Em Ii PDF

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Syllabus
Electrical Machine-II
(ETEE-202)
UNIT I : Poly phase Induction Machines
Constructional features, production of rotating magnetic field, working of 3-phase Induction motor,
phasor diagram, equivalent circuit, power and torque relations, torque and slip relations, no load and
blocked rotor tests and efficiency. speed control by rotor resistance, injected e.m.f, frequency variation
and pole changing, DOL, Y- and autotransformer starters, deep bar and double cage rotor motors, cogging
and crawling, operation of Induction machine as generator and phasor diagram. [T1,T2][No. of Hrs. : 11]
UNIT II : Synchronous Alternators

Constructional features, armature windings, E.M.F. equation, winding coefficients, harmonics in the
induced E.M.F., armature reaction, O.C. and S.C. tests, voltage regulation-Synchronous impedance method,
MMF Method, Potiers triangle method parallel operation, operation on infinite bus, cooling. Two reaction
theory, power expressions for cylindrical and salient pole machines, performance characteristics.
[T1,T2][No. of Hrs. : 12]
UNIT III : Synchronous Motors

Synchronous Motor Principle of operation, starting methods, phasor diagram torque-angle
characteristics, V-curves hunting and damping, synchronous condenser, introduction to single phase
synchronous motors: Reluctance and Hysteresis motors.
[T1,T2][No. of Hrs. : 10]
UNIT IV : Fractional Horse Power Motors

Single Phase Induction Motor: Double revolving field theory, equivalent circuit, no load and blocked
rotor tests, starting methods, split phase Induction motor- capacitor start, two value capacitor motor.
Introduction and applications of single phase AC series motor, universal motor, AC servo motor, stepper
motor, permanent magnet AC motors.
[T1,T2][No. of Hrs. : 10]
END TERM EXAMINATION

Fourth Semester [B.Tech] May, June-2014
ELECTRICAL MACHINE-II (ETEE 202)

Time : 3.00 Hrs.
Maximum Marks : 75
Note: Attempt five question including Q. No. 1 which is compulsory. Select one question from each unit.
Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(10 2.5 = 25)
(a) What is the necessity of computing the voltage regulation of an alternation?

(b) Explain the action of damper bars in synchronous machines.
(c) Explain why synchronous impedance method of computing the voltage regulation leads to a
pessimistic value at lagging p.f. loads?
(d) Justify that synchronizing power co-efficient is a measure of the stiffness of electromagnetic
coupling between stator and rotor fields.
(e) Explain why an induction motor is called a generalized transformer?
(f) Explain why the rotor of poly phase induction motor can never attain synchronous speed?
(g) Show that the rotor induced emf in an induction motor has a frequency which is slip times the
stator supply frequency.
(h) Briefly describe the test procedure to determine the friction and windage loss of an induction
motor.
(i) Explain the function of capacitor used in permanent capacitor split phase single phase induction
motor.
(j) Describe how electrical power can be delivered from an induction generator in the absence of
availability of a.c. supply.
Solution:
(a) Voltage Regulation: Modern power systems operate at some standard voltages. The equipments
working on these systems are therefore given input voltages at these standard values, withincertain
agreed tolerance limits. In many applications this voltage itself may not be goodenough for obtaining
the best operating condition for the loads. A transformer is interposedin between the load and the
supply terminals in such cases. There are additional dropsinside the transformer due to the load
currents. While input voltage is the responsibility ofthe supply provider, the voltage at the load is
the one which the user has to worry about. If undue voltage drop is permitted to occur inside the
transformer the load voltage becomestoo low and affects its performance. It is therefore necessary to
quantify the drop that takesplace inside a transformer when certain load current, at any power
factor, is drawn from itsoutput leads. This drop is termed as the voltage regulation and is expressed
as a ratio ofthe terminal voltage (the absolute value per se is not too important).
(b) Damper Bars: Synchronous motors are not self-starting machines. These machines are made selfstarting by providing a special winding in the rotor poles, known as damper winding or squirrel
4 | B.Tech.
cage windings. The damper winding consists of short circuited copper bars embedded in the the
face of the rotor polesWhen an ac supply is provided to stator of a 3-phase synchronous motor,
stator winding produces rotating magnetic field. Due to the damper winding present in the rotor
winding of the synchronous motor, machine starts as induction motor (Induction machine works on
the principle of induction. Damper windings in synchronous motor will carryout the same task of
induction motor rotor windings. Therefore due to damper windingssynchronous motor starts as
induction motor and continue to accelerate). The exciter for synchronous motor moves along with
rotor. When the motor attains about 95% of the synchronous speed, the rotor windings is connected
to exciter terminals and the rotor is magnetically locked by the rotating magnetic field of stator and
it runs as a synchronous motor.
(c) Compared to other methods, the value of voltage regulation obtained by thesynchronous impedance
method is always higher than the actual value andtherefore this method is called the pessimistic
method.
(d) The measurement of stiffness of the electromagnetic coupling between the rotor and the stator is
carried out by the synchronizing power coefficient. If the value of Psyn is large, the coupling is stiff
or rigid. For a too rigid coupling, with change of load or supply, the machine will be under shock
which may damage the rotor of the winding.
(e) We know that, transformer is a device in which two windings are magnetically coupled and when
one winding is excited by a.c. supply of certain frequency, the e.m.f. gets induced in the second
winding having same frequency as that of supply given to the first winding. The winding to which
supply is given is called primary winding while winding in which e.m.f. gets induced is called
secondary winding. The induction motor can be regarded as the transformer.
The difference is that the normal transformer is an alternating flux transformer while induction
motor is rotating flux transformer. The normal transformer has no air gap as against this an induction
motor has distinct air gap between its stator and rotor.
In an alternating flux transformer the frequency of induced e.m.f. and current in primary and
secondary is always same. However in the induction motor frequency of e.m.f. and current on the
stator side remains same but frequency of rotor e.m.f. and current depends on the slip and slip
depends on load on the motor. So we have a variable frequency on the rotor side. But it is important
to remember that at start when N = 0 the value of slip is unity (s = 1), then frequency of supply to
the stator and of induced e.m.f. in the rotor is same. The effect of slip on the rotor parameters is
already discussed in the previous section.
And last difference is that in case of the alternating flux transformer the entire energy present in the
secondary circuit, is in the electrical form. As against this, in an induction motor part of its energy
in the rotor circuit is in electrical form and the remaining part is converted into mechanical form.
(f) When the motor is first switched on and the rotor is at rest, a current is induced in the rotor
windings (conductors) by transformer action. Another way of seeing this is that the relative motion
of the rotating flux passing over the slower moving (initially static) rotor windings causes a current
to flow in the windings by generator action.
Once current is flowing in the rotor windings, the motor action due to the Lorentz force on the
conductors comes into effect. The reaction between the current flowing in the rotor conductors and
the magnetic flux in the air gap causes the rotor to rotate in the same direction as the rotating flux
as if it was being dragged along by the flux wave.
Electrical Machine-II | 5
Similar to the DC machine, the torque in an induction motor T is proportional to the flux density
B and the induced rotor current I. Thus
T = k1 BI
Where k1 is a constant depending on the number of stator turns, the number of phases and the
configuration of the magnetic circuit.
The rotor speed builds up due to the motor action described above, but as it does so, the relative
motion between the rotating stator field and the rotating rotor conductors is reduced. This in turn
reduces the generator action and thus the current in the rotor conductors and the torque on the rotor.
As the speed of the rotor approaches the speed of the rotating field, known as the synchronous
speed, the torque on the rotor drops to zero. Thus the speed of an induction motor can never reach
the synchronous speed.
(g) The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor: An induction motor is similar to a rotating transformer
where the primary is similar to the statorand the secondary would be a rotor. But unlike a transformer,
the secondary frequency may not be thesame as in the primary. If the rotor is locked (cannot move),
the rotor would have the same frequency as the stator (refer totransformer concept). Another way to
look at it is to see that when the rotor is locked, rotor speed dropsto zero, hence by default, slip is 1.
But as the rotor starts to rotate, the rotor frequency would reduce, andwhen the rotor turns at
synchronous speed, the frequency on the rotor will be zero.
The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is given by.
fr =
Where
Pn
120
fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)

P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
fr =
P (n s n m )
120
P sn s
= sf e
120
(h) Procedure:
The following procedure separates all losses for the slip-ring motor:
No-load Test
1. Measure the power supplied to the stator at normal voltage & at rest. The stator input corrected
for I2R loss is the iron losses P1 = pe1 +ph1 + pe2 +ph2
2. Measure the power supplied to the stator at normal voltage and frequency with the rotor shortcircuited and running on no-load. The corrected stator input is P2 = pe1 + ph1 + pp + pf + pb.
The rotor eddy current loss is small since it is proportional to s. ph2 is also supplied by the
stator, but practically the whole of it is returned as a driving torque, partly providing for
(pf + pb)
6 | B.Tech.
3. With machine running as in (2), the rotor circuit is suddenly opened and the stator input measured.
The stator input falls to P4 = pe1 +ph1 +ph2.
Transformation Ratio test
4. Apply a voltage to the rotor such that the stator voltage is (V1+v1)/2 on open circuit, and the
mutual flux is normal where V1 is the normal stator applied voltage and v1 is the measured
stator voltage when the normal voltage V2 is applied to the rotor.
Measure the rotor input when running on no-load with the stator short-circuited. This corresponds
to the condition of (2), except that the functions of the rotor & stator are reversed. The corrected
rotor power input is P5 = pe2 + ph2 + pp + pf + pb.
5. With the machine running as in (4), the stator is suddenly open-circuited and the rotor power
input falls to P6 = pe2 +ph2 +ph1. This test corresponds to Test3 The mechanical losses P7 (=
pf + pb ) are evaluated by the no-load test.
(i) A permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor has a run typecapacitor permanently connected in series
with thestart winding. This makes the start winding an auxiliarywinding once the motor reaches
the running speed.Since the run capacitor must be designed for continuoususe, it cannot provide
the starting boost of a startingcapacitor. The typical starting torque of the PSCmotor is low, from
30% to 150% of the rated torque.PSC motors have low starting current, usually less than200% of
the rated current, making them excellent forapplications with high on/off cycle rates.
(j) Induction generator may power swing phenomenon, but similar to the oscillations of synchronous
Digital Generator and out-of-step problem. Grid is easy to operate.
Question 2.
(a) Sketch the typical torque-speed characteristics of a three phase induction motor. How is this
characteristics modified.
(6.5)
(i) If rotor circuit resistance is increased.
(ii) If rotor circuit reactance is increased.
(b) For a given 3-phase induction motor, maximum torque is twice the full load torque and starting
torque is 1.6 times the full load torque. In order to get full load slip of 5%, calculate the percentage
reduction in rotor circuit resistance. Neglect stator impedance.
(6)
Solution:
(a)
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed. Discussed earlier.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and full load. In this range, the rotor resistance is
much greater than the reactance, so the rotor current, torque increase linearly with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that can't be exceeded. This torque is called pullout torque
and is 2 to 3 times the rated full-load torque.
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher than its full-load torque, so the motor will start
carrying any load it can supply at full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as the square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed it will run as a generator, converting mechanical
power to electric power.
Effect of Rotor Resistance
The torque-speed characteristics are greatly affected by the rotor resistance

the rotor resistance of a squirrel-cage rotor is essentially constant
the rotor resistance of a wound rotor can be modified by adding an external three-phase resistance
load
A high rotor resistance produces a high starting torque and a relatively small starting current
desirable for motor starting
problems appears as a rapid fall-off in speed with increasing load, a high slip at rated torque,
and large copper losses
Under running conditions it is preferable to have a low rotor resistance

speed decreases much less with increasing load
slip is small at rated torque
efficiency is high
Investigating the torque-speed curve it is apparent that the rotor circuit resistance has significant
impact on speed at which maximum torque occurs. The plots below illustrate two cases, with low
rotor resistance on the left and high rotor resistance on the right.
8 | B.Tech.
Question 3.
(a) Describe, with sketch, the construction of a double cage induction motor and draw its speed torque
characteristics. Also 4point out its advantages compared with single cage motor.
(6)
(b) A squirrel cage induction motor has a short circuit current of four times the full load value and has
full load slip of 5%. Determine a suitable auto transformer ratio if the supply current is not to
exceed twice the full load current. Determine also the starting torque in term of full torque.
(6.5)
Solution:
(a)
r2/5
Ta king th e re eq u a tion
Z th
r2/5
V = I (2 tr)
When the rotor is blocked short-circuit occurs s 1 and r2/5 = S when no load dc r2/5 = .
when their no of trast, rotor blooked.
V = I 2 + ; when no load 4I1 = I1 with A T

t
V2 = I2 (2tr/5)
V1
I1
=
V2
I2 I2 is half I1
V1
V2 = 2 ratis is 2 : 1
where V1 is supply side of Xmen, V2 is load side of Xmen

