1 - Nominative
city
/
/ f
country
north / south
/
east / west
/
sea / lake
/
mountain(s)
- pl.
village
street
square
f
lane
house // home
entrance
floor
flat
room
hotel
center
school
university
museum
theatre, circus
,
swimming pool
club
park
wood, garden
/
pl.
guests at sbs house
exhibition
conert
excursion
f
performance
party
lesson
, factory, plant
airport
railway station
station
f
market
shop
drycleaners
pharmacy
bank
embassy
clinic
business trip
f, church
holiday
work
firm
office
company
f
meeting
restaurant, pub
/
? where?
? where to?
? where from?
place
direction
6 - Prepositional
/
/
/
/
/
-
//
4 - Accusative
/
/
/
/
-
//
28
2 - Genitive
/
/
/
,
/
/
/
, , ,
a soft
consonant
S I N G U L A R
feminine
?
- new
- red
- young
- small
- bad
- good
- fresh
- hot
- common
- big
masculine
?
- blue
PLURAL
neuter
?
n
hard
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
S I N G U L A R
m
n
feminine
soft
hard
soft
PLURAL
hard
soft
inan. = Nom.
anim. = Gen.
= declension
= declension
2) Stem ending in , ,
CASE
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
masculine
S I N G U L A R
neuter
feminine
PLURAL
inan. = Nom.
anim. = Gen.
= declension
= declension
29
CASE
masculine
?
neuter
?
PLURAL
feminine
?
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
4) Stem ending in , ,
30
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
CASE
S I N G U L A R
neuter
m
n
?
masculine
?
PLURAL
feminine
?
5) Stem ending in ,
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
(spell , pronounce )
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
- yesterdays
- todays
- tomorrows
- morning
- evening
- early
- late
c - Saturday
- last years
- New Years
- upper
- lower
- front
- middle
- rear
- distant
- near
- neighbouring
- ancient
- domestic
- last
- extreme
- superfluous
- sincere
- five-year
- three-year
- internal
- external
- outside, extraneous
31
- old
- of those days
- former
- present
- present
- unilateral
- versatile
- multilateral
- all-round
- habitual
CASE
masculine
?
S I N G U L A R
neuter
m
n
?
PLURAL
feminine
?
1) suffix
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
Dat.
Instr.
Prep.
2) suffix
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
Dat.
Instr.
Prep.
3) suffix /
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
Dat.
Instr.
Prep.
4) Surnames - : suffix / ,
masculine
CASE
1
Nom.
4
Acc.
2
Gen.
3
Dat.
5
Instr.
6
Prep.
no ending
animate = Genitive
suffix
, ,
,
feminine
suffix
, ,
,
,
,
32
animate = Genitive
plural
suffix /
( )
( )
masculine
neuter
? / ?
feminine
consonant
4 - Accusative
inan. = Nom.
anim.= Gen.
? / ?
2 - Genitive
-
? / ?
3 - Dative
-
? / ?
5 - Instrumental
- ()
? / ?
6 - Prepositional
ADJECTIVES
feminine +
masculine
-
-
masculine
?
neuter
?
-
-
inanimate = Nom.
animate = Gen.
feminine
?
-
-
-
-
()
= declension
P L U R A L
CASE
1 - Nominative
? / ?
2 - Genitive
? / ?
3 - Dative
? / ?
4 - Accusative
? / ?
5 - Instrumental
? / ?
6 - Prepositional
? / ?
ADJECTIVES
NOUNS
- , -
no ending, , -
-
= declension
33
1 - Nominative
who?
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
4 - Accusative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
what?
of whom?
of what?
to whom?
to what?
whom?
what?
m = Gen.
m = Nom.
() ?
() ?
with whom?
with what?
about whom?
about what?
MEANING
EXAMPLES
masculine feminine
1
Nominative
2
Genitive
3
Dative
4
Accusative
5
Instrumental
6
Prepositional
? / ?
? / ?
? / ?
animate: ?
m = Gen.
inanimate: ?
m = Nom.
? / ?
? / ?
CASE
1 - Nominative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
4Accusative
EXAMPLES: singular
masculine
feminine
QUESTIONS
CASE
animate = Gen.
inanim. = Nom.
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
EXAMPLES: plural
34
1Nominative
Personal pronouns
singular
plural
whose?
/ Possessive pronouns
SINGULAR
masculine
feminine
PLURAL
neuter
I
you
he
it
she
my
your
his
its
her
we
you
they
our
your
their
own
The declension of personal pronouns and reflexive pronoun
1 - Nom.
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
p
l
u
r
a
l
2 - Gen.
3 - Dat.
4 - Acc.
5 - Instr.
6 - Prep.
me
()
()
you
you
he
him
she
her
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
/
( )
it
we
us
you
you
they
them
( )
( )
( )
( )
- oneself
it
35
CASE
1 - Nominative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
4 - Accusative
SINGULAR
masculine
neuter
feminine
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
+
+
animate = Gen. /
inanimate = Nom.
- his
animate = Gen. /
inanimate = Nom.
= declension
all cases
PLURAL
= declension
- her
- their
f: /
pl: /
this / that
these / those
/
/
/
/
1 - Nominative
m:
n:
4 - Accusative
animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
1 - Nominative
m:
n:
f:
pl:
f:
pl:
/
/
/
/
4 - Accusative
animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.
2 - Genitive
/
3 - Dative
/
5 - Instrumental
/
6 - Prepositional
/
36
whose?
what?
which?
/
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
m:
f:
pl:
m:
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
n:
n:
f:
pl:
myself
yourself
himself
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
all
ourselves
1 - Nominative
- several, a few
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
4 - Accusative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
Negative
-
somebody
who?
nobody
Nom.
what?
nothing
Nom.
something
whose?
nobodys
-
anyones
what? which?
none, whatever
any, some
Indefinite
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
which?
some
how much?
