Revista Brasileira de Flsica, Vol. 13, n?

4, 1983

Anisotropic Universe with Non-Linear Photons

ERNESTO VON RUCKERT
Universidade Federal de Viosa, Viosa, 36570, MG, Brasil

Recebido em 30 de maro de 1984

Abstract
The m e t r i c and p o t e n t i a l f o r a cosmological s o l u t i o n o f t h e
equations f o r the g r a v i t a t i o n a l and e l e c t r i c a l f i e l d s arededuced from
a non-minimal coupled lagrangean i n the vacuum, u l t r a - r e l a t i v i s t i c and
dust f i l l e d Universe. The s t a b i l i t y o f the s o l u t i o n i s a l s o i n v e s t i gated.
1. INTRODUCTION

I n the study o f the m o d a l i t i e s o f non-minimal c o u p l i n g between

g r a v i t y and electromagnet i sm,

Nove1 10 and Sal iml

have deduced the f i e l d

equatlons from the lagrangean

L
By

[
variation

(I

+ uriA

pliV

matter

IiV

o f gpv i n ( I ) , one g e t s t h e equations

w i t h n o t a t i o n d e f i n e d a t the end o f t h i s a r t i c l e .

By v a r i a t i o n o f A

where J'

11

i n eq.

( I ) , one g e t s

i - t h e c u r r e n t term, d e r i v e d from t h e m a t t e r

1agrangean

part

of

the

in

many

The system o f equations ( 2 ) and

(3)

may be s o l v e d

s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s and the most i n t e r e s t i n g may be

t h e cosmological

one, seeking the p o s s i b i l i t y t o d e t e c t a n i s o t r o p i e s i n the Universe.

Iri general, the search f o r a l t e r n a t i v e equations t o E i n s t e i n l s
equations f o r the g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d and o t h e r f i e l d s c o u p l e d w i t h t h e
l a t t e r comes i n response t o the n e c e s s i t y t o a v o i d the

presenceofthe

i n i t i a l cosmological s i n g u l a r i t y p r e d i c t e d by Hawking and

Penrose's

theorems , based on the v a l i d i t y o f E i n s t e i n l s equations.

I n t h i s study the author presents an exact and s t a b l e s o l u t i o n
t o the system o f equations (2) and (3) f o r t h e a n i s o t r o p i c cosmological
case.
2. FORMULATION OF THE COSMOLOGICAL EOUATION

The Universe w i l l be considered f f l l e d w i t h a f l u i d descr i bed

by t h e momentum-energy tensor

whose t r a c e i s T = p - 3 p / c 2 .
I n the Universe as a whole one can consider t h a t , d e s p i t e l o c a l f l u c t u a t i o n s , t h e electromagnetic f i e l d vanishes,
F

Fiv

$0

=O

whence

EU" = O
Supposing J'

= 0, eq. (3) y i e l d s

Taking the t r a c e o f eq. ( 2 ) , one g e t s

R+3hUd2=
which, according t o eq.

871G

(81, reads

Def l n i n g

eq. (2) becomes

Using the r e l a t i o n s (4) and

(5),

eq.(12) becomes

that

w i t h the c o n d i t i o n , d e r i v e d from eq.

(10)

I n t h i s paper the author Intends t o s o l v e the system

o f eqs.

(13) and (14) f o r the a n i s o t r o p i c cosmic geometry.

3. THE ANISOTROPIC METRIC

Tlie s l m p l e s t m e t r i c f o r a Universe i n which theexpansion r a t e

changes w i t h t h e d l r e c t i o n i s 3

l n r e c t a n g u l a r comoving coord i n a t e s .
The non zero components of the R i c c i c u r v a t u r e
t h l s metric:, a r e

and

The covar l a n t der l v a t i v e s o f i2 become

and

tensor,

for

Since i n cornovlng coordinates V'

the m e t r i c o f eq.(15),

eqs. (13) and (141, i n

become

Def i n l n q

eqs.