I22 r21 (s = 1)
Tst
= 12
I2 r2 /(5 = 0.00)
T
= 0.05 4
= 0.2
Tst = 0.2 T full.
Question 4.
(a) Explain the double-revolving field theory for single phase induction motor.
(6)
(b) A230V, 50Hz, 4-pole single phase induction motor has following equivalent circuit impedance:
, R12 = 4.5
,
R1m = 2.2
, X12 = 2.6
, XM = 80
.
X1m = 3.1
Friction, windage and core lose = 40W
For slip of 0.03pu calculate
(i) Input current
(ii) Power factor
(iii) Power developed
(6.5)
Solution:
(a) Refer to Q.5(a) of 2012.
2.2
= R 1m
j 3.1
= X 1m
If
4.1
R 12
2 0.03 = 25
40
Xm
2
1.3 =
Ib
40
Xm
2
R 12
2
R 12
45
=
2(2 0.03) 2(25)
X 12
1.3 =
2
10 | B.Tech.
(i)
Current =
V
2eq
(ii) If = cos ; is angle of current
R12
25
(iii) Power developed =
120f
WS =
P
If
R12
2(2 5)
+
120f
Ws =
Ib
2
Question 5.
(a) With the help of neat diagram explain the construction, working and torque-speed characteristics
of single phase ac series motor.
(6)
(b) Describe the construction and working of a capacitor start single phase induction motor. (6.5)
Solution:
(a) The single phase induction motor in its simplest form is structurally the same as a polyphase induction
motor having a squirrel cage rotor, the only difference is that the single phase induction motor has
single winding on the stator which produces mmf stationary in space but alternating in time, a
polyphase stator winding carrying balanced currents produces mmf rotating in space around the air
gap and constant in time with respect to an observer moving with the mmf. The stator winding of
the single phase motor is disposed in slots around the inner periphery of a laminated ring similar to
the 3-phase motor.
Suppose the rotor is at rest and 1-phase supply is given to stator winding. The current flowing in the
stator winding gives rise to an mmf whose axis is along the winding and it is a pulsating mmf,
stationary in space and varying in magnitude, as a function of time, varying from positive maximum
to zero to negative maximum and this pulsating mmf induces currents in the short-circuited rotor of
the motor which gives rise to an mmf. The currents in the rotor are induced due to transformer
action and the direction of the currents is such that the mmf so developed opposes the stator mmf.
The axis of the rotor mmf is same as that of the stator mmf. Since the torque developed is proportional
to sine of the angle between the two mmf and since the angle is zeero, the net torque acting on the
rotor is zero and hence the rotor remains stationary.
For analytical purposes a pulsating field can be resolved into two revolving fields of constant magnitude
and rotating in opposite directions as shown in Fig. and each field has a magnitude equal to half the
maximum length of the original pulsating phasor.
These component waves rotate in opposite direction at synchronous speed. The forward (anticlockwise)
and backward-rotating (clockwise) mmf waves f and b are shown in Fig. In case of 3-phase induction
motor there is only one forward rotating magnetic field and hence torque is developed and the motor
is self-starting. However, in single phase induction motor each of these component mmf waves
produces induction motor action but the corresponding torques are in opposite direction. With the
rotor at rest the forward and backward field produce equal torques but opposite in direction and hence
no net torque is developed on the motor and the motor remains stationary. If the forward and backward
air gap fields remained equal when the rotor is revolving, each of the component fields would produce
a torque-speed characteristic similar to that of a polyphase induction motor with negligible leakage
impedance as shown by the dashed curves f and b in Fig.
The resultant torque-speed characteristic which is the algebraic sum of the two component curves
shows that if the motor were started by auxiliary means it would produce torque in what ever direction
it was started.
12 | B.Tech.
(b) Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM:
The working principle and construction of Capacitor start inductor motors and capacitor start capacitor
run induction motors are almost the same. We already know that single phase induction motor is not
self starting because the magnetic field produced is not rotating type. In order to produce rotating
magnetic field there must be some phase difference. In case of split phase induction motor we use
resistance for creating phase difference but here we use capacitor for this purpose. We are familiar
with this fact that the current flowing through the capacitor leads the voltage. So, in capacitor start
inductor motor and capacitor start capacitor run induction motor we are using two winding, the main
winding and the starting winding. With starting winding we connect a capacitor so the current flowing
in the capacitor i.eIst leads the applied voltage by some angle, st.
The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding lags behind
applied voltage by an angle, m. Now there occur large phase angle differences between these two
currents which produce an resultant current, I and this will produce a rotating magnetic field. Since the
torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase angle difference, which is almost 90. So,
these motors produce very high starting torque. In case of capacitor start induction motor, the centrifugal
switch is provided so as to disconnect the starting winding when the motor attains a speed up to 75
to 80% of the synchronous speed but in case of capacitor start capacitors run induction motor there
is no centrifugal switch so, the capacitor remains in the circuit and helps to improve the power factor
and the running conditions of single phase induction motor.
Question 6.
(a) What is the necessity of parallel operation of alternators? State the conditions necessary for
parallel operation of alteernators? Explain how synchronizing is done by synchroscope
method?
(6.5)
(b) A3 phase, 10KVA, 400V, 50Hz star connected alternator supplies the rated load at 0.8 p.f. lagging.
, find the torque angle
If per phase armature resistance is 0.5 and synchronous reactance is 10
and voltage regulation.
(6)
Solution:
(a) The operation of connecting two alternators in parallel is known as synchronizing. Certain
conditionsmust be fulfilled before this can be effected. The incoming machine must have its voltage
andfrequency equal to that of the bus bars and, should be in same phase with bus bar voltage.
Theinstruments or apparatus for determining when these conditions are fulfilled are called
synchroscopes.
Synchronizing can be done with the help of (i) dark lamp method or (ii) by using synchroscope.
Reasons for operating in parallel:
(a) Handling larger loads.
(b) Maintenance can be done without power disruption.
(c) Increasing system reliability.
d) Increased efficiency.
Conditions required for Paralleling: The figure below shows a synchronous generator G1 supplying
power to a load, with anothergenerator G2 about to be paralleled with G1 by closing switch S1. What
conditions must be met before the switch can be closed and the 2 generators connected in
parallel?Paralleling 2 or more generators must be done carefully as to avoid generator or other
systemcomponent damage. Conditions to be satisfied are as follows:
(a) RMS line voltages must be equal.
(b) The generators to be paralleled must have the same phase sequence.
(c) The oncoming generator (the new generator) must have the same operating frequency ascompared
to the system frequency.
Synchroscope method:
1. The synchroscope consists of a small motor with coils on the two poles connected across two
phases. Let's say it is connected in redand yellow phases of the incoming machine and armature
windings supplied from red and yellow phases from the switchboard busbars.
2. The bus bar circuit consists of an inductance and resistance connected in parallel.
3. The inductor circuit has the delaying current effect by 90 degrees relative to current in resistance.
4. These dual currents are fed into the synchroscope with the help of slip rings to the armature
windings which produces a rotatingmagnetic field.
5. The polarity of the poles will change alternatively in north/south direction with changes in red and
yellow phases of the incomingmachine.
6. The rotating field will react with the poles by turning the rotor either in clockwise or anticlockwise
direction.
7. If the rotor is moving in clockwise direction this means that the incoming machine is running faster
than the bus bar and slowerwhen running in anticlockwise direction.
8. Generally, it is preferred to adjust the alternator speed slightly higher, which will move the pointer
on synchroscope is in clockwisedirection.
9. The breaker is closed just before the pointer reaches 12 o clock position, at which the incoming
machine is in phase with the bus bar
14 | B.Tech.
(b)
rs
xs
Ia
0 .s pft
Ef
Lf = v + Ia rs + j Ia xs
= 400 +
10 103
cos 1 0.5(0.5 + fx)
400
= 400 + 2f 33150(0.51j)
E f V 255 10
=
= 0.625
Vreg =
V
L 0.0
and = angl of
Ef = 5.33.
Question 7.
(a) Derive the emf equation for an alternator. Explain clearly the meaning of distribution factor and
coil span factor. Give expressions for these factors.
(6.5)
(b) Explain the MMF method of determining voltage regulation of an alternator.
(6)
Solution:
(a) EMF Equation of an alternator:
Consider the following
= flux per pole in wb
P = Number of poles
Ns = Synchronous speed in rpm
f = frequency of induced emf in Hz
Z = total number of stator conductors
Zph = conductors per phase connected in series
Tph = Number of turns per phase
Assuming concentrated winding, considering one conductor placed in a slotAccording to Faradays
Law electromagnetic induction,The average value of emf induced per conductor in one revolution
eavg = d /dt
eavg = Change of Flux in one revolution/ Time taken for one revolution
Change of Flux in one revolution = p x
Time taken for one revolution = 60/Ns seconds
Hence eavg = (p x ) / ( 60/Ns) = p x x Ns / 60
We know f = PNs /120
hence PNs /60 = 2f
Hence eavg = 2 f volts
Hence average emf per turn = 2 x 2 f volts = 4 f volts
If there are Tph, number of turns per phase connected in series, then average emf induced in Tph turns
is
Eph, avg = Tph x eavg = 4 f Tph volts
Hence RMS value of emf induced E = 1.11 x Eph, avg
= 1.11 x 4 f Tph volts
= 4.44 fTph volts
This is the general emf equation for the machine having concentrated and full pitched winding.In
practice, alternators will have short pitched winding and hence coil span will not be 1800, but on
ortwo slots short than the full pitch.
Distribution Factor: Distribution factor Kd = emf induced in a distributed winding/ emf induced
in a concentrated winding
= vector sum of the emf/ arithmetic sum of the emf
Pitch Factor or coil span factor:
As shown in the above figure, consider the coil short pitched by an angle , called chording angle.When
the coils are full pitched the emf induced in each coil side will be equal in magnitude and inphase
with each other. Hence the resultant emf induced in the coil will be sum of the emf induced.
Hence Ec = E1 + E2 = 2E for full pitched coils.
(b) MMF method:
(Ampere turns method)
Tests:
Conduct tests to find
OCC (upto 125% of rated voltage)
SCC (for rated current)
16 | B.Tech.
Steps:
1. By suitable tests plot OCC and SCC
2. From the OCC find the field current If1 toproduce rated voltage, V.
3. From SCC find the magnitude of fieldcurrent If2 to produce the requiredarmature current.
4. Draw If2 at angle (90+ ) from If1, where is the phase angle of current fromvoltage. If current is
leading, take theangle of If2 as (90-).
5. Find the resultant field current, If andmark its magnitude on the field currentaxis.
6. From OCC. find the voltagecorresponding to If, which will be E0.
Question 8.
(a) Draw and explain the phasor diagram of a salient pole synchronous generator supplying full load
lagging current. Show that power output per phase is given by
(6.5)
P=
VE
V2
sin +
Xd
2
1
1
sin 2.
X q X d
, per phase.
(b) A 3300V, star connected synchronous motor has synchronous impedance of (0.4 + j5)
For an excitation emf of 4000V and motor input power of 1 MW at rated voltage, compute the line
current and p.f.
(6)
Solution:
(a) Power relations in a Salient Pole Synchronous Machine:
Neglecting the armature winding resistance, the power output of the generator isgiven by:
consider as
P = V Ia cos
This can be expressed in terms of ,
Ia cos = Iaq cos + Iad sin
V cos = E0 Iad xsd
V sin = Iaq xsd
Substituting these in the expression for power, we have.
P = V[(V sin / x sd ) cos + (E 0 V cos ) / x sd sin ]
= (V E0 / x sd ) sin + V 2 (x sd x sq ) /(2 x sq x sq ) sin 2
It is clear from the above expression that the power is a little more than that fora cylindrical rotor
synchronous machine, as the first term alone represents the power for acylindrical rotor synchronous
machine. A term in (sin 2) is added into the power - anglecharacteristic of a non-salient pole synchronous
machine. This also shows that it is possibleto generate an emf even if the excitation
E0 is zero. However this magnitude is quite lesscompared with that obtained with a finite E0. Likewise
we can show that the machinedevelops a torque - called the reluctance torque - as this torque is
developed due to thevariation of the reluctance in the magnetic circuit even if the excitation E0 is zero.
(b)
XS
VS
+
Vf
4000V,
1m w
Taking Ia as reference
Ia =
106
= 250A.
4000
Ia =
V=
=
=
250 0.
E Ia (ra + jxs)
4000 250 (0.4 + j5)
3900 j 1250 = 17.70
Question 9.
(a) Explain with phasor diagram the effect of change in excitation on synchronous motor
performance.
(6.5)
(b) Explain why a three phase synchronous motor is not self starting? Describe the methods used for
starting such motors.
(6)
18 | B.Tech.
Solution:
(a) The effect of changes in field excitation on armature current, power angle, and powerfactor of a
synchronous motor operating with a constant shaft load, from a constant voltage,constant frequency
supply, is illustrated in Fig. below. From Eqn. P Iacos, we have for a constantshaft load,
Ef 1 sin 1 = Ef2 sin2 = Ef3 sin 3 = Efsin
This is shown in Fig. below, where the locus of the tip of the Efphasor is a straight line parallel
to the VTphasor. Similarly, from Eqn., for a constant shaft load,
Ia1 cos i1 = Ia2 cos i2 = Ia3 cos i3 = Ia cos i
This is also shown in Fig. below, where the locus of the tip of the Iaphasor is a lineperpendicular to the
VT phasor.
Phasor diagram showing effect of changes in field excitation on armature current, power angle and
power factor of a synchronous motor
Note that increasing the excitation from Ef1 to Ef3 in Fig. caused the phase angleof the current
phasor with respect to the terminal voltage VT (and hence the power factor)to go from lagging to
leading. The value of field excitation that results in unity power factoris called normal excitation.
Excitation greater than normal is called over excitation, andexcitation less than normal is called
under excitation. Furthermore, as indicated in Fig.,when operating in the overexcited mode, |Ef | >
|VT |. In fact a synchronous motor operatingunder over excitation condition is sometimes called a
synchronous condenser.
(b) Refer to Q. 7(b) of 2013.
Consider the rotating magnetic field as equivalent to physical rotation of two stator poles N1 and
S1.Consider an instant when two poles are at such a position where stator magnetic axis is vertical,
along A-B as shown in the Fig. (a). At this instant, rotor poles are arbitrarily positioned as shown in
the Fig. 1. At this instant, rotor is stationary and unlike poles will try to attract each other. Due to
this rotor will be subjected to an instantaneous torque in anticlockwise direction as shown in the
Fig. (a). Now stator poles are rotating very fast i.e. at a speed Ns r.p.m. Due to inertia, before rotor
hardly rotates in the direction of anticlockwise torque, to which it is subjected, the stator poles
change their positions. Consider an instant half a period latter where stator poles are exactly reversed
but due to inertia rotor is unable to rotate from its initial position. This is shown in the Fig. (b).
Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II
19