(not) at all
some
several, a few
37
pronouns
adverbs
- //
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- once
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
meaning
1) ,
-
-
meaning
someone, somebody
something
any, some
anyones
some
somewhere
to somewhere
from somewhere
ever, one day
for some reason
with
prepositions
-
-
()
somehow
examples
- ? ( , .)
-.
- !
- ? ( , .)
- .
( , .)
- .
( , .)
? - - .
-
(-)
2) :
- ? - , .
( , .)
- ?
3) ,
, /
,
-
, , -
.
- . ( , .)
- .
( , .)
? - - .
( , .)
- . -
.
- .
( , .)
, ? - - .
- .
- .
!
- .
, -
.
( , ,
.)
38
Negative Pronouns and Adverbs with the particle Intensifying the Negative Constructions
Double negation:
1) particle + verb - to express the negative constructions
2) particle - to intensify the negative constructions
particle
negative
pronouns
negative
adverbs
construction
- nobody
() - nothing
- none, whatever
- nobodys
preposition +
pronoun
- never
- no way
- nowhere
- nowhere (to)
- from nowhere
adverbs of
degree
+ noun Gen.
not at all
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
completely
absolutely
conjunction
examples
() .
.
.
.
39
Negative Pronouns and Adverbs with the particle Meaning: there is no person / object / time / place / reason to do smth.
pronouns
2Gen.
3Dat.
4Acc.
5Instr.
6Prep.
nobody
nothing
subject = 3 Dat.
direct object = 2 Gen.
impersonal sentence
3 Dat.
()
examples
,
.
, .
- ?
- , .
,
.
,
.
- ?
- , .
.
adverbs
nowhere
no where to
from no where
theres no reason to do
+ inf.
meaning
:
= , .
= ,
.
= ().
:
= , .
= ,
.
= ,
.
= , .
- - ?
- , .
, .
= ,
.
:
= (),
.
= , .
().
= , .
, .
= , .
, .
= .
.
.
= ,
.
= , .
= , .
, ( )
.
= ,
(reason) , .
Compare:
.
.
1 Nom. + + + verb
3 Dat. + + inf.
40
He doesnt do anything.
He doesnt have anything to do.
/ NUMERALS
ARDINAL
?
m
f
n
pl
m/n
f
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2, 3, 4 000
5 - 20 000
1 000 000
2, 3, 4 000 000
5 - 20 000 000
1 000 000 000
() 1 Nom.
2 Gen. sing
2 Gen. pl
() 1 Nom.
2 Gen. sing
COLLECTIVE
?
m
f
n
pl
O R D I N A L (= adjective)
? (- / - / -)
/ / /
2 Gen. pl
41
m
f
+ animate nouns
2 Gen. pl:
,
rouble
1 / 21, 31
dollar
kopeck year day
- indeclinable
hour
person
time
exceptions
5 20 / 30, 40
, , ()
Acc. + Gen. pl + Gen. pl
()
()
Acc. + Acc.
Acc. + Gen. sing
7
Acc. + Gen. pl
() /
21 ( )
22 ( )
5 /
50
4 Acc. + 4 Acc.
f
m
n
give me
2, 3, 4 / 22, 43
()
()
() O /
4 Acc. + 2 Gen. pl
5
6
7
pl
/ Mathematical operations
:
=
/
/
/
15 + 23 = 38
578 34 = 544
6 7 = 42
81 : 9 = 9
15 5 : 3 = 25
/ FRACTIONS
The numerator ()
The denominator ()
f
1-
f, Nom. sing
= 1/2
= 1/3
f
2-
a cardinal numeral
an ordinal numeral
Gen. pl
= 2/2
= 2/3
1 Nom.
2 Gen. pl
Nom.
3
and higher
Gen. pl
= 3/5
= 5/8
/ DECIMALS
1 -
0 -
2 -
3
Gen. pl
+ 5 Instr.
= 1/2
= 1/3
= 1/4
m / n
f
f
Nom. sing
+ 2 Gen. sing
= 1,5
1,6 =
3,1 =
4, 61 =
0,3 =
2,5 =
7,34 =
2,5 = 2 =
;
; (= 16 15 )
, , ,
,
42
SINGULAR
masculine
neuter
feminine
PLURAL
2) 2, 3, 4
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
m
f
animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.
3) 5 - 30 =
50 - 80 = both parts decline like the noun ( )
5 - 10
CASE
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
6 - Prepositional
5 - Instrumental
11 - 20, 30
( -)
50 - 80
( -)
5) 200, 300, 400 = the first part of these numerals declines like , ,
( , , )
500 - 900 = both parts decline, the first part of these numerals declines like
( , )
500 - 900 ( -)
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
43
6) (f) =
(m) =
7) In complex cardinal numerals each part declines separately.
.
.
345 = 5 Instr.
SINGULAR
neuter
masculine
2
Genitive
3
Dative
5
Instrumental
6
Prepositional
feminine
PLURAL
animate = Gen.
inanimate = Nom.
2) In complex ordinal numerals only the final word has the form of an ordinal numeral.
We decline the final word only.
. .
Prep.
2009-o ( ).
Gen.
Gen.
25-o 1978-o ( ).
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
2, 3
both
4-7
m
f
animate = Gen. / inanimate = Nom.
44
1/2
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
2/5
3/8
1,..
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
2,..
and higher
0,..