(18) become

T h i s s e t o f f i v e equations i n the s i x unknowns X, Y, Z, W,

and P r e q u i r e s a s i x t h equation f o r a unique s o l u t i o n , which
the " s t a t e equation" obeyed by the cosmological f l u i d

is

just

4. ANISOTROI'IC CASE IN VACUUM

I F p = p = O t h e n P = Q = O and from eqs (20) one c o n c l u d e s

that

i H i W

(X+Y+Z+W)

- = - = - = - = X
Y
Z
W

Therefore, one can w r l t e X, Y and Z as

Then, eq.

(20 .e) becomes

=

-&

where
K = E + n + < + l
The s o l u t l o n o f eq. (24) i s
1
Kt+C

Hence X,

Y, and Z a r e g i v e n by

Carryingtheseresults intoeqs.

(19)and integrating,

one

gets

where

the!

integrat ion constants

a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d as a t r a n s -

l a t i o n i n the time axis.

I d e n t i f y i n g t h e parameters

one sees t h a t
a + B + y + w = l

Moreover,

t a k i n g r e l a t i o n s (23) i n t o eq. (20.a),

and t a k l n g t n t o account eq.

with Q = P = O ,

(241, one sees t h a t

a2

+ p2 +

y2

u2 = I

(31)

The s o l u t i o n o f t h e non-minimal o c u p l i n g equations

a n l s o t r o p i c cosmological case f o r the vacuurn is,

in

therefore,

the

the m e t r i c

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e f o u r - p o t e n t i a l given by
R

t u
t o

hA2 = (-)

(33)

where a, f3, y and u obey the r e l a t i o n s (30) and (31).

The volume i n t h i s Universe i s given by

The r a t e o f change i n t h e voiurne i s then

The s o l u t i o n (32) i s s i m i l a r t o the ~ a s n e rs~o l u t i o n i n which

t h e c o n d i t i o n s ( 3 0 ) and (31) a r e merely

B e l i n s k y and Khalatnikov

have shown t h a t t h i s case

can

be

thought o f as a Kasner s o l u t i o n f o r E i n s t e i n ' s t h e o r y i n a five- diment i o n a l empty space, t h e f a c t o r R ( t ) p l a y i n g a r o l e o f

the e x p a n s i o n

f a c t o r o f the f l f t h dimention.

5. STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF THE SOLUTION

The system o f equations (20), i n t h e case Q = P = O,

is

an

autonornous systern i n f o u r dimensions, w i t h t h e f i r s t o f them j u s t p l a y i n g a r o l e o f a c o n s t r a i n t , s l n c e one can w r i t e it, t a k i n g

i n t o account, as

the others

'

XY +
Taking

xz + XW +

YZ + YW + ZW

(37)

X as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the s p a t i a l v a r i a b l e s ,

one can

e x b i h i t the: p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s o f t h e system i n a two- dimentional d i a gram. As seen i n Fig.1,

the s o l u t l o n s a r e s t r a i g h t l i n e s passing b y t h e

o r l g l n as cme can see from eqs.

(23).

MINKOWSKI

\
%

Fig.1
i n the - case
Cosmological
p = p = 0.
Solutions

The o r i g i n i s a s i n g u l a r p o i n t o f t h e system, t h a t i s , i n the

o r i g i n , dX/'dW i s indeterminated,

since

i =i =O .

values o f H and Wwhen t h e parameter t tends t o

i s a steZ2m

node7

It

f-.

represents

Thus

o f t h e system. The system w i l l be s t a b l e

l i n e s tend t o the o r i g i n f o r i n c r e a s i n g values o f

the

the

origin

if

the

t, and w f l l be un-

s t a b l e otherwise.
As. can be seen f rom Fig.1,

t h e system i s sabte.

A p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t l n g case 1s t h e one where A = B = C, t h a t

i s the Friedmann i s o t r o p i c Universe. I n t h i s case, eqs. (30) and

give

The s o l u t i o n o f t h l s system i s e i t h e r

(31),

The case o f eq. (39) corresponds t o t h e Minkowski space and eq.