Fourth Semester [B.Tech.] May-June 2013
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION-II (ETEE-202)

Time : 3 Hours
Maximum Marks : 75
Question 1.
Give brief answers to the following questions:
(2.5 10 = 25)
(a) Why an induction motor cannot develop torque when running at synchronous speed?
(b) Why the slots of the rotor of an induction motor are usually skewed?
(c) Why the power factor of an induction motor is low at starting?
(d) Why single phase induction motors are not self starting?
(e) Why compensating winding is provided in universal motor for ac operating?
(f) Why damping is provided in synchronous machine?
(g) Why synchronous motors are not self starting?
(h) Why an over excited synchronous motor takes a leading current?
(i) Why voltage regulation of an alternator is negative for leading power factor?
(j) Why salient pole alternators are more suitable for low speed and non salient pole for high
speed operation?
Solution:
(a) At Synchronous speed an induction motor can not develop the torque because at this speed
relative motion between rotor and stator flux is zero so there is no induced emf in rotor.
(b) To prevent cogging in induction motor slots of rotor are skewed.
(c) At starting no load current of induction motor is large in magnetude. Since it is magnetizing
current which lags behind the supply voltage by appx 90 so power fector is poor at starting.
(d) In single phase AC motors, MMF developed by single phase supply is pulsating. It can split
in two parts, one rotates clockwire and another rotates in anticlock wise direction so net
torque at s = 1 is zero. Thus this motor is not self start.
(e) Compensating winding in universal motor nurtralizes the effert of armature reaction so that
this motor can operate satisfactory with DC and AC.
(f) Damper winding in synchronous machine is used to fulfill the following:
20
B.Tech
(i) In case of motor it is used for self starting of motor.

(ii) In case of generator it is used for hunting of oscillations in rotor produced due to
mismatch in input and output power.
(g) In synchronous motor stator flux rotates at synchronous speed. Since rotor poles have
permanent magnets and these are stationary. The inertia of rotor presents, it to rotate at
synchronous speed.
(h) Over excited synchronous motor takes leading current, here E >V so by phasor.
ER
Ia
E
q = 90
q
Ia cos q
Current Ia leads Voltage V.

(i) In case of leading power factors
Eg =
(V cos + IaXs ) + (V sin - Ia Xs )
If IaXs is large as compare to Vsin so Eg will be less than V as a result voltage regulation.
VR =
Eg - V
100 becomes ve. Thus for leading power factyor loads voltage regulation is
V
ve.
(j) In case of salient pole rotor large number of poles can fixed on rotor core so for large number
of rotor poles
Ns =
120 f
P
Speed of rotor will be smaller and for non salient poles (cylindrecal) rotor. Only 2 or 4 poles
can fixed on rotor shaft so its speed is higher.
Question 2.
(a) Derive the expression for developed torque in a 3 phase induction motor and find the
condition for maximum torque.
21
(b) A 3 phase, 460V, 1740 rpm, 60Hz four pole wound rotor induction motor has the following
parameters per phase R1 = 0.25. X1 = X 21 = 0.5 and Xm = 30, The rotational losses
are 1700 watt with rotor terminals short circulated. Find.
(i) Starting current when direct on full voltage.
(ii) Starting torque.
(iii) Full load slip
(iv) Ratio of sarting current to full load current.
(v) Full load torque.
(vi) Motor efficiency at full load.
Solution:
(a) We know that torque is praportional to
(i) Flux in rotor
(ii) Rotor current
(iii) Rotor power factor
So
T = K .E2 .
T=
sE2
R22 + s 2 X 22
R2
R22 + s 2 X 22
KsE22 R2
R22 + s 2 X 22
for maximum torque put
dT
= 0 then we get condition for maximum torque that is
ds
R2 = sX2
Here s is slip for maximum torque
s = Sm =
R2
X2
and maximum torque is
Tm =
KE22
2X2
22
B.Tech
(b) V = 460V,
Mr = 1740 RPM
F = 60Hz
R1 = 0.25,
X1 = X 21 = 0.5 ,
P=4
R21 = 0.2
Xm = 30
Rotational losses = 1700W

Consider equivalent circuit of motor
R1
R21
X1
X 12
I1
Zf
R12
Xm
( 1 1)
s
Zin
Its thevenims equivalent circuit is

Rth
Xth
R2
X12
1
Zth =
jX m ( R1 + jX 1 ) j 30 (0.25 + j 0.5)
=
0.25 + j 30.5
R1 + jX 1 + jX m
= (0.249 + j 0.49) ohm
460
0 j 30
Vth = 3
= 261.2 0.5 voit
0.25 + j 30.5
Ns =
120 f 120 60
=
= 1800 RPM
P
4
R2
( 1 1)
s
23
Nr = 1740 RPM
sf =
Ns - Nr
1
=
Ns
30
s = 188.4 had/sec
(a) Starting on full voltage (s = 1)
Zf =
j 30 (0.20 + j 0.5)
0.20 + j 30.5
= 0.195 + j 0.494
Rf = 0.195
Zin = (R1 + jX1) + Zf
= 0.25 + j 0.5 + .195 + j0.494
= 0.445 + j0.494
= 1.09 65.9
I1 start =
261.2
= 240 A
1.09
T (start) =
at slip
s=
3I12 R f
ws
= 178.9N - m
1
30
R21
= 6
sf
Now
Zf =
j 30 (6 + j 0.5)
= 5.8115.8
6 + j 30.5
= (5.6 + j 1.6)
Rf = 5.6
Zin = (0.25 + j 0.5) + (5.6 + j 1.6) = 5.85 + j 2.1
= 6.2 19.7
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B.Tech
I1 =
261.2
= 42.1Amp
6.2
Pf = cos 19.7 = 0.94 logging

PG = 3 (42.1)2 5.6 = 29776 W
PO/P = (1 - s ) PG = 1 - 29776
30
= 28783W
PO/P (net) = 28783 1700 = 27083 W
27083
= 148.7 N - m
Torque (net) = 188.4 1 - 1
30
Power I/P =
3 460 42.1 0.94
= 31530 W
Efficiency () =
Internal =
27083
100 = 85.9%
31530
Po / p ( gross )
P7/ N
28783
100 = 91.3%
31530
For max torque
0.2
=
sm
sm =
(0.249)2 + (.99)2
0.2
= 0.194
1.03
R21
0.2
=
= 1.03
sm 0.194
ZT = (0.249 + j 0.49) + (1.416 + j0.5)
= (1.665 + j.99) = 1.94 30.7 ohm
I 21 =
25
261.2
= 134.6 Amp
1.94
2
Tmax
3 (134.6) 1.03
=
188.4
= 297 N m
Question 3.
(a) Derive an expression for resultant mmf wave in the air gap when balanced three phase
a.c. voltage is applied to three phase distributed winding of stator of rotating machine.
(b) Discuss in brief the various methods for starting methods for starting of three phase
induction motor.
Solution:
(a) Rotating fields of a three phase supply: The diagram in figure (a) reporesents in winding of
a two-pole, three-phase system. The three windings are spaced 120 apart. These windings
may be connected to the three-phase mains either star (Y) or as delta (). In either case the
currents that flow at any instant in the coils are given by the curves as in fig. (b). At any
I max
instant A, for example, the current phase 1 is (+Imax), that in phas 2 is and that in
2
I
phase 3 is also - max .
2
26
B.Tech
The three coil terminals F1, F2, F3, are generally connected together to form a neutral, while
the other three terminals S1, S2 and S3 are connected to the three wires of the three-phase,
thee-wire line. If the connections to any two of these S terminals are interchanged, the direction
of rotation of the magnetic fields is reversed and hence the motor will run in the reversed
direction.
That the resultant flux R, at any instant is the same can be shown by calculating the value of
R at various instant at intervals of 60, corresponding to points marked as O, A, B, C, D
etc., (Fig.)
Let the maximum flux be max of the component flux 1, 2 and 3 due to the three phase.
(a) When
= 0, i.e. at the point 0
[Fig. 11.3 (a)]
3
3
; (max) and 3 =
; (max)
2
2
Here
1 = 0; 2 = -
Therefore
3
60
3 3
= 2 max
= max
max cos
R = max +
2
2
2
3
2
2
(b) When
= 60, i.e. at the point A

3
3
max and 2 =
2
2 max
Here
1 =
and
3 = 0
Therefore
3 3
60
3
= 2
= max
max
R = 2 max cos
2
2
2
2
(c) When
27
= 120, i.e. at the point B

3
3
max, 2 = 0 and 3 =
2
2 max
In this case
1 =
Therefore,
3
60 3
= max
max cos
R = 2
2
2
2
Similarly one can show that when = 180, R = 3/2 max.