Gen. pl
- =
- / (f) =
= 1,5
1 - Nominative
4 - Accusative
2 - Genitive
3 - Dative
5 - Instrumental
6 - Prepositional
= 150
45
adjective
+ noun
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
COMPLEX
COMPLEX
SIMPLE
simple comparative
1) suffix:
degree of adjective (- / - / -)
- more
- less
1) stem of adjective
+ suffix:
()
(after , , , , )
+
of all
+ adjective
[ - than]
the most
+ adjective
2) prefix
1) stem of adverb
+ suffix
- more
- less
2) prefix
+ some adverbs
()
beautiful
adverb
+ verb
quickly
()
SUFFIX
interchange of consonants
- / -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
drop suffix -, -
-
drop suffix -, -
-
-
-
-
2) prefix
simple comparative
degree of adverb
is used seldom
-
(after , , , )
+ - animate
- inanimate
in all
/
EXAMPLES
- -
- -
- - ()
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- - -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-- - -
-- - -
-- - -
46
bright, light
kind
strong
cheerful
expensive
strict
young
solid, hard
loud
short
light, easy
bright
hot
soft
strong
clean
often
thick, fat
dense, thick
simple, easy, ordinary
rich
steep, sharp
dry
quiet
cheap
narrow
close
low
high
rare
wide, extensive
distant, far-off
thin
long
adjective
adverb
superlative degree
simple
complex / simple
,
good
better
,
bad
worse
,
small
smaller
,
big, large
bigger, larger
/
late
later
deep
deeper
sweet
sweeter
()
well
better
the best
()
badly
worse
the worst
()
little, not much
less
the least
()
many, much
more
the most
()
early
earlier
the earliest
complex
()
the best
()
the worst
the smallest
the biggest, the largest
the latest
the deepest
+ noun
simple comparative degree of adjective
Gen. 2
- than
, .
, .
, .
Nom. 1
- salted
- bitter
- fried
- boiled
- smoked
- early
- proud
- tired
- friendly
- efficient, businesslike
, + adjective
-
-
-
47
suffix -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
high, tall
great
thin, slender
rare
light, easy
strict
close
quiet
Formation of short-form of qualitative adjectives and past passive participles
SHORT-FORM
COMPLETE-FORM
- beautiful
- tall, high
- written
- open
SINGULAR
masculine
feminine
neuter
PLURAL
f: -A
pl: -
n: -O
close
to be right
glad
happy
enjoyed
busy
free
healthy
ill, sick
agree
ready
must, have to
to be sure, confident
similar, he looks like his brother
familiar (with)
(-, -, -)
48
/+
-
-
-
- (stressed)
masculine
(near) -
(short) -
(low) -
(short, brief) -
(strong) - (narrow) -
(easy) -
(adroit) -
(thin) -
(sweet) -
(long) -
(funny) -
(full) -
(wicked, evil) -
(poor) -
(harmful) -
(difficult) - (clever) -
(sick) -
(useful) -
(gentle) -
(black)-
(pale) -
(necessary) -
(dirty) -
c (strong) -
(bitter) -
(sharp) -
(staunch) -
(sharp) -
(sly) -
(light) -
(frank) -
(sincere) -
(light-headed) -
(limited) -
(ordinary) -
(invariable) -
(long) -
(valuable) -
(inclined, disposed) -
(modern) -
(constant) -
!
(sure) -
(remote) -
(well-bred) -
(reserved) -
, ,
4. The adjectives used only in the short-form
, , - be glad
.
, , - must
.
, , - obliged .
, ,
, ?
- responsible, guilty, to blame
(), ,
( ),
, ,
49
/ Verb forms
INFINITIVE
- after vowels
- to read
- to speak
- to draw / paint
- to laugh
- after consonants
VERB FORMS
PRESENT TENSE
?
What are you doing now?
IMPERFECTIVE ASPECT
PERFECTIVE ASPECT
plural
() + / /
, ,
, ,
, ,
m
f
pl
() + / /
COMPOUND:
+ inf.
SIMPLE
FUTURE TENSE
?
- to be able to do
- to help
- to lie down
- to take care of / to be careful with
PAST TENSE
?
What did you do yesterday?
- to carry
- to go
- to grow
- to lead / drive
singular
plural
singular
plural
past tense +
consonant + / vowel +
plural (+ )
singular
plural (+ )
50
NUMBER
I CONJUGATION:
II CONJUGATION:
inf. in
inf. in -
PERSON
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -
SINGULAR
PLURAL
(-, -)
,
,
, ,
-
-
-
-
-
-
I
you
he / she / it
we
you
they
, - after vowels
, - after consonants
, , - unstressed
, , - stressed
infinitive
to work
to walk
to be ill
to draw, paint
to rest
to go
can
(drop + )
infinitive
to speak
to study
consonant +
vowel +
to give
to get up
EXCEPTIONS:
Verbs ending in - and -, -
II conjugation
c - to look, - to see, - to hate
- to depend, - to offend
- to suffer, - to turn round
- to drive, - to knock
- to shout, - to be silent, c - to hear
- to breathe, - to hold
- to sleep, - to fly
- to sit, - to lie, - to stand
51
Verbs ending in -
I conjugation
- to live
- to shave
- to sew
- to drink
- to beat
- to pour
infinitive
interchange
infinitive
interchange
infinitive
interchange
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
I conjugation
to write
to cry
to cut
to slice
to look for
to search for
to go
(by transport)
to see
to translate
to ask
to sit
to pay
to love
to can
to be able to do
to help
II conjugation
to speak
to say, to tell
-
-
-
-
to prepare
to fly
to go
(on foot)
II conjugation
52
to clean
to feed
to suffer
to tolerate
to carry
to wear
( )
Special cases of verb conjugation and past tense formation (irregular verbs)
VERBS
to take
perf.
to take
to be
to live
perf.
to give
to eat
to drink
to sing
to go / drive
to go
to carry
to run
perf.
to lie down
perf.
to sit
()
, ,
, ,
to be able to do
perf.
to help
perf.
to understand
to want
to put
perf.
to die
to wait
to wash
to grow
PAST TENSE
(, , )
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
53
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
imperfective aspect
perfective aspect
1. without a prefix
prefix
the verb with prefix and without it must have the same
meaning otherwise it is not an aspectual pair
2. suffix - / -
3. suffix -
4. suffix -
5. suffix -
6. / in the root
()
()
to give
to pass
to stand up, to get up
suffix -
to rewrite, to copy
to write down, to record
to order, to book
to finish
to read
to write
to draw
to have lunch
to do
to sing
to play
to grow
to decide, to solve
to study
to end, finish
to turn on
to answer
suffix -
without /
in the root
()
()
to cry, to shout
to rest
to start, begin
to understand
to occupy, to have a lesson
to pick up, to lift, to go up
7. different words
54
imperfective: The action is (will be) named only, the result is unimportant.