(40) corresponds t o t h e Friedmann space, t h a t i s , r e s p e c t i v e l y

t o the

metrlcs

a s 2 = e 2 d t 2 - ax2 - d y 2

dz2

and

w l t h the respectlve potentials

n=

+ u 2 =t

and

(43 1
'/2

AA2 = (-)
(44)
to
Note t h a t the Fredmann metr i c (42) corresponds t o an eucl idean
=

spatial section.
I n terms o f

X,

Minkowskl case

Y , Z and

X = Y = Z = O

w
Friedmann case

W , one has

l/t

X = Y = Z = 1/2t
w = 1 /2t

6. THE CASE OF ULTRA-RELATIVISTIC PARTICLES

I f , instead o f p = P = 0, one has

which means that i f t h e u n i v e r s e i s f i l l e d w i t h an

t i c l e gas (neutrinos,

u l t r a - r e l a t i v i s t l c par-

f o r exarnple), besides t h e non-l i n e a r -

o r i g i n a t e d from the non-rninlmal coupling,

then t h e s e t o f

photons

eqs.

(20)

becomes

? + ! ! + ~ + W + X ~ + Y ~ + Z ~ + W ~ (48
= .a)
~ Q

I f one t r i e s a s o l u t i o n l i k e eqs.

(26) and (27) one sees t h a t

t h l s lmpl i e s Q 5 0.
On the o t h e r hand, eqs.

(48) y l e l d

which g i v e s t h e s e t

From eq (50) one concl udes t h a t

I t 1s p o s s i b l e t o choose t h e s o l u t i o n
X = Y = Z and W = O
Then eqs. (48.a) and (48.b) y i e l d

which lead t o

whose s o l u t l o n 1s

Then one hiis, according t o equation (54.b)

The r e s u l t (56) y i e l d s a Friedmann-1 i ke m e t r l c j u s t as eq. (42),

w i t h the same tlme-dependence.

But now t h e r e i s n o t a t i m e - d e p e n d e n t

e l e c t r i c potent ia1 because once W=O, then ~ = l + A A * = c o n s t a n t . The energy

d e n s l t y anti u l t r a - r e l a t i v i s t i c p a r t i c l e gas pressure, however, obey
-2

t ime-dependente

With regard t o t h e s t a b i l i t y one can see t h a t t h e system (48)

i s alsoanautonomous s y s t e m w l t h e q .

(48.a)

palying the

role

c o n s t r a l n t . Once again t h e o r l g i n i s a " s t a b l e s t e l l a r node"

of
of

a
the

system.

7. THE DUST-FILLED UNIVERSE

I n the case of a d u s t - f i l l e d u n l v e r s e one has

= P = O

(58)

and t h e s e t o f eqs. (20) becomes

i + k + i + W + ~ ~ + ~ ~ =+ - 2z k &~/ 3+ w ~ 59.a)

Once a g a i n t h e K a s n e r - l i k e s o l u t i o n y i e l d s t h e v a n i s h i n g o f Q
and then o f p.
Assuming a g a i n t h a t

eq.(59.e)

i s written

k&/3

K W ~=

where
K = < + r i + S + l
i n t o eqs. (59b, c, d) one sees t h a t

But i f one takes eq.(23)

E ; = Q = c = [
Consequently K = 4 and eq. (60) reads

+
Equat ion (59.a)

4w2 = kQ/3

then becornes
4;

4w2 =

2kQ/3

Eqs. (62) and (63)' together g i v e

W+

2w2 = O

(64)

whose s o l u t i o n i s

v=-=

2t

,y=y=z

Carrylng t h l s r e s u l t i n t o eq.(62),

(65)

one o b t a l n s

kQ =
(2t

(66)

+ cI2

Orice a g a i n the r e s u l t i s a Friedmann- like Universe, now

wlth

an e l e c t r i c p o t e n t i a l w i t h t h e same time-dependence as t h e m e t r l c .
The same c o n s i d e r a t i o n s made i n t h e p r e v i o u s case

in

regard

t o s t a b i l i t y should be a l s o made here.

8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The t h r e e p o s s i b i l i t i e s considered f o r the equation o f

f u r n i s h e d t:he f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s .

ar2 =

c2dt2

and

()

&c2

*o

t B

P a r t i c u l a r cases a r e
Friedmann:

a = B = y = 1 / 2

w=

-1/2

and
~inkowski:

i l ) p = -c. 2 p

a = B = y = ~

-2

and

+ LI2=

constant.