Thus the resultant is the same in each case, and is 3/2 max.
When = 0, the vector diagram is as in fig. 4(a). here 2 being negative is drawn opposite to
the assumed positive direction.
When = 60, the vector diagram is as in Fig. 11.4 (b); then 3 = 0 and 2 being negative has
been drawn in the opposite direction. Magnitude of R is still the same.
The phasor diagrams for = 120 and = 180 are also drawn in fig. 11.4 (c) and fig. 4 (d)
in a similar manner.
It is quite clear, the resultant R rotates through 60 in each case as the flux is rotated though
60.
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B.Tech
Thus it can be concluded that the resultant flux R is always of a constant magnitude and
rotates at synchronous speed i.e., as the current makes a complete alternation, the revolving
field in a two pole construction will also make complete alternation, showing that the revolving
field is of a constant magnitude
3
max and of then same angular velocity, was that of the
2
current.
(b) Starters for polyphase induction motor: If motor is started with full voltage, the starting
torque is good, but very large currents, of the order of 5-7 times, the full-load current flow
which causes objectionable voltage drop in the power supply lines and hence undersirable dip
in the supply line is effected considrably.
If the motor is started with reduced voltage, there is no problem of high currents, but it
produces and objectionable reduction in the starting torque, on account of the fact that motor
torque is proportion to the square of the applied voltage.
Methods of starting squirrel cage induction motor:
1. Direct on Line (DOL) starter.
2. Starter resistor (or reactor) starter.
3. Auto-transformer starter.
4. Star-Delta starter.
1. Methods of starting slip-ring (wound rotor) I.M. Though all the above methods, except
D.O.L. where the high currents may damage the rotor winding, can also be exployed for
starting slip-ringh motors, but it is usually not done so because then the advantages of such
motors cant be fully realized. So, the method is adding resistance to the circuit is the most
commonly method wound rotor I.M. starting.
The above figure shows a contactor type D.O.L. starter connected to a motor. As soon as the
push-button is pressed, the contactor coil is energized, closing its contacts. Then, the motor
windings get full supply through back-up fuse and bimetallic relays and the motor starts
running. An auxiliary contact in C1 retains the contactor in closed position after the release of
start push button. The trip contact to the bimetallic relay is in series with the generator coil,
so that during sustained overload, this opens and the motor stops automatically. For stopping
the motor, a stop push button is provided in series with the contactor coil.
29
Auto-transformer starters. This starter give reduced voltagte to the motor by means of
auto-transformer (A.T) in the motor circuit at start; after a definite time interval (about 15
sec), and after the motor accelerated, it is transferred form the reduced voltage to the full
voltage. Auto transformers are generally provided with voltage tops to give 40%, 60%, 75%
and 100% line voltae. The strting current and starting torque depends on the tapping selected.
The change-over switch may be hand operated or automatic through time relay.
30
B.Tech
Star Delta Starter

VL = Line voltage
Ist, Y = Per phase motor current during start (in Y-connection)
( I st ) y =
VL
3Z1
If stator winding is -connected, then, with direct switching the per-phase motor current at
start would be given by
I st , =
Starting line current,
VL
Z1
I L , = 3I st , =
3VL
Z1
Question 4.
(a) Sketch and explain the open circuit and short circuit characteristics of synchronous
machine.
(b) A 3300-V, delta connected motor has a synchronous reactance per phase (delta) of 18. It
31
operates at a leading power factor (p.f.) of 0.707 when drawing 800 KW from the mains.
Calculate its excitation emf.
Solution:
(a) OC Test or draw magnetising characteristic of alternator
OC test is performed to draw magnetsing characteristic of alternator. In this case, there is no
load along terminals of alternator/no load cond/terminats are open). A Voltmeter is connected
between 1 phase and neutral between 2 phases. The rotor rotates at rated speed. Note down
the readings of Voltmeter and Ammeter by increasing excitation current in field wdg.
IF
A
Rotor
V VOC
R
Nr
Stater
Voltage
Vrated
OCC
IF1
IF
This curve is open circuit chararecteristic which is same as OCC of dc generator and can be
explained by using magnetic domain theory (B-H) or magnetisation of material.
After certain value of If, there is no significant change in generated emf because the magnetic
materials become staurated. at If, we get rated voltage under OC.
Short Circuit Test
IF
A
Rotor
A Ia
R
Nr
Stator
32
B.Tech
Ia
SCC
Ia
(rated)
If2
IF
In this test, stator winding is shorted through Ammeter as shwon in fig. Rotor rotates at rated
speed. Note down readings of Ammeter by Changing If, untill stator winding Ammeter indicates
rated current. Draw the curve between If and Ia. It is linear because the rotor winding R is
negligible compared to stator winding reactance.
Zs = Ra + jXs
= j Xs
|Zs| = Xs = constant = 90
Find VOC Corresponding to If2 from OCC
zs =
VOC
so X s = zs2 Ra2
Ia ( rated )
(b) VL = 3300 Volt = VP

Ra = 0 & Xs = 18
Cos = 0.707 So sin = 0.707
P=
IL =
VP I L cos
800 1000
PI \ P
=
3VL cos
3 3300 .707
= 198 Amp
So I P =
IL
= 114.3 Amp
3
Excitation emf.
E=
(VP cos + IaRa )2 + (V sin IaX s )2
33
(3300 .707)2 + (3300 .707 114.3 18)2
= 5519022
= 2350 Volts
Question 5.
(a) Discuss different methods of cooling synchronous machine.
(b) Briefly explain Potier method of finding voltage regulation of an alternator.
Solution:
(a) If alternators are designed for power rating i.e. 250/500 MW. Since generation
V max = 24KV
and
P = 500 MW = 500 103 kw

V = 24 kv
IL =
500 103 2.08

P
=
=
12
3V
3
= 12 103 A = 12000 A.
Since R in stator winding is very small. This current is sufficient to produce large heat in
stator winding.
Natural cooling is not sufficient to dissipate. this great amount. of heat. So, we used
following. Methods for cooling.
(1) Forced Air Cooling: In this cooling, OC ventilation and SC Ventilation system is used.
Generally closed ciracit ventilation system. is popular. In the system, fresh air is entered in
the air gap between stator and rotor to dissipate heat. The hot air cooled by water cooled heat
exchangers. In this case generally radial flow ventilation system is used. Sometimes, axial
flow and circumferentially ventilation systems are also used. To provide effective cooling H2
can be used in place of air but it is avoided because. there is possibility of explosion if we are
using H2 cooling, machine should be explosion free, so its cost is very high. Alternators
about 100 MW rating, generally, H2 cooling is used because.
1. It has higher thermal conductivity.
2. Windage loss and noise is very less compared to air because. density of H2 is 1/14 times of
air.
3. In case of air, there may be possibility of corona discharge because O2 present in air is
ionised due to high potential. But in case of H2 there is no corona discharge.
34
B.Tech
For alternators 500 MW/above rating, H2 cooling is not sufficient. In this case, closed ckt.
water cooling is used. Stator winding conductors are designed specially in form of rectangular
bars. This conductor is made up of several small sized rectangle conductors, some are hollow
for cooling. There is closed water ckt. and water will flow through hollow conductors inside
stator winding.
(b) Zero P.f. or Potier Triangle Method
In previous methods, (EMF & MMF) we are taking total reactance in account as a single
parameter, while it is total. of leakage reactance as well as reactance due to armature reaction.
So, in this methods, we are taking reactance in 2 parts, leakage reactance and reaction due to
armature reaction separately.
For this method, there is need of:
1. OCC of synchronous generator
2. Field current which gives full load SC current in stator wdg (If2 from SCC)
3. Effective Ra of winding.
4. Zero p.f. full load characteristic: It is a curve between terminal V and field current while
machine is running at rated speed and zero lagging power factor load is connected across
terminals (pure inductive load)
Here OCC is used only for obtaining the potier reactance. Consider the curves shown in fig.
In this curve, relation between OCC and OPP curve.
Tangent
V
OCC
D
Zero pf ful load curve

B
IF
Here, OA represent excitation required to overcome demagnetsing effect of armature reaction.

and to balance leakage reactance drop at full load. Point B indicates voltage under op.p full
load test when stator winding has full load current.
35
Draw line BC which is equal and parallel to OA. Draw tangent on OCC. Draw a line ||
tangent passing through point C. This lines intersect OCC at point. D. Draw a line from pt.
D which is on BC. Connect B and D. BDF is pitier triangle in which BF represents
armature reaction excitation and DF represents leakage reactance drop. It is also knwon as
potier reactance (Xp)
XP =
DF ( Voltage )
zpf full load stator wdg. current per phase
Now we can draw phasor diagram which is known as potier VR diagram using the given
steps:
KKKH
(i) We are taking rated volatage V as a reference, indicates by OV .
(ii) For lagging p.f. current, Ia can be drawn lagging behind this voltage by an angle Q.
(iii) If we neglect effect of stator wdg. resistance then voltage drop = IaXL (due to leakage reactance)
can be added CV = OV at 90 moving anti clockwise from direction of Ia.
main
If2
If
pole
flux
E0
If1
E
Ia XL
90
90
O
Ia
OE = generated emf. in stator wdg when not taking effect of armature reaction.
(iv) Excitation current which gives full load SC current in stator wdg. If2, will be in opposite
direction of Ia and (90 + ) from If1 as per p.f. load.
Question 6.
A 3300V, star connected synchronous motor is operating at constant terminal voltage and
constant excitation. Its synchronous impedance is (0.8 + j5).It operates at a power
factor of 0.8 leading when drawing 800KW from the mains. Find power factor when the
input is increased to 1200KW, excitation remaining constant.
36
B.Tech
Solution:
Consider equivalent circuit.
0.8 W
5W
Vt 00
So = 9
Zs = 0.8 + j 5 = 5.06 81
Vt =
3300
= 1905V
3
Pe (in) =
800
= 266.7 ( KW ) for per phase
3
cos = 0.8 leading

Qe (in) = Pe (in) tan = 200 KVAR
Pe (in ) =
Vt E f
Vt 2
Ra +
sin ( )
2
Zs
Zs
and Qe (in ) =
E 2f
Z
2
s
Xs
E f Vt
Zs
cos ( )
By using values we get simplified equations