, .
1. Find a fact: the action in general [the general fact].
: , [ ].
1) / / ?
What are you doing now?
What did you do yesterday?
What will you do tomorrow?
What were you doing?
What are you going to do?
present
past
compound future
- ?
- ?
- ?
- .
- .
- .
2) / / ?
Are you doing something or not?
Was there any action or not?
Will there be any action or not?
present
past
compound future
- ? - ?
- ?
- , . / , .
- , . / , .
- , () ( ). /
- , () ( ).
2. The specification of the details of the action (as a fact, person, place, time), which had
already been or it will be [the individual fact].
( , , , ),
[ ].
( ) ? / ? / ?
imperfective:
perfective:
. .
, . .
?
+ already
+ + + verb yet
- () / 3 .
- ? / past
- ?
- .
- () ? past
- , () . /
- , () .
- , . present
+ + verb still
- ?
- 2 . past
- ? /
- ?
- 2 .
- ? simple future
- / / .
compound future
- ?
- 3 . simple future
55
imperfective:
perfective:
- usually
- always
- sometimes
- often
- seldom
- never
- many times
() - every time (day)
- every Sunday
- previously, used to
/ /
/ / /
- ? present
- .
- ,
.
- . past
. past
- ?
- .
compound future
.
simple future
. past
,
.
present
, .
. past
.
.
.
simple future
past
,
.
compound future
[ ]
imperfect - compound future
finish
1
- to return
4.
imperfect
perfect - to call
past
.
The action which began and finished while the
other action was taken place has perfective aspect.
, ,
, .
56
imperfective
perfective
verbs:
1) verbs of motion with prefixes -, -, + / , /
/ , /
2) / - to take
/ - to give
/ - to open
/ - to close
/ - to turn on
/ - to turn off
/ - to put on
/ - to take off
/ - to put
/ - to put
/ - to tidy
3) () - to love,
() - to like
- ?
- . (= + )
?
(= , )
.
(= , ;
+ )
.
(= )
6.
The absolute absence of an action
(no action at all).
IN THE NEGATIVE
The action was (will be), but there is no result
of the action.
:
( , ).
(),
.
/
. ( .) present
() . past
. past
2 .
simple future
compound future
imperfective
present
past
compound future: + inf.
perfective
past
simple future
57
The use of the ASPECTS OF THE VERB (general table)
imperfect
perfect
1. :
___
1) / ?
2) / ( )
3) (? ?)
2. :
, 2
?
3. :
:
,
?
, ,
, ,
4. :
:
perfect
_________
_________
+ (im)perfect
2
finish
IMPERATIVE:
positive perfect
negative imperfect
+ INFINITIVE perfect
+ INFINITIVE imperfect
58
verbs
- to want
- to be able to do / can
- to ask
- to advise
- to recommend
imperfective
1. The action without indication of its limit.
By the meaning it is near the general fact.
perfective
1. The main thing is the result of the action.
.
.
.
, .
, ().
, , . its stuffy
.
to air
-.
4. Start of the action with the meaning
its time to do smth.
.
with the modal words:
- its time to
, - it is necessary, need
- it is possible
.
! () !
. () !
- - to begin, to start
(= ) - to begin
- - to continue
- - to finish
- - to finish
- - to stop
- - to stop
- - to give up doing
.
( , ) - to manage, succeed
( , ) - to be left
.
.
.
.
59
imperfective
5. After verbs expressing:
2) The ability, the skill, the habit and the practice to realization of action.
, , , .
3) Feelings /
() - to love / () - to like
- to hate
. / .
- to no longer want to do
- - to get tired
- to decide not to do
- - to get tired
- to change ones mind
- - to bore
- to forget how to do
( , - to be fed up)
- - to grow out of the habit of
- to avoid
, - to dissuade
- love no longer (stop loving)
6. With the words meaning the general permission, the right for action:
, , .
- - to be allowed
- may
- to have the right (to)
- duty (responsibility)
.
.
.
imperfective
perfective
The action is not allowed, not recommended or not Physical impossibility to fulfill an action.
necessary to do.
.
,
( ).
, .
, .
, .
, .
.
, .
,
.
, .
() , .
= , ,
after words:
/ - need not (one should not)
- should not, ought not /
- is not worth / - its not time
- not necessarily
- it is useless / - it is harmful
- it makes no sense
- one must not / - one ought not
- I dont suggest you
() - to have no wish
() - I would not like
- ,
not be allowed, to forbid
.
/ / - it is enough
.
60
= , ,
= it is impossible
imperfective
perfective
1. The speakers attention is centered on the 1. The main thing is the result of the action.
action itself, on the process: how?
.
,
:
( ): ?
- , , ?
- , .
, , / .
.
, , .
, , . (request)
, . (advice)
/ , , . (request)
3. An inducement to an action.
.
, .
, .
, .
(command)
:
- Having visitors:
- , , .
- , , , , - / .
; , .
- .
- , .
2) The permission to make an action.
- .
.
- At home:
? - .
- (), , .
- () .
? - .
- () () .
- () .
3) The suggestion to begin or continue an action
- () .
immediately: do it now!
( )
.
(), .
() .
(), .
, .
, , .
. .
61
+ words: , - look out!
.
()! - Dont talk!
! - Dont worry!
()! - Dont get sick!
() ! - Dont be late!