- ( 1

da2

state

i i i ) p = O,

c<.

t-2

and

As demonstrated before, the presence o f an e n e r g e t i c a l o r mat e r i a l c o n t e n t i n t h e Universe, besides t h e n o n - l i n e a r photons, removes

t h e a n i s o t r o p y which may be present i n t h e vacuum case.
A p o s s i b i l i t y f o r the h i s t o r y o f t h e Universe i n
-minimal coupl i n g model i s t h a t i n t h e primeval era
a r i s e s b u t subsequently,

i n t h e r a d i a t i o n era,

the

this

non

ani sotropy

t h e energy c o n t e n t leads

t o i s o t r o p y which i s a c t u a l l y present i n the m a t t e r era. The

radiation

( n e u t r i n o ) and the m a t t e r may have a r i s e n from t h e f l u c t u a t i o n s

primeval vacuum, c a r r y i n g a m a t t e r - a n t i m a t t e r p a i r formation.

o f the
As

we

have shown, the s o l u t i o n s a r e s t a b l e .

The

author

would l i k e t o aknowledge D r . M. Novello,

CBPF, f o r s u p e r v i s i n g t h e t h e s i s which l e d t o t h e development

paper

frorn
of

NOTATION
-t

A,

5 (@,A)

"

four- vector p o t e n t i a l

E- 1
F
(,,
4nc2

v,.F
,
G

FE + 61 FaB paB g"J)

Al-ilv - A V ~ p

- j- RgIlv

d e t (g

gvv

v-'

m e t r i c tensor

electromagnetic f i e l d

electromagnetic tensor

g r a v i t a t i o n a l constant

Guv r R,.,V

mmentum energy tensor o f Lhe

E i n s t e i n tensor

this

J'

( c p , ~ ) - current density four- vector

i s o t r o p i c pressure

- r"

rry

uv

R"
wv

+ " y y r T ~ ~-

rq~VI

Riemann c u r v a t u r e
tensor

R i c c i tensor

R - g u v ~ - curvature scalar

E-

6Lmatter

"'66gpv

mmentum energy tensor o f the m a t t e r

charge d e n s i t y

1
1
14 E
-

flv =

gUv4

a? a zV
J-

IUll v

d 'Alembert i a n o p e r a t o r

partia1 derivative

v u I lV' ~I \ + rlihK$ . -- a - - a t

covariant derivative

time d e r i v a t i v e

REFERENCES

1 . Novello, M,
Rev. D20/2,

& Salim,

377 (1 979)

2. Hawking, S.W.

J.M.,

Non- linear photons i n t h e Universe. Phys.

& Penrose,

R.,

lapse and Cosmology. Proc. R.

3 . Novello, M.,

The S i n g u l a r i t i e s o f G r a v i t a t i o n a l ColSoc. London A324, 529 (1 969)

T p icos de Cosmoiogia R e l a t i v i s t a . Monografias CBPF 34,

R i o de J a n e i r o (1974).
4. Von RUckert, E.,

Um Estudo do Acoplamento N~O-mnimoe n t r e a Gravi-

tao e o E'letromagnetismo. Master degree t h e s i s , CBPF, Rio de J a n e i r o

(1982).

5. Landau, L.D.
ed

L i f s h i t z , E.M.,

. Pergamon, Oxford

6 . Belinsky, V.A.,

(1 975)

She CZassicaZ Theory o r FieZds,

4th

Khalatnikov,

I.M.,

E f f e c t s o f Solar and Vector Fields

on t h e Nature o f the Cosmological S i n g u l a r i t y . Sov.Phys.JETP, 36,

521

(1973).
7. Sansone G. & Conti, R. Non-linear Different2aZ

Equations.Mac M i l l a n ,

New York (1964).

S a l l m , J.M.

8. Novello, M.,
Universe I I

E Von ~ i c k e r t , E.,

Non- linear Photons i n the

The A n i s o t r o p l c Case. Notas de F s i c a CBPF 19,

Rio

de

J a n e i r o (1983).

Resumo

So apresentados a mtrica e o p o t e n c i a l para uma soluo cosrnol g i c a das equaes dos campos g r a v i t a c i o n a l e eletromagntico deduzidos de uma lagrangeana com acoplamento nao mnimo para o vcuo, um Universo com p a r t c u l a s u l t r a - r e l a t i v i s t i c a s e com p o e i r a . A e s t a b i l i d a d e
da soluo tambm investigada.