Ef sin ( ) = 407.2
and Ef cos ( ) = 2413.6
By solving these equations we get
Ef = 2447.7V
For new power
Pe (in ) =
Ia
1200
= 400 KW
3
37
By eqn.
Pe (in ) =
Vt E f
Vt 2
sin ( )
Ra +
Zs
Zs
we get
sin ( ) = 0.31
or = 18
Et2 X s Vt Et
=
Qe
cos ( )
So
Z s2
Zs
becomes
Qe = 167.7 KVAR
so
1 Qe
Pf = cos tan
Pe
1 Qe
= cos tan
Pe
= 0.92 leading
Question 7.
(a) Explain V-curves as applied to synchronous motor.
(b) Name different methods of starting a synchronous motor.
Solution:
(a) Synchornous Motor V Curves: We have seen that the power factor of a synchornous motor
can be controlled by variation of field current If. It has also been observed that the armature
current Ia changes with the change in field current If. Let us assume that the motor is operating
at no load. If the field current is increased from the small value, the armature current Id
decreased until the armature current becomes minimum. At this minimum armature current
the motor is operating at unity power factor. Upto this point the motor was operating at a
lagging power factor. If the field current is increased further, the armature current increases
again at the motor starts to operate at a leading power factor. If a graph is plotted between
armature current Id and fild current If at no load the lowest curve in Fig. is obtained. If this
procedure is repeated for various increased loads, a family of curves is obtained as shown is
fig.
B.Tech
Lagging PF Region
(+ Q Supplied)
cu
Lo
Full Load
Half Load
No Load
PF
=0
.8 L
PF =
ead
ing
0 .8 La
gging
so
fu
nit
yP
Lagging PF Region
(+ Q Consumed)
Armature current Ia
38
Field Current
If
(b) Starting of Synchronous Motors: A synchronous motor is not self-starting. If can be started
by the following two methods.
1. Starting with the help of an external prime mover.
2. Starting with the help of an damper windings.
1. Motor Starting with an Exter Prime Mover
In this method an external motor drives the synchronous motor and brings it to synchronous
speed. The synchronous machine is then synchronized with the bus-bar as a synchronous
generator. The prime mover is then disconnected. Once in parallel, the synchronous machine
will work as a motor. Now the load can be connected to the synchronous motor. since load is
not connected to the synchyronous motor before synchronoising the starting motor has to
overcome the inertia fo the synchronous motor at no load. Therefore the rating of the starting
motor is much smaller thatn the rating of the synchronous motor.
At present most large synchronous motors are provided with brushless excitation systems
mounted on their shafts. These exciters are used as starting.
2. Motor Starting With Damper Windings
Today the most widely used method of starting a synchronous motor is to use damper windings.
A damper winding consists of heavy copper bars inserted in slots of the pole faces of the
rotor. These bars are short-circuited by end rings at both ends of the rotor. Thus, these shortcircuited bars from a squirrel-cage winding. When a three phase supply is connected to the
39
stator, the synchronous motor with damper winding will start as three-phase induction motor.
As the motor approaches synchronous speed, the dc excitation is applied to the field windings.
The rotor will then pull into step with the stator magnetic field.
Question 8.
(a) Discuss the operation of universal motor with neat diagram.
(b) A universal motor (ac-operated) has a 2-pole armature with 960 conductors. At a certain
load the motor speed is 5000rpm and the armature current is 4.6A, armature terminal
voltage and input power are respectively 100V and 300watt. Compute the following,
assuming an armature resistance of 3.5.
(i) Effective armature resistance.
(ii) Maximum value of useful flux/pole.
Solution:
(a) Universal Motor: We know that DC series motor can operate at rated AC supply when we
employ some modification in electrical and mechanical design of machine.
Universal motors are specially designed series motors which operate at 115 V or 230V ac or
dc supply. So, these are available upto 0.5 hp power rating. Torque-speed char acteristic is
approx. same while m/c is operating from 0-50Hz.
The speed of this m/c is high, it is approx 8000/10000 rpm or more. High speed provide
small size and less weight.
According to construction, this m/c is same as ac series motor with some specific features:
1. Field and armature are made of lamminated stampings.
2. Field wdg has few turns.
3. Good design of carbon brush high Resistance.
4. Sometimes, compensating wdg is used
Compensated m/c is distributed field universal motor.
and uncompensated is concentrated field universal motor.
5. Conc. field type m/c has salient pole structure, generally 2 poles.
6. Distributed filed m/c may be single field compensated motor (uning split phase IM principle)
7. Generally frame of this m/c is aluminium cost Fe, CRGO steel
The electrical ckt of this machine is shown in Fig.
40
B.Tech
Field coil
armature
field coil
S
AA
1 f ac supply
Full load pf is high

Running current is good but starting current is poor due to poor p.f.
The direction of motor can be reversed by changing direction of current either in field coil or
armature wdg.
Speed control is provided by variable supply voltage using autotransformer.
Sometimes speed can be controlled by flux control method using multitaped field wdg.
Applications: The most commonly used universal motor has rating (5W 50W). The typical
applications, sewing fan, small fan (i.e. in CPU), portable hand tool, electric shower, hand
dryen, picture projector etc.
large rating m/c (50 500W) are used in vaccum clearners, electric typewriter, food nixer,
grinder, blender, juicer, movie camera and calculating m/c.
(b) PI/P = 300W = VI cos
1 P
= cos = 49.3
VI
I = 4.6 0
Ea = Ea 0
V = 100 49.3
I=
V Ea 100 49.3 Ea 0
=
Za
3.5 + jX a
41
Seperate real and Imaginary parts
Xa =
Ea 49.1
=
= 16.5
I
4.6
here Ea =
1 NZ P
2 60 A
So = 0.868 mwb
Question 9.
A test on the main winding of a 1-KW, 4 pole, 215V, 50Hz single phase induction motor
gave the following result.
No load test
Block rotor test
V0 = 215V
VSC = 85 volt
I0 = 3.9A
ISC = 9.80A
P0 = 180watt
PSC = 390watt
Given r1 = 1.6.
(a) Calculate the parameters of the circuit assuming that the magnetizing reactance at the
input terminal of motor.
(b) Determine line current, power factor, shaft torque and efficiency of the motor at a speed
of 1440rpm.
Solution:
(a) (i) No load test
at s = 0
R2
= ( opm).so
O
X 215
=
= 5.1
2 3.9
Rotational losses P0 = 185W
(ii) Rotor blocked test s = 1
390 = 85 9.8 cos
sc = 62 lagging
Ie =
Vsc
85
=
= j 0.77 A
jX j 2 55.1
42
B.Tech
Im = ISC Ie
= 9.8 62 ( j 0.77 )
= 4.6 j 7.88 = 9.13 59.7
Zf = R1 + R2 + j ( X 1 + X 2 ) =
VSC
Im
85
= 9.31 59.7
9.13 59.7
= 4.7 + j 8.04
R1 + R2 = 4.7
here
R1 = 1.6
so
R2 = 3.1
& X1 + X2 = 8.04
(b) Slip s =
1500 1440
= 0.04
1500
1.55 1.55
=
= 38.75
2 s 0.04
1.55 1.55
=
= 0.79
2 s 1.96
ZfT = j 55.1 || (0.8 + 38.75 + j 4.02)
= j 55.1 || (39.55 + j4.02)
= 30.8 39.6
= 23.73 + j 19.63
ZbT = j 55.1 || (0.8 + 0.79 + j 4.02)
= j 55.1 || (1.59 + j4.02) = 4.02 70
= 1.37 + j 3.78
ZT
= 23.73 + j 19.63 + 1.37 + j 3.78

= 25.1 + j 23.41 = 34.3 43
Im
43
215
= 6.27 43
34.3 43
IL = Im = 6.27A & pf = cos 43 = 0.731

Pm = 215 6.27 0.731 = 985.4W
Imf = 6.27 43
T=
j 55.1
= 5.84 41.4
1.59 + j 59.12
1
( 4.84)2 38.75 (5.84)2 0.79 = 5.6 Nm
157.1
Pm = 157.1 (1 0.04) 5.6 = 844.6W

Pout = 844.6 185 = 659.6W
=
659.6
= 66.9%
985.5
Tshaft =
659.6
= 4.12 N m
157.1
44
B.Tech

Fourth Semester [B.Tech.] May 2012
ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION-II (ETEE-202)

Time : 3 Hours
Maximum Marks : 75
Question 1.
(a) Answer the following questions briefly:
(i) What are the advantages of introducing resistance in the rotor circuit of a three
phase wound rotor induction motor?
(ii) Why an auxiliary winding is required for the operation of a single phase induction
motor?
(iii) What are the effects of armature reaction in an alternator at (A) zero lcading pf and
(B) unity power factor loads?
(iv) A synchronous motor designed to operate in USA is brough in India. If in USA it
runs at 1800 rpm, at what speed it will run in India?
(v) An induction motor is running at 50Hz at a speed of 1440 rpm. Motor has 4 poles.
At what speed in space will the field produced by rotor, rotiate?
(b) (i) Make the most suitable choice out of the following:
(A) A universal motor will seperate successfully only when its field winding is connected
in parallel with armature.
(B) Above motor will operate successfully only when its field winding is connected in
series with the armature.
(C) Above motor willoperate successfully under both the conditions mentioned at (i)
and (ii)
(D) Above motor will operate successfully when both shunt and series field windings
are present in the motor.
(ii) Three phase synchronous motor may be employed.
(A) For constant speed application and not for power factor correction.
(B) For power factor correction and not for constant speed application.
(C) For both, constant speed application not for power factor correction.
(D) Neither for constant speed application not for power factor correction.
Electromechanical Energy Conversion-II
45
(iii) The torque developed by a repulsion motor at no load is maximum when space angle
between pole axis and brush axis is:
(A) 90
(C)15
(B) 45
(D) None of the above
(iv) In a steam driven large turbe alternator the poles are:

(A) Salient pole type
(B) Smooth cylindrical type
(C) It makes no difference whether salient pole type or smooth cylindrical type hence
these could be of any type.
(D) When it is 11kV it will be smooth cylindrical but when it is 33kV it will be salient
pole type.
(V) An induction generator can develop electric power
(A) Only when connected to grid.
(B) Only when a suitable capacitor bank is connected across its terminals
(C) Either when connected to grid or when a suitable capacitor bank is connected across
its terminals.
(D) None of the above is true.
(c) Mention whether following statements are true or false:
(i) A deep bar rotor is used in an induction motor to increase its speed.
(ii) An ac series motor has its amature laminated but field structure unlaminated.
(iii) Two reaction theory of three phase alternators is applicable to smooth cylindrical
rotor machines only.
(iv) V curves of a synchronous motor are the curves between field current and armature
applied voltage.
(v) S.C. test on a synchronous machine is normally performed at full armature voltage.
Solution:
(a)
(i) By increasing resistance in rotor circuit starting torque will increase.

(ii) To provide starting torque in 1-phase IM auxiliary winding is required.
(iii) At zero pf leading armature reaction has magnetizing effect.
46
B.Tech
Ia
fT
fR
fa
At unity pf armature reaction has distortion and demagnetizing effect

fR
fa
fT
Za
E
At zero lagging pf load armature reaction has demagnetizing effect

Ia
fa
fT
fR
(iv) for USA f = 60 Hz so

P=
120 f 120 60
=
=4
N
1800
In India f = 50Hz so
Speed =
120 f 120 50
=
= 1500 RPM
P
4
(v) rotor field rotates in space at

speedNs Nr
120 f
N r = 1500 1440 = 60 RPM
P
(b)
(i) A universal motor will operate successfully only when its field wdg is connected in
series with armature.
47
(ii) Three phase synchronous motor may be employed for both, constant speed application
as well as for power factor correction.
(iii) Max. torque developed when angle between pole and brush axis is 90.
(iv) Steam driven large turbo alternator has smooth cylindrical type rotor.
(v) An induction generator can develop electric power either when connected to grid or
when a suitable capacitor bank is connected across the terminals.
(c)
(i) A deep bar rotor is used to increase starting torque so it is false.