() ! - Dont lose the keys!
, !
Dont fall asleep!
62
1) imperfective aspect
to be
to love
to sit
to call
to work
to be different from
to be situated
to be glad
to stand
to be called
to study
to cost
to have
to be bored
to lie
to have a name
to serve
to weight
to possess
to grow
to teach
to belong to
to miss
to command
to be
to want
2) perfective aspect
1. The starting point of an action
prefix to start
prefix =
to begin to do
prefix - (... -)
to start walking
to start driving
to start flying
to fall in love
to feel
to like
to start pouring
to blow
to get angry
to burst into tears
to start laughing
63
prefix = /
for a short while
to walk
to run about
to fly
to swim
to sleep
to sit
to lie
to stand
to play
to read
to keep silent
to run about
to be swimming / to be sailing
for a certain time:
to stay / to remain
- all day
to speak / to talk
- whole evening
to sleep
to be ill
4. Single actions, actions, performed on one occasion only
prefix -
, ( )
suffix -
- once
to jump
to wave
to cry / to shout
to knock / to bang
5. The result (limit) of the action
()
prefix to finish
to finish reading
to finish writing
to finish playing
to fry
to eat up
to drink up
to smoke
64
I. SECOND PERSON
singular
plural
(polite form) +
- - -
() to read
CONSONANT
form of the verb ()
- - - - -
() to write
2 CONSONANTS
- - -
() to remember
- - - - -
() to get up
Special cases /
singular
plural
1) / / + suffix -
- / to beat
- / to pour
- / to drink
- / to sew
3) - / to eat
4) - / to lie
/ /
/ /
/ /
6) - - / to go out
- - / to study
! - - / to take out
- / to give
- / to get up
- / to recognize
2) - -
after consonant -
after vowel -
- - - -
- -
- - - -
- -
/ to get dressed
/ to get undressed
/ to study
/ to wash
no imperative
verbs:
, , ,
____
65
____
II. Joint action: the speaker invites one or several persons to do something together
: ( )
-
singular:
forms
1)
plural:
- lets
imperfect - inf.
( ) !
() !
() !
verb , present
3) verb , future, perfect
()
4) verbs with the meaning
to start, to begin:
verb , past
!
!
!
____
()
() .
() .
() . ()
.
!
Long live to peace!
( )
66
Group I
Verbs of
unidirectional motion
Group II
Verbs of non-directed or
variously directed motion
imperfective
to go, to drive
( - by vehicle)
to run
to fly
to swim, to sail
to lead; to drive
to roam, to wander
to climb (into)
to crawl
to carry, to drag
to drive
to roll, drive
to skate, to go for a ride
(for pleasure)
67
- to ski
- to skate
- to cycle
- to ride
- to go for a drive
- to boat, to go sailing
past
present
future
/ .
process: movement in
one definite direction
at the moment of speech
,
(imperfect) .
,
(perfect) .
- /
? How long did it take you to get to ?
- () / 20 .
- ()
/ ?
- / 25 .
- /
?
- / 30 .
period of time
period of time
period of time
/
- every day
- usually
- always
- often
- seldom
- sometimes
- never
/
,
repeated movement
there and back
repeated movement
there and back
() / () .
(different directions)
subject ,
[past verb]
!
() / ().
/ .
in speech
start of motion in a minute:
,
.
/ .
/ .
intention to go somewhere
/
.
- will go
2 actions: one after another
(result - perfect + start of motion)
/
9 .
() /
() 10 .
/
. = .
.
/
9 .
68
/
9 .
group II
, , .
.
. .
.
.
INFINITIVE
.
.
.
.
/ .
/ .
/
.
/
, , (), + group II
the name of the movement (without concrete movement):
group II
positive intention: + prefix
negative: + without prefix
present: now or plans (without prefix )
future: prefix
IMPERATIVE
/ () !
! !
! / !
= ()!
+ / !
/ !
Figurative meaning ( ):
(, ).
().
to behave .
().
to chair
to conduct
.
() .
to monitor
to hold
to have
to run
to wage
to carry on
to keep
.
(, ) .
(, ) .
().
(, ) ?
correspond
(, )?
- meeting, - session
, - lesson
, - research
- observation
- conversation, - debate
- negotiations,
- business, - house
- war
, - campaign
- diary, - notes
- correspondence
() ().
to wear
= () ( ).
()
Dat.
present
past
to be lucky , ()
,
future
(, ).
.
.
.
.
().
69
infinitive
(-)
II
to go on foot
II
(-)
to go by transport
to arrive
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
to come
I
II
I
II
perfect
future:
infinitive
to run
to fly
II
(-)
to swim, to sail
arrival by swimming
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
infinitive
II
imperfect
II
to carry in a vehicle
to lead; to drive
/
70
II
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
imperfect
II
(-)
infinitive
to climb
to climb into
II
to crawl
II
to roam, to wander
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
II
(-)
infinitive
to carry, to drag
to drag in(to)
II
I
to drive
II
/
(-)
imperfect
present:
()
past:
imperative:
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
tense
present
()
past
()
group I:
group II:
+
+
+
+
+
+
() + ()
() + ()
() + ()
() + ()
() + ()
() + ()
71
meaning
examples
Acc.
Gen.
?
different areas / :
?
Acc.
Gen.
().
same area / :
We came to Moscow.
Dat.
Gen.
Gen.
Departure: for a long distance / for a long
time.
/
Acc.
? Its not necessary to say the purpose of the
movement.
?
, ( ).
, :
/ .
.
Dat.
Approaching (near, close by).
(-)
,
.
?
- exit
Arrival.
.
Acc.
/ .
-
- .
- entrance
(-)
Gen.
Moving away from an object for a short
distance.
. The teacher stepped aside from
the blackboard.
The bus went away from the bus
.
? .
stop.
The moment of departure of a means of
() 19 The train (the bus) leaves at 7
transport.
oclock p.m.
.
.
?
I took my clock to be repaired.
Taking an object to the required place.
/ .
(on foot / by transport)
.
+ ,
Return of the object to its former position.
( .
+ ,
).
=
?
?
( ).
Movement behind smth.
.
Movement deep into
upwards / downwards).
Acc.
/ , / .
Acc.
smth. (inside,
to climb a tree /
to get under the cupboard
72
Gen.
Acc.
.
Acc.
() .
()
15 .
We drove 15 kilometres.
Acc.
() /
.
- crossing
Acc.
() /
.
.
Movement from one place to another.
- move
-
Gen.
.
Characterisation of the manner in which
the distance was covered.
( - ?
).
- .
- ? - .
() ?
(-)
Acc.
Movement round an object obstructing the
way.
,
.
Acc.
Movement over the whole of the object or
over all the places.
(-)
-
(-)
+ particle
()+ particle
-
?
to drive uphill
to run upstairs
Gen.
Downwards movement.
.
()-
Acc.
Upwards movement.
Diverging movement.
to drive downhill
( )
to run downstairs
()
to go, to run
to ones respective homes /
in different directions
to come, to run to one place
()
.
/
Converging movement.
()
.
()
73
MEANING
EXAMPLES
group I -
Acc.
Dat.
.
An intention to do smth.
(future tense)
,
(
)
.
.
Dat.
(- ).
. Dat.
(- ).
group II -
-
Acc.
.
- ()?
- .
,
.
, , , .
The prefixes , , , may have spatial or non-spatial meanings.
74
ASPECTS OF THE VERBS OF MOTION with prefixes indicating spatial relations
- / - / - / - / (...) - (...) / / / / /
imperfective: The action is (will be) named only, the result is unimportant.
, .
1. Find a fact: the action in general [the general fact].
: , [ ].
/ ?
Was there any action or not?
Will there be any action or not?
past
compound future
- ?
- ?
- , . / , .
- , () ( ). /
- , () ( ).
2. The specification of the details of the action (as a fact, person, place, time), which had
already been or will be [the individual fact].
( , , , ),
[ ].
- / ? - 15 . present
future
- ? - , .
imperfective: group II
/ + prefix
/ /
/
1. The action continued (will continue) for
some time. The process.
( ). .
perfective: group I
/ + prefix
/ /
/
The action is (will be) completed and finished.
The result (limit) of the action.
, .
.
- ? present
- , () . / , .
present
7 .
present
- ?
- , . past
- ?
- , 20 . simple future
The action is single, not repeated.
,
( ).
,
9 .
past
8 .
,
8 . compound future
9 .
simple future
75
past
imperfective: group II
/ + prefix
3. Both actions take place simultaneously.
perfective: group I
/ + prefix
One action which produced a result took
place after another, which was also
completed with a result.
.
,
. present
.
1
,
. past
1
2
3
finish
4.
,
compound future
imperfect
perfect
. past
. imperative
The action which began and finished while
the other action was taking place has
perfective aspect.
/
/
, ,
, .
The result of the action is still valid at the
moment of speech. (past)
-, -, - + - , -
- , -
. ( + )
(= , )
.
(= )
- ?
- , , 6 .
6.
IN THE NEGATIVE /
1. Physical impossibility to fulfill an action.
The absolute absence of an action.
:
( ).
= (past)
+ inf.
, .
, .
, .
2. The absence of the result of an action.
.
, .
.
Prefix does not have the meaning of the process of an action.
76
- / - / - / - / - / -
- / - / - / - / -
- / - + suffixes -, - / -
imperfective
perfective
imperfective
perfective
group II + prefix
group I + prefix
group II + prefix
group I + prefix
present
present
past
past
future
compound: + inf
future
compound: + inf
simple
77
simple
VERBS
EXAMPLES
() - to wash (oneself)
.
/ - to wash (hands and face) (= ).
- to bathe
The action is directed at the agent
(it reflects on the subject).
() - to shave
(= ).
/ - to dry oneself
/ - to comb ones hair
( ).
(= ).
/ - to dress
/ - to undress
subject = object
.
() - to prepare
- = (myself, himself ...)
/ - to get ready to do;
to assemble, gather .
/ - to defend oneself .
2. Reciprocal-reflexive verbs.
- .
/ - to meet
() - to meet, see each other
One action is being done by two or
several persons together, with each / - to part
person being the agent and at the () - to greet
same time the object of action.
.
.
? 5 Instr.
.
(= ,
.)
.
(= ,
.)
/ - to embrace
() - to kiss
- to correspond
() - to consult
- to whisper
() - to quarrel
() - to swear
() - to be reconciled, make up
/ - to arrange matters
? - agreed?
- to fight
- to compete
- to trade, haggle
/ - to unite, join hands
- to argue
-
- to know
- to love
- to hate
- to respect
- to trust
- to help
- to disturb
- to write
78
5 Instr.
?
with somebody
4 Acc.
each other
3 Dat.
.
9 .
.
.
5 .
() /
.
expense / income
/ - to burn oneself
/ - to break
() - to break, burst, tear
- to have a good time
() - to be glad / happy
/ - to be pained, to grieve
- to be sad
/ - to be confused,
to be embarrassed
- to be worried
- to worry
- to get anxious
/ - to calm down
/ - to be surprised
- to be irritated
- to be angry
/ - to be indignant
/ - to admire
- to be interested
() - to learn, study
2) The beginning, continuation / - to begin
and end of action.
/ - to continue
/ - to end
, / - to finish
.
/ - to stop
/ - to conclude
79
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
.
2 .
7 .
,
-.
- to bend
- to prick, sting
/ - to smile at
() - to laugh
- to admire
/
.
.
.
.
.
- to fall in love .
- to be
/ - to appear
- to become
- to need
() - to take care
- to treat
() () - to hope (for)
- to be proud of
- to doubt
/ - to agree
- to be afraid
12 .