(ii) An ac series motor has armature and field stator both laminated so it is false.
(iii) Two reaction theory of 3phase Alternators is applicable to salient pole rotor machines
so it is false.
(iv) V curves of a synchronous motor are the curves between field current and armature
current so it is false.
(v) S.C. test on a synchronous m/c is normally performed at full armature current so it is
false.
Question 2.
(a) Explainb the production of rotating magnetic field in a three phase induction motor.
(b) A 4 pole, 50Hz 3 phase induction motor develops a maximum torque of 200Nm at 1400
rpm. Find the torque at a slip of 5%. Neglect stator impedance.
OR
(a) Describe the various methods of speed control of three phase slip ring induction motors.
(b) A 6 pole, 3 phase, 60Hz induction motor takes 48 kW input power at 1140 rpm. The stator
core loss is 1.4 kW, stator coper loss 1.6kW and-rotor mechanical losses are 1 KW. Find
motor efficiency.
Solution:
(a) Ref.: See Question Paper June -2013 Q. No. 3 (a).
(b) Tm = 200 N m
Nr = 1400 RPM
P = 4, f = 50 Hz
so Ns =
120 f 120 50
=
= 1500 RPM
P
4
Slip at max torque
48
B.Tech
sm =
Ns Nr 1500 1400
=
Ns
1500
= 0.066
We know that
Tm sm 2 + s 2
=
2sm .s
Tf
so
Tf =
2 sm .s
Tm
sm 2 + s 2
2 0.066 0.05
200
(0.066)2 + ( 0.05)2
= 194 Nm
OR
I.M.: The stable operation of the 3 induction motor is restricted
Speed Control of 3
within a small range of slips and because of this restriction. Its application is limited to
substantially constant speed drives.
We know that,
Ns =
120 f
P
Thus we have the following methods of speed control:

1. Frequency variation
2. Variation of number of poles:
(a) Using multiple windings
(b) Using consequent-pole technique
(c) By pole-amplitude modulation.
3. Variation in motor parameters:
(a) Variation of supply voltage.
(b) Variation of Rotor resistance of stator reactance
(c) Variation of Rotor reactance or both stator and rotor reactance.
4. Control of rotor slip power
1. Frequency Variation: This method can be used for both squirre cage and wound rotor type
motors. This method provides smooth stepless control of speed through wide range lower
49
value of current at higher. Power factor when started at lower frequency. In frequency
variation method the variable frequency supply voltage is used. This voltage can be obtain
from
(a) by variable frequency alternator
(b) by rotating frequency convertor
(c) by static converters as cyclo converter.
2. Variation of number of poles: These methods are generally recommended for squirrel
cage induction motors and as for steady torque production the stator and rotor poles should
be equal. The change in the number of stator poles must be accompanied with a change in
the number of rotor poles, so the pole change can be effected by the following methods:
(a) Using multiple windings in stator for two different speeds: one for higher speed and another
for lower speed change over from one speed to another is made by switch.
(b) Pole changing with a single stator winding also can be achieved by using consequent pole
technique. In this technique the total stator winding coils are connected in different manners
according to constant torque, constant power and variable torque and power applications.
This method gives speed control in steps.
3. Supply voltage variation: This method is used for both squirrel cage and wound motors. By
using voltage variation variable speed on an induction motor can be varied. In this method,
there are some disadvantages like torque is reduced with the reduced with the reduction in
supply voltage. This method gives smooth stepless control, low efficiency at lower speeds
and inferior speed regulation.
4. Variation in motor parameters: The speed variation can be achieved by changing motor
parameters. For wound motor we can changed rotor resistance, rotor reactance and stator
reactance and for squirrel cage motors only stator reactance can be changed. By rotor resistance
variation the smooth speed control can be obtained. There is a drawback that the large copper
losses occurs at lower speeds.
Stator reactance method is not effective at lower slips with normal rotor resistance, the
performance can be achieved by using high resistance rotors.
5. Control of Rotor slip power: The wound rotor induction motor can operated at lower speeds
by inserting suitable resistance in the rotor circuit. In this method slip power is dissipated in
the rotor circuit.
Inserting means of speed control of wound is based on the economic use of slip power and
uses a slip power converter for this purpose. By this method motor can be run at super
synchronous speeds by feeding slip power in rotor. Feeding of power means the power is
injected at the same frequency of rotor emf by the slip power converter and must automatically
50
B.Tech
adjust itself with the change of rotor speed.

(b) P = 6, f = 60Hz
P1 = 48 KW = 48000W
Nr = 1140 RPM
Ns =
s=
120 f 120 60
=
= 1200 RPM
P
6
Ns Nr 1200 1140
=
= 0.05
Ns
1200
Stator (core + copper losses = 1.4 + 1.6

= 3KW = 3000 watt
Power input to the Rotor P2 = P1 P stator
= 48000 3000
= 45000W
Rotor copper losses = sP2 = 0.05 45000
(P CU)
= 2250 W
Rotor output = P2 PCU = 45000 2250

= 42750 W
Power output = Rotor output Pfw
= 42750 1000
= 41750W
PO / P 41750
=
= 86.98 = 87%
P1/ P 48000
Question 3.
(a) With the help of the torque-slip characteristic explain why single phase induction
motor is not inherently self starting?
(b) Explain various type of single phase induction motor alongwith the techniques used
for their starting.
OR
(a) Develop the equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor.
51
(b) Describe the construction and working of a universal motor and give its applications.
Solution:
(a) Double Revolving Theory: This theory is quite complex will compair to first but it explain
the concept of single phase I.M. better. On this method flux produced by single phase supply
can be resolved in two component of half of the amplitude and rotating in opposite direction
with NS speed (Ferraris principle)A/c to this principle magnetic field produced by single
phase a.c. is resolved in two compoenent having half of the amplitude and running in opposite
direction as shown in fig. with angular velocity w. Th component OA1 is moving in or back
ward direction, while another component OA2 is moving in of f/w direction.
After time t these two component are displaced by angle .
A1
q
2
q
O
q
q
2
A2
Now rotor rotates in the direction using some external mean with speed Nrpm while
Ns =
120 f
p
So rotor slips, the f/w magnetic field by slip
s=
Ns N
= sf
Ns
while rotor has slip w.r.t. b/w rotating field as
52
B.Tech
Sb =
Ns ( N ) Ns + N
=
= 2s
Ns
Ns
assumed torque produced by forward field inthe direction of rotating is +ve and torque
produced by backward field is ve, that is bracking torque. The torque slip characteristic of
S.P.I.M. can be drawn for forward magnetic field as well as backward magnetic field as
shown in fig.
T
u
torq
ed
eve
lo
b
ped
y p/
e
agn
tic f
ield
wm
By
kw
Bac
ard
M-F
The net torque can be drawn by superposition of these two hypothetical component of torque
developed by f/w and b/w magnetic field. At unity slip when rotor speed is zero the net torque
is zero. So S.P.I.M. has zero starting torque or it fails to start. There is sufficient large torque,
if slip is less than one or greater than one.
(b) Types of Single Phase Induction Motor: We know that the two phase AC system has
rotating magnetic field so there will be sufficient starting torque as well as running torque. In
two phase a.c. two voltages are displaced at 90. So flux produce by two phase system has
phase differentce of 90. If we slipt sstator winding current of S.P.I.M. in two component
having 90 phase difference then there will be sufficient starting torque due to rotating magnetic
field same as two phase a.c. system for this purpose we have two methods:
(i) split phase method
(ii) Use of capacitor in one of the stator winding.
When we use above method the S.P.I.M. has following types:
(a) Resistance start motor or split motor
(b) Capacitor start I.M.
(c) Permanent capactor or single value capacitor I.M.
53
(d) Two value capacitor or capacitor start capacitor run induction motor.
Resistance start/split phase IM
In practice all S.P.I.M. motor has two stator winding one is known as main winding another
is known as auxiliary winding or start winding.
The electric ckt diagram of stator is shown in figure.
Im
Main
Starting wdg
or
axillary wdg
Roter
V wdg
Resistance of starting winding is high with compair to main winding and relactance of main
winding is high. If two winding are connected with single phase supply having voltage V then
main wdg current and starting winding lags behind the voltage and shown in phaser.
V
qs
fm
q
Is
Im
Capacitor Start Single Phase Capacitor

IS
Im
Starting
torque
Main
V wdg
Roter
CS
In this motor two stator wdgs have approximate same size of conductor as well as same
numbers of turns. A capacitor is connected in series with auxilary wdg always to provide 90
phase difference between two wdg currents.
54
B.Tech
OR
(a)
I1
R1
X1
r2
s
Vf
Xm
Zf
X2
V
r2
2s
Vb
Zb
Xm
X2
As per the double-field revolving theory, a single phase I.M. is looked upon as consisting of
two motors having a common stator winding but with their respective rotors revolving in
opposite directions. Based on it, the above equivalent circuit has been arrived at stator
impedance Z1 = R1 + jX1
jxm 2 + jx2
s
Impedance of forward running rofor is Zf =

r2
+ j ( xm + x2 )
s
r
jxm 2 + jx2
2s
Impedance of backward running rofor is Zb =

r2
+ j ( xm + x2 )
2s
Under standstill conditions, Vf = Vb but under running conditions Vf is almost 90 95% of
the applied voltage V. Equivalent ckt. with core loss is as follows:

R1
X1
Xm
R1
r2
s
X2
X1
Zof
V
r2
2 s
X2
Xm
55
Zob
r2
s
X2
r2
2 s
X2
(b) Ref.: See Question Paper June -2013 Q. No. 8 (a).

Question 4.
(a) Derive the emf equation of a concentrated full pitch winding.
(b) calculate the distribution factor for a 3 phase distributed single layer. winding of the
armature of aternator. The altcrnator has 2 poles and a total of 18 slots.
OR
(a) Explain the synchronous impdance method of finding the voltage regulation of a three
phase alternator. Give the circuits to perform tests required for the same.
(b) A 3 phase star connected cylindrical rotor synchronous generator rated at 10KVA and
230volts has a synchronous reactance of 1.2 ohms per phase and an armature resistance
of 0.5ohm per phase. Calculate the percentage voltage regulation at full load with 0.8
lagging power factor.
Solution:
(a) EMF eq. of alternator
Let alternators is designed for P = poles,
= flux per pole, x = no. of slot in
stator wdg, y conductors per slot,
Zt = Total conductors in stator = x y
Zp = conductors per phase =
ZT
3
T = No. of turns per phase =
Zp
2
or
Z P = 2T
56
B.Tech
emf induced in each conductor for 1 revolution of rotor, e =
d
dt
d = flux linked with conductor in 1 revolution

d = P.
dt = time taken for 1 revolution
=
60
second, N = speed in rpm.
N
so, e =
E=
d
P
=
dt 60 / N
P N
60
for ac m/c, NP = 120 f

or
f =
NP
120
2f =
NP
60
e = 2f
Thus, emf induced in each phase,
EP = e conductors per phase (zp)
= e zp = 2fzp
EP = 4 f T
for ac m/c the effect of form factor and wdg factor are also considerable. so,
Ep = 4 (kf)(kp)(kd)fT
Where, kf = form factor
kp = pitch factor
kd = distribution factor
57
kp.kd. = winding factor