.
() - to try
() - to try
- to strive
/ - to be occupied
- to work
- to be
- to lie down
/ - to stay
5. Impersonal verbs denoting - it happens
condition that does not depend on - it gets dark
any person.
+ 3 Dat.:
:
, . - he thinks, it seems to him
() .
(ompare:
, .)
.
.
I cant sleep.
.
Sleep is sound toward the morning.
- he feels unwell
()
(ompare: ,
.)
()
.
She did not feel like working.
.
He hates staying at home.
.
He cant stay long in one place.
Instr.
+ +
.
7. Intensity of subjects action, - to knock
often taking place with some aim. - to aim (at)
,
- .
(?) - to threaten
/
- to scrutinize, to take a good look
/
- to fall to thinking, to be / become thoughtful
80
.
.
- .
.
.
.
present - imperfect
verb []
- - to read
- - to write
,
-
- to have a lesson
(= ) suffix
/ - I conjugation - - to love
.
/ - II conjugation - - to hear
- - to study
past - (im)perfect
?
() - ()
()
- to read
verb []:
-
- - to die
! () - to come
,
(= )
- - suffix
.
- - suffix
4 Acc.
present - imperfect
verb []
(= ).
?
,
- - to read
(= ).
Instr.
- suffix
/ - suffix
-
-
Interchange of consonants: -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
drop / +
- to finish
verb []:
-
-
-
-
- to open
- to close
- to kill
- to forget
- to start
- to take
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
to meet
to return
to find
to hurt, offend
to win
to liberate, vacate
to depict, portray
to invite
to throw
to lower
to look for
to use
to buy
to put
to leave
to rule in columns
to crush
to paint - - , to dance - -
to sell - - , to get up - -
81
/ VERBAL ADVERB
- adverb: does not change for gender, number and case; has no tenses / verb: aspects
- predicate (verb) the principal action, verbal adverb the action of secondary importance
- predicate and verbal adverb relate to one and the same agent
/ Formation of the verbal adverb
the RULE
stem of present: verb []
verbal adverb
imperfect
suffix
suffix - after , , ,
suffix / - verb with
verbal adverb
perfect
suffix
suffix verb with
- - - to read
- - - to sit
- - - to go
- - - to hear
- -
- - to read
- - to write
- - to put
- - to start laughing
EXCEPTIONS
verbal adverb perfect
stem of future:
verb []
- - -
- - -
- - -
- being + 5 Instr. ()
- -
- - to see
- - to hear
suffix
suffix +
imperfect verbs -
-
1) TIME (?)
MEANING:
,
.
,
.
2
finish
2) Cause (?)
=
3) Condition
=
4) Despite the fact that
=
5) ? =
, .
= , .
, .
= , .
, .
= , .
, .
82
/ PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
Active construction
1 Nom. (subject)
4 Acc. (object)
Passive construction
5 Instr. (person, who is doing smth.)
1 Nom. (subject)
1.
Nom.
verb imperfect
Instr.
Nom.
Acc.
Nom.
Instr.
2.
Nom.
Instr.
( / )
perfect verb [] +
suffix - / - (- /- /-)
Acc.
.
Nom.
.
Acc.
Nom.
.
Nom.
Instr.
1. no subject
2. verb form
83
1
2, 3, 4
5 - 20,
Nom.
Acc.
Gen.
singular
Gen.
plural
hour
minute
day
week
month
year
time
exception
nouns - 2 Gen. - of
nouns - 1 Nom.
1) () ?
time:
? - fact
adverbs:
? - in
2) ? = ? - event
? At what time?
morning
afternoon
evening
night
()
at
1 - 12
4 - 11
12 - 4
5 - 11
12 - 3
a.m.
p.m.
in the morning
in the daytime
in the evening
at night
16.10
16.15
16.20
()
16.55
16.50
16.45
16.40
()
16.30 = ()
1 Nom.
fact: ?
event: ? = / ?
On what date?
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
/ 2014 -
1 Nom.
fact: ?
What month is it?
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2 Gen.: of
/
?
date +
1 - 31
84
6 Prep.: in
event: ? =
? In which month?
in
fact:
nouns - 1 Nom.
?
adverbs
event: ? - in
?
autumn
winter
spring
summer
In which season?
in autumn
in winter
in spring
in summer
? In which ?
6 Prep.
event: ?
6 Prep. / 5 Instr.
()
this
last
next
future
2012 ()
fact: - 1 Nom.
?
event: ? - 4 Acc.
? - on
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
-
day(s) off - week-end
[va]
[f]
[f]
[f]
[f]
[v]
[v]
-
on
m
f
n
pl
this
last
next
()
on
? - 4 Acc.
, , /
, ,
all
whole
every
, , , / , ,
/ , , / , ,
// /
prepositions
in, within
after
just before
before
till, until
during
+ 4 Acc.
+ 2 Gen.
+ 5 Instr.
+ 2 Gen.
+ 2 Gen.
from ... to
within: result
for: to stay
+ 4 Acc.
+ 4 Acc.
+ 2 Gen.
/ / / / /
/ / / /
/ / /
/
/
/
/
()
, , , , , , , ,
, , ,
2 /
/ 3
85
DIRECT speech
:
.
Direct Question
INDIRECT speech
conjunction
,
.
Indirect Question
conjunctive words:
/ - to ask?
? + 4 Acc.
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
/ - to answer
? + 3 Dat.
:
?
,
.
particle - whether
Question
without a question word
alternative:
2 answers - or
:
?
,
.
(= or )
:
?
,
.
():
?
,
.
doubt, uncertainty:
- , .
:
, .
- , .
conjunction
() :
.
,
.
:
.
,
.
:
.
,
.
verb /
()
to advise smb to do
()
+ inf
to ask to do
/
to order smb to do
( )
.