Since, generated emf is sinuosoidal in nature.
So, kf = 1.11 EP = 4.44k p kd fT
(b) P = 2 No. of slots = 18
n=
18
=9
2
m=
n
=3
3
m
2
distribution factor kd =
m sin
2
sin
here =
kd =
180 180
=
= 20
n
9
sin 30
0.35
=
= 0.9598
3sin10 3 .1736
= 0.96
OR
(a) Voltage Regulation
In alternators, there is voltage drop due to (1) Ra, (2) due to armature reactance and (3) due
to armature reaction.
Thus, terminal voltage and generated emf will be different. In absence of armature reaction
cylindrical rotor alternators.
Ea = V + I a Ra + jX s I a
If Ia = 0, E0 = V (no load voltage)
otherwise Ea and V are different
The voltage regulation is ratio of change in V from no load to full load voltage to the full load
voltage
58
B.Tech
E0 V
100
%VR =
V
To determine VR, we use following-three methods
1. Emf method or synchronous impedance method
2. mmf method or ampere turns method
3. Zero p.f or POTIER triangle method.
Synchronous Impedance Method
Emf Method: In this method we are taking Xs as a combine effect of leakage reactance
and reactance due to armature reaction, so its value is stighly high compare to practical
value. Using phasor diagrams. We can calculate relation between no load emf and rated
voltage for diff. pf loads. The evalculated value fo VR is lower than the actual value. So , it
is optimistic method from the eq. we can draw phasor diagram.
E0 = Ea = V + I a Ra + I a X s j
1. for unity p.f. load
here Ia and V has same phase.
E0
Ia Xs
f
Ia
E0 =
(V + I a Ra ) + ( I a X s )
2
Ia Ra
In this case, Ea > V,

VR will be +ve.
2. For lagging pf loads
Ia lags behind V by an angle
E0
E
Ia Xs
O
D
Ia Ra
Ia
B
C
E0 = OE = OC 2 + CE 2
=
(OB + BC )2 + (CD + DE )2
(V cos + I a Ra ) + (V sin + I a X s )
2
here OB = V cos
CD = V sin
BC = IaRa
DE = IaXs
E0 > V, VR = +ve
3. For leading pf load
Ia leads V by an angle
E0
Ia
Ia Ra
f
V
E0 =
(V cos + I a Ra ) + (V sin I a X s )
2
VR may be +ve, ve/according to power factor

(b) S = 10 KVA
Vp =
VL = 230 volt (star)
230
VL
=
= 132.8V
1.732
3
Ra = 0.5
Xs = 1.2
S
10 1000
=
= 25.1A
3VL
3 230
Ia =
for 0.8 lossing pf full load
EP =
=
Ia Xs
(VP cos + I a Ra )2 + (VP sin + I a X s )2
(132.8 .8 + 25.1 0.5)2 + (132.8 .6 + 25.1 1.2)2
= 14112.2 + 12056 = 26168.24 = 161.7 volt
59
60
B.Tech
% VR =
EP VP
161.7 132.8
100 =
100
VP
132.8
= 21.7%
Question 5.
(a) Discuss the effect of saliency and explain the two reaction theory for salient pole
synchronous machine.
(b) A 2300v, three phase, 60Hz Y connected cylindrical-rotor synchronous motor has a
synchronous reactance of 11ohms per phase. When it delivers 200hp, the efficiency is
found to be 90% excluding the fielf loss. The power angle is 15 electrical degrees.
Neglecting the ohmic resitance, determine.
(i) The induced excitation voltage per phase, Ef
(ii) The line current.
OR
(a) Explain hunting phenomenon in synchronous motors. How can it be reduced , describe
in detail.
(b) Describe the principle of operation of a reluctance motor giving suitable constructional
diagrams. State its various applications.
Solution:
(a) Two reactance concept for salient pole syn. m/c
As we know, cylindrical rotor machine has uniform air gap between stator and rotor, so, its
reactance is same everywhere in air gap. In salient poles syn. m/c, non-uniform air gap is
present due to salient structures of poles. There will be 2 axis of geometric symmetric:
1. Field pole axis or direct axis (d axis)
2. Axis passing through the centre of inter polar space is quadrature axis (q axis)
d axis
N
q axis
61
In cylindrical rotor m/c, only one axis is polar axis/direct axis. In salient pole machine
reluctance of mag. path corresponding to 2 axis will be differetnt. The mmf of armature can
be divided in 2 components:
(i) Direct acting components
(ii) Quadrature/cross acting component
According to 2 reactance concept of salient pole m/c, effect of armature reaction can be
represented by fictitious voltages. These reactance voltagess are IdXad and IqXaq where Id
and Iq are components of armature current along direct axis and quadrature axis. In both
cases, there will be leakage reactance XL, so d-axis syn. reactance, xd = Xad + XL and q-axis
syn. reactance will be xq = Xaq + XL.
In salient pole rotors, Xq is 60-70% of xd and in cylindrical rotor, Xq = Xd = Xs.
Based on emf eq. we can draw phasor diagram.
f
Id
Ia
Iq
f d
V
Iq
Id
Ia
Ra
Id Xd
(b) Motor I/P =
Motor O/P
200 .735
= 163333Watt
0.9
Ia =
Motor I/P
163333
=
3VL
3 2300
= 41A = IL
E0
Iq Xq
Ia
62
B.Tech
VP =
2300
= 1328 Volt
3
= 90
= 15
ER = Ia.Zs = Ia.Xs = 41 11 = 451 volt

EP
451 = ER
IL 15
90
VP = 1328
118
We known that
ER =
V p2 + E 2p 2V p EP cos
2
2
So E R = E p 2VP E P cos
2
243401 = 1763584 + E p 2566 EP
E p2 2566 EP + 1560183 = 0
By solving this equations we get,
E p = 1576 volt
for
ER
E
=
sin sin (90 + )
451
1576
=
.258 sin (90 + )
So pf = cos = 0.9 leading
= cos1 (.9) = 25.8 leading.
OR
(a) Hunting
This phenomenon of oscillation of the rotor about its final equilibrium postion is called hunging.
Since during rotor oscillations, the phase of the phasor Ef changes relative to phasor V,
hunting is also known as phase swinging. The term hunting is used to signify that after
sudden application of load, the rotor attempts to search for or hunt for its new equilibrium
space position.
63
Hunting occurs not only in the synchronous motors but also in the synchronous generators
upon the adrupt change in loading.
Causes of Hunting
1. Sudden changes of load
2. Faults occurring in the system which the generator supplies
3. Sudden changes in the field current
4. Cyclic variations of the load torque.
Reduction of hunting
The following are some of the techniques used to reduce hunting:
(a) Damper windings
(b) Use of flywheels
The prime mover is provided with a large and heavy flywheel. This increases the
inertia of the prime mover and helps in maintaining the rotor speed constant.
(c) By designing synchronous machines with suitable synchronizing power coefficients.
(b) Reluctance Motor
30
29
28
27
26
25
31
32
1 2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
24
12
13
23
22
21
20 19 18 17
16
14
15
Construction: Stator has main and auxiliary windings and centrifugal switch is incorporated
to cut the aux winding when 70% of the full-load speed is achieved. Squirrel-cage rotor has
unsymmetrical magnetic construction, which is achieved by removing (cutting away) some
teeth of a symmetrical sq. cage rotor punching. In the above fig. a 32-teeth, four pole rotor
is cut awayu in the follwoing manner.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 25, 26, 27, 28, 29.
removing (6, 7, 8), (14, 15, 16), (22, 23, 24) and (30, 31, 32)
This would leave four projecting or salient poles.
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B.Tech
Working
The above constructional feature allows the rotor to offer variable mag. reluctance to the
the stator flux, the reluctance varying with the position of the rotor.
As the stator is energised, the revolving magnetic field exerts reluctance torque on the rotor
tending to align the salient pole axis of the rotor with the axis of the revolving magnetic field
(because in this position, the reluctance of the magnetic path is minimum). If the reluctance
torque is sufficient to start the motor and its load, the rotor will pull into step with the
revolving field and continue to run at the speed of the revolving field.
Actually, the motor starts as an I.M. and after reaching its max. speed, the reluctance torque
pulls its rotor into step with the revolving field so that the motor now runs as a synchronous
motor by virtue of its saliency.
Merits of reluctance motor over other single phase motoros
Reluctances motor has a constant speed characteristic and it rotates at synchronous speed
Hystersis motor, too, rotates at syn. speed but it cannot rotate at any other speed. Reluctance
motor can rotate by induction-motor action at lower speed. This is desiroble in cases where a
continuous rotation is necessary (through at speeds < rated speed). If the load is increased
beyond a value under which the reluactances torque canot maintain syntain synjchronous
speed, the rotor drops out of step with the field and the speed drops to some value at which
the slip is sufficient to develop necessary torque to drive the load by I.M. action.
Applications
1. Signalling devices
2. Timers
3. Recording instruments
4. Phonographs.
65

Fourth Semester [B.Tech.] May 2011
ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION-II (ETEE 202)

Time : 3 Hours
Maximum Marks : 75
Question 1.
(a) Explain why the power factor of an induction motor operating at no load is very low?
(b) For a slip(S) and line frequency f1, prove that the frequency of rotor emf in an induction
motor is Sf1.
(c) Explain the working of capacitor start singlephaseinduction motor.
(d) Explain the nature of armature reaction in a synchronous machine for unity power factor
and zero power factor lagging.
(e) What are V-curves? Draw and explain V-curve for synchronous motor.
Solution:
(a) At no load current drawn by motor is magnetizing current. This current lags behind from
supply voltage by large angle so power factor is poor. (It is same for low speed m/cs as
compared to high speed m/cs).
I 2 ~
= 0 R2
1e
R0
Im > > 1e
V1
10
I1 = I0
V1
X 2
R1L
1m
1e
q0
X0
1m
E1
(b) Slep s =
Ns Nr
NP
& f1 = s = line frequency
120
Ns
for rotating rotor at speed Nr.

Frency of rotor emf/current = fr =
10
(Ns Nr ) P
120
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B.Tech
so
f r ( N s N r ) P / 120 N s N r
=
=
f1
N s P / 120
Ns
Ns Nr
so f r = N
f1
s
fr = sf1
(c) Ref.: See Question Paper 2012, Q. No. 3(b)
(d) Armature reaction in alternator
Acc to load, armature current Ia has certain phase relation with terminal voltage. Acc to this
relation, armature flux has its effect over the main pole flux. The effect of armature flux over
main pole flux is known as armature reaction.
1. For unity pf load, armature current Ia has same phase as terminal voltage V.
fm
fa
fr
Ia
Ea V
2. For zero lagging p.f. load, Ia lags by 90 from generated emf., Now phasor diagram as
shown in fig.:
Ia
fa
fm
If
Ea
for zero lagging pf load effect of a is demagnetising or it demagnitse the main pole flux, m.
3. For leading p.f. load, Ia leads Ea by 90

fa
fm
Ia
67
If
Ea
The effect of a is magnetising, it improves the main pole flux, if pf is less than 1 or grater
than 0, leading then, a distorts and magnetise a.
(e) Ref.: See Question Paper 2013, Q. No. 7(a)
Question 2.
(a) A, 3-phase, 400V, 50Hz induction motor takes a power input of 35kW at its full load
speed of 890rpm. The total stator losses are 1kW and the friction and windage losses are
1.5kW. Calculate slip, rotor ohmic loss, shaft power and efficiency.
(b) Draw and explain the torque-slip characteristics of an induction motor.
Solution:
(a) When Nr = 890 RPM the Ns will be 1000 RPM
So slip =
Ns Nr 110
=
= 0.11
Ns
1000
P1 = 35 kW = 35000W
P2 = Rotor I/P = P1 stator losses
= 35000 1000 = 34000W
Rotor ohmie losses = Rotor capper losses
By
P2 : Pm : Pcu : : 1: (1 s): s
Pcu = sP2 = 0.11 34000
= 3740 W
Pm = P2 Pcu = 34000 3740
= 30260W
Shaft Power/PO/P = Pm Pfw
= 30260 1500 = 28760 W
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B.Tech
Po / p
PI / P
28760
100 = 82.17%
35000
(b) Torque slip characteristtic or torque speed characteristics

We know that the torque equaiton of three phase induction motor
T=
ksE22 R2
R22 + s 2 X 22
T
T
T Max
Tst
sm
s=0
Nr = Ns
slip
speed
s=1
Nr = 0
1. At s = 0 torque is zero this position is not possible for motor it is possible only for induction
generator
2. For the small value of s, s 2 X 22 is negligible so torque is propostinal to slip so this portion of
curve is linar and motor will operator stable near to zero slip.
3. At s = R2/X2 motor developed maximum torque i.e. known as pull out torque the magnitude
of maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance but value of slip at which it develop is
proportionl to rotor resistance.
1
this
s
portion of curves is rectangular hyperbola it is unstable region of operation for induction
motor.
4. If the slip increases further factor s 2 X 22 is consider able so torque is proportional to
5. At s =1 there is starting torque in induction motor.
69
Question 3.
(a) From the equivalent circuit of a polyphase induction motor, obtain the following relation
I 2 MT
=
I2
1 S MT
1 +
2 S
, where I 2MT is the stator load component of current at
maximum torque. Neglect stator resistance.

(b) Explain auto-transformer starting and star-delta starting for an induction motor.
Solution:
(a) We know that
Tm =
KE22
KsR E 2
& T = 2 22 2 2
R2 + s X 2
2X2
Tm R22 + s 2 X 22 sm2 + s 2
=
=
T
2 sR2 X 2
2 sm .s
3 I 22 s T2 & I 22m m T2 m
I 22m smT2 m
=
I 22
sT2
=
sm T2 m
s T2
sm sm2 + s 2
s 2m s
2
sm2 + s 2 1 sm
=
= 1 +
2s 2
2 s
2
I 2m
1 sm
=
+
1
2 s
I2
(b) Ref.: See Question Paper 2013, Q. No. 3(b)
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B.Tech
Question 4.
(a) Draw and explain the equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor.
(b) What is double revolving field theory show that single phase induction motor does not
have starting torque?
Solution:
(a) Equivalent circuit of single phase I.M.
The equivalent ckt can be developed on the basis of double revoluting theory understandstill
rotor condition as show in fig.
I12
X1
R1
I0
R 12
Em
Rm
Xm
X 12
Based on double revoluting field theory this cut can be modify as shown in fig.
R1
I12
X1
I0
R 12
Emf
Rm
2
Xm
2
2
X 12
2
emf = Enb
Em
=
2
V
R 12
Emb
Rm
2
Xm
2
2
X 12
2
The equivalent ckt. normal running condition can be drawn as shown fig.
I1
R1
I2f
X1
Imf
R 12
2s
Xm
2
Rm
Emf 2
X 12
2
V
R 12
Emb
Rm
2
(2s)2
Xm
2
X 12
2
The energy component of no. load current very small so Ie << Im

IO Im the magnitude of
Rm
is very large so it can be draw as shown in figure.
2
I12f
Imf
R 12
Xm
2
2s
= Emf
X 12
2
V
I12b
Imb
= Emb
R 12
Xm
2
(2s)2
X 12
2
I2b =
Emb
R 12
(2s)2
d2
0
71
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B.Tech
(b) Ref.: See Question Paper 2013, Q. No. 3(a)

Question 5.
(a) A universal motor has as 2 pole armatue with 960 conductors. At a certain load the
motor speed is 5000rpm and the armature current is 4.6A, the armature terminal
voltage and input are respectively 100V and 300W. Compute the following, assuming
an armature resitance of 3.5..
(i) Effective armature reactance.
(ii) Maximum value of useful flux/pole.
(b) Write short note on any two methods for starting a single phase induction motor.
Solution:
(a) Ref.: See Question Paper 2013, Q. No. 8(b)
Question 6.
(a) Explain with the help of neat diagram, the conswtructional details of salient pole
synchronous machine.
(b) Explain how the potier triangle can be drawn with the help of OCC and any two points on
the ZPFC. Explain the difference between potier-reactance xp and armature leakage
reactance xal.
Solution:
(a) The end view of a typical 6-pole salient-pole rotor. Salient-pole rotors are normally used for
rotors with four or more poles.
Poles of identical dimensions are assembled by stacking laminations to the required lenght
and then reveted together. After placing the field coil around each pole body, these poles are
73
fitted by a dove-tail joint to a steel spider keyed to the shaft. Salient-pole rotors have
concentrated winding on the poles. Damper bars are usually inserted in the pole faces to
damp out the rotor oscillations during sudden change in load conditions. A salient-pole
synchronous machine has a non-uniform air gap.
Salient-pole generators have a large number of poles, and operate at lower speeds. A salientpole generator has comparatively a large diameter and a short axial length. The large diameter
accommodates a large number of poles.
Salient-pole alternators driven by water turbines are called hydro-alternators or hydrogenerators. Hydrogenerators with relatively higher speeds are used with inpulse turbines and
have horizontal configuration. Hydrogenerators with lower speeds are used with reaction and
kaplari turbines and have vertical configuration.
Question 7.
(a) A 6.6kV star connected 3-phase synchronous motor works at a constant voltage and
constant excitation. Its synchronous impedance is 1.5 + j12 per phase. Wehn the input
power is 1000kW, the pf is 0.8 leading. Find the pf when input is increased to 1500kW.
(b) An alternator, connected to infinite bus, is operating at unity power factor at half load.
With the field current remaining constant, steam inut is increased till alternator begins to
operate at full load. Under this condition, discuss what happens to power factor atreactive
power flow.
Solution:
(a) V =
6.6 1000
= 3810 volt
3
Zs = 1.5 + j12
= 12.1 83
Ia =
1000 103
= 109.3 A
3 6600 .8
E R = I a Z s = 109.3 12.1 = 1322.5 Volt
3 cos = .8So = cos 1 (.8) = 36.87

E 2 = V 2 + ER2 2 EV cos (83 +36.87 )
E = 6362 volt
Power increased from 1000 MW to 1500 MW so
74
B.Tech
EV
sin = P
Zs
so = 14.5
Now
E
V
=
sin ( + ) cos ( + )
or cos =
E
cos ( + )
V
cos
E 6362
= =
= 1.67
cos ( + ) V 3810
Cos = 1.67 [cos cos sin sin ]
By solving this
= 23
pf is 0.92 leadeing.
Question 8.
(a) Explain the two-reaction theory as applied to salient pole synchronous machine and
draw its phasor diagram for a lagging power factor load.
(b) A salient pole synchronous generator has the following per unit parameter Xd = 1.2,
Xq = 0.025. Compute the excitation voltage Ef on a per unit basis, whne generator is
delivering rated KVA at rated voltage and a pf of 0.8 lagging.
Solution:
(a) Ref.: See Question Paper 2012, Q. No. 5(a)
(b) Ia = 1PV
V = 1 PV
Xd = 1.2 PV, Xq = 0.8 pu, Ra = 0.0258 PV

= cos1(.8) = 36.57
tan =
V sin + I a X q
V cos + RaIa
0.6 + .8
= 1.697
.8 + .025
75
= tan1 (1.697) = 59.5

= = 59.5 36.57 = 23
Id = Ia sin = 0.86
Iq = Ia cos = 0.5
E0 = V cos + IqRa + Id Xd
= 0.92 + (.5 0.25) + (.86 1.2)
= 0.92 + 0.0125 + 1.032
= 1.9625 PU
Question 9.
(a) Draw and explain the voltage phasor diagram for a synchronous motor operating at
0.5 lagging pf.
(b) The full load current of a 3.3kV, star connected synchronous motor is 160A at 0.8pf
lagging. The resistance and synchronous reactance of the motor are 0.8 and 5.5 per
phase respectively. Calculate the excitation emf. torque angle, efficiency and shaft output
of the motor. Assume the mechanical stray load loss to be 30kW.
Solution:
(a) Phasor diagram at lagging power factor cos
Suppose that the synchronous motor is taking a lagging current from the supply. Equation
(5.5.3a) is used to draw the phasor diagram. The supply voltage
V is taken as reference phasor along OA such that OA = V. For lagging power factor cos ,
the direction of armature current Id lags behind V by an angle along OB, where OB = Ia.
The voltage drop per phase in the armature resistance is IaRa. The phasor (IaRa) is represented
by AC. It is in a direction opposite to that of Ia. The voltage drop per phase in the synchronous
reactance is IaXs. The phase (j IaXs) is represented by CD. It is in a direction perpendicular
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B.Tech
to the phasor (IaRa). The phasor Ef is equal to the phasor sum of V, (IaRa) and (j IaXs).
It is represented by OD. The angle between V and Ef is the power angle (or torque angle).
It plays an important role in the power transfer and in the stability of the synchronous motor
operation. Fig. shows the phasor diagram of the synchronous motor operating at a lagging
power factor cos . The phasor diagram at lagging power factor cos can also be drawn as
shown in fig.
(b) Ia = 160 A & pf = 0.8 lagging
Zs = 0.8 + j 5.5 = 5.56 81.7
V=
VL 3300
=
= 1905 volt
3
3
VL = 3.3 KV = 3300 volt

PI/P to motor =
3VL I L cos = 1.732 3300 160 .8 = 731597 watt
Stator Cu losses = 3I a2 Ra = 3 (160) .8 = 61440W

2
Pm = PI/P PCu = 731597 61440

= 670157
PO/P = Pm PfW = 670157 30000 = 640157
PO / P 640157
=
= 87.5%
PI / P 731597
ER = I a Z s = 160 5.56 = 890
= 81.7 & = cos 1 (.8) = 36.57

ER2 = V 2 + E 2 2 EV cos ( + )
(890)2 = (1905)2 + E 2 + 3810E (.47)

E 2 + 1791E + 2836925 = 0
E = 28.3 Volt
ER
E
=
sin sin ( + )
sin =
ER sin ( + )
= .2796
E
= sin 1 (.2796) = 16.2

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1

UNIT II : Synchronous Alternators

UNIT III : Synchronous Motors

UNIT IV : Fractional Horse Power Motors

END TERM EXAMINATION

ELECTRICAL MACHINE-II (ETEE 202)

(10 2.5 = 25)

(a) What is the necessity of computing the voltage regulation of an alternation?

fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)

The torque-speed characteristics are greatly affected by the rotor resistance

Under running conditions it is preferable to have a low rotor resistance

V = I 2 + ; when no load 4I1 = I1 with A T

where V1 is supply side of Xmen, V2 is load side of Xmen

Tst = 0.2 T full.

(ii) If = cos ; is angle of current

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

END TERM EXAMINATION

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION-II (ETEE-202)

(i) In case of motor it is used for self starting of motor.

Current Ia leads Voltage V.

(V cos + IaXs ) + (V sin - Ia Xs )

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

for maximum torque put

and maximum torque is

Rotational losses = 1700W

Its thevenims equivalent circuit is

= (0.249 + j 0.49) ohm

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

(a) Starting on full voltage (s = 1)

Pf = cos 19.7 = 0.94 logging

3 460 42.1 0.94

For max torque

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

= 0, i.e. at the point 0

[Fig. 11.3 (a)]

= 60, i.e. at the point A

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

= 120, i.e. at the point B

Similarly one can show that when = 180, R = 3/2 max.

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

Star Delta Starter

Starting line current,

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

(b) VL = 3300 Volt = VP

(VP cos + IaRa )2 + (V sin IaX s )2

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

(3300 .707)2 + (3300 .707 114.3 18)2

P = 500 MW = 500 103 kw

500 103 2.08

Zero pf ful load curve

Here, OA represent excitation required to overcome demagnetsing effect of armature reaction.

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

cos = 0.8 leading

By using values we get simplified equations

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

Full load pf is high

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II

Seperate real and Imaginary parts

Block rotor test

= 23.73 + j 19.63 + 1.37 + j 3.78

Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion-II