: / /
86
conjunction
examples
,
.
result + cause
,
.
cause + result
.
cause + result
,
() .
post position
cause
- because
? - why?
result
- therefore
- since
condition:
1) real
?
- on what condition?
2) unreal
..., () - if then
+ future / present
,
+ past
- although, ( - but)
( - even though)
,
.
, ()
.
/ - /
,
.
, .
time
1)
, .
? - when?
2)
, .
- when
3)
1
- while
- until
before:
- after
- as soon as
purpose
+ infinitive - in order to
1 subject
? - what for?
?
?
+ past - so that
verbs: () - to want
() - to ask, to request
/ - to order
/ - to tell
() - to demand
() - to advise
/ - need, necessary
information:
speech, thoughts,
knowledge, emotions
? / ? - about what?
2 different subjects
I want smb. to do smth.
predicate + () ,
that
what
verbs: / - to say
/ - to answer
() - to know, find out
() - to think
() - to remember
() - to feel
() - to see
/ - to understand
87
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, ()
.
,
.
, .
, .
,
.
=
.
, ()
.
= ()
.
, 10 .
( ),
.
, .
it seems to me
question
with a question word
explanation + attribute
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, that - what
inanimate
, that - who
animate
attribute
? - what?
m - - which / who
f -
n -
pl -
gender / number
case
noun, verb
() ,
? / ? /
? / ? / ?
, .
, .
, .
,
-
-
-
- 2
-
- .
,
-
-
-
- 2
-
- .
,
-
-
- 3
- 3
-
- .
1) indirect question
without a question word
alternative:
2 answers - or
The word containing the question
takes the initial position.
The particle is placed
immediately after that word (verb).
particle - whether
= - or
is impossible to use
2) doubt, uncertainty
comparison
, - as
to join /
1) simultaneous actions - 1subject
2) consecutive actions
3) cause + consequence
+
- and
to contrast -
- but
to juxtapose (compare)
to join two sentences:
A begins a question
,
-
-
-
-
-
- .
1) : ?
, .
(= )
: ?
, .
(= )
2) , .
= , .
: , .
, .
, .
1) .
2) , .
3) .
, .
, .
, .
a - but
, .
? ?
a - and
,
, .
, .
88
meaning
place: in, at
location of an object:
in
time: / /
in
time: - on
direction of movement:
to
clothes
game
place: in, at
location of an object:
on
direction of movement:
to
transport: by
time:
...
from
cause (not under control):
because of
a part of the way:
from to
together with:
1) joint action
2) emotional state
question
? where?
6 Prep.
case
? where?
6 Prep.
? when?
6 Prep.
? when?
? where to?
4 Acc.
4 Acc.
?
?
? where?
6 Prep.
4 Acc.
6 Prep.
? where?
6 Prep.
? where to?
4 Acc.
? / ?
to go by what? / how?
6 Prep.
? when?
6 Prep.
4 Acc.
?
? where from?
6 Prep.
()
? where from?
2 Gen.
- ? why?
2 Gen.
? where from?
=
? from whom?
? where from?
2 Gen.
? why?
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
... ... ?
? how?
5 Instr.
3) - appearance
- food
- architecture of building
- content
4) question about the
health of a person
(-, -)?
/ ?
89
-
-
-
-
-
700
? with whom?
examples
/ 2008-
/ I-
/
()
()
()
/
-
-
-
- ?
- .
()
starting point of
movement: from
...
time: within
()
object of speech or
thought: about
time: in
verb perfect
place:
1) behind
2 Gen.
()
? when?
?
2 Gen.
()
? when?
? where to?
?
?
?
4 Acc.
4 Acc.
? ?
6 Prep.
?
where from?
4 Acc.
4 Acc.
4 Acc.
?
? where?
5 Instr.
/ / / /
1)
( )
2) ()
3)
2) outside
3) at
direction of movement:
? where to?
4 Acc.
1) behind
2) out (of)
3) at
?
4 Acc.
? what for?
5 Instr.
place (person): at
? where? =
? at whom?
? where?
2 Gen.
?
/ ?
?
/ ?
2 Gen.
cause: for
purpose: for
place: near
is a person: to
approaching: to
(same area)
motion along a surface
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
what for?
direction of movement
(, , )
()
()
() /
()
2
? where?
?
? where to?
? to whom?
? where to?
2 Gen.
? where?
3 Dat.
?
?
3 Dat.
3 Dat.
3 Dat.
noun + noun
3 Dat.
means (way) of
communication:
by, on
90
1)
2)
()
3)
()
(, )
/
()
()
()
()
()
, , ,
( )
, e-mail
time: before
movement: to reach to
? when?
?
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
()
? when?
5 Instr.
place: in front of
5 Instr.
(, )
2 Gen.
()
time: during
? where?
?
? when?
time: after
? when?
2 Gen.
place: above
? where?
5 Instr.
place:
under // near
? where?
5 Instr.
? where to?
4 Acc.
2 Gen.
direction of movement
(, )
starting point of
movement:
from near, from under
(, , )
place: between
place:
near to, close by
place: around
movement around smth.
//
()
where from?
-
-
-
? where?
5 Instr.
? where?
5 Instr.
()
? where?
2 Gen.
/
?
2 Gen.
? where?
2 Gen.
place:
to the right (left) of
place: opposite
? where?
2 Gen.
? where?
2 Gen.
? where?
2 Gen.
place: in front of
? where?
2 Gen.
place: behind
? where?
2 Gen.
place:
in the middle of
? where?
2 Gen.
2 Gen.
place of motion:
along
despite the fact that
2 Gen.
()
?
in spite of what?
4 Acc.
/ ?
(why?)
/ ?
2 Gen.
.
.
(, )
comparison:
unlike
good cause:
thanks to
91
3 Dat.
Kuzmina Natalia
RUSSIAN GRAMMAR IN TABLES
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