FATHIMA MEMORIAL

TRAINING COLLEGE,

DIGITAL TEXT BOOK

NAME OF STUDENT TEACHER:

ANEESA.A

SUBJECT
MATHEMATICS

CANDIDATE CODE
18014352001

MATHEMATICS
STANDARD : IX

CONTENT
PAGE

1.

Polygons

2.

Sum of angles

3
4
3.

Exterior Angles

4.

Unchanging sum

5.

Different kinds of

7
9

Polygons
11

POLYGONS
Polygons
We have learn about triangles and quadrilaterals. A triangle has three sides
and three angles; a quadrilaterals has four.
Polygons are many-sided figures, with sides that are line segments. Polygons
are named according to the number of sides and angles they have. The most
familiar polygons are the triangle, the rectangle, and the square .Polygons
also have diagonals, which are segments that join two vertices and are not
sides.
We can classify polygons according to the number of sides or vertices.
The simple polygon is a triangle. A triangle has three sides thus, it is a three
sided polygon.

A four sided polygon is called a quadrilateral. A five sided polygon is called a

pentagon.
In this manner, we can obtain a six-sided polygon called a hexagon, a
seven- sided polygon ,called a heptagon, and so on.

Each side of a polygon is connected by two consecutive vertices of the

polygon.
A diagonal is a line segment that connects the non- consecutive vertices of a
polygon.
Polygons are 2-dimensional shapes. They are made of straight lines,
and the shape is "closed

Polygon

Not a Polygon

Not a Polygon

(straight sides)

(has a curve)

(open, not closed)

Sum of the angles

We know that the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 and that the sum of
the angles of a quadrilateral is 360.

Start with vertex A and connect it to all other vertices (it is already connected to B and
E by the sides of the figure). Three triangles are formed. The sum of the angles in each
triangle contains 180. The total number of degrees in all three triangles will be 3 times
180. Consequently, the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon is:
3 180 = 540
Notice that a pentagon has 5 sides, and that 3 triangles were formed by connecting the
vertices. The number of triangles formed will be 2 less than the number of sides.

Geometrical
figure

No.o
f

Figure showing

No. of

triangles

triangles

Sum of the
angles

sides

180

Triangle

2180=360

3180=540

4180=720

Quadrilatera
l

Pentagon

Hexagon
Representing the number of sides of a polygon as n, the number of triangles formed
is (
n2).
Since each triangle

Sum of Interior Angles

of a Polygon

= 180(n - 2)
(where n = number of sides)

contains 180, the sum of

the interior angles of a
polygon is 180(n - 2).

Example 1 : What is the sum of the angles of a polygon with 102 sides?
7

Here the number of sides of a polygon is 102.(I.e; n=102)

Sum of the angles of a polygon =(n-2)180
= (102-2) 180
= 100 180

= 1800 .
Example 2: How many sides does a polygon have if the sum of its interior angles is 720?
Since, the number of degrees is given, set the formula above equal to 720,
and solve for n.
1
80(n - 2) = 720
n-2=4
n=6

Exercise

The sum of the angles of a polygon is 2160. What is the sum of the angles of a
polygon with one more side? What about a polygon with one side less?

The sum of the angles of a polygon is 2700. How many sides does it have?

Does any polygon have the sum of its angles equal to 1000? How about 900?

A 10 sided polygon has all its angles equal. How much is each angle?

Each angle of a polygon is 150. How many sides does it have?

Exterior angles
8

Look at this figure:

In ABC , the side AB is extended and this produces a new angle outside the triangle.
This angle CBP is called an external angle of the triangle.
What is the relation between this angle and the (internal) angle CBA of the triangle?

IIJMNMN
IIII

When we add up the interior Angle and Exterior Angle we get a straight line, 180.
<CBP = 180 - < CBA
Now instead of AB , if we extend CB, then also we get an exterior angle at B.

Q
What is the relation between the external Angle ABQ and <CBP ?
They are the opposite angles made by the lines AP and CQ intersecting at B.
So <ABQ =<CBP
As with B, we can draw external angles at each of the other two vertices also.

And like this , we can draw external angles at each vertex of any polygon.
For example , look at the external angles of a quadrilateral:

10

Now try to do these problems:

The angles of a triangle are 30, 40 and 110. Find the measures of its
external
Angles.
Three angles of a quadrilateral are 60 , 75 and 100. Find the fourth
angle.
Also find all the four external angles.

Unchanging

sum

We have learnt a trick to compute the sum of the angles of a polygon. Is

there a way to compute the sum of the external angles?

Lets start with a triangle:

B
11

The sum of the external angles at A and the angle of the triangle itself at A,is
180.The same thing happens at the vertices B and C also.
So, the sum of these three pairs of external and internal angles is
3 180 =540 . That is, the sum of the three external angles and the three
angles of the triangle is 540. In this, the sum of the angles of the triangle is
180. From this, we see that the sum of the external angles only is
540 180 =360 .
What about a quadrilateral, instead of a triangle?

Here, at each of the four vertices, there is a linear pair formed by an

external angle and an angle of the quadrilateral. The sum of the angles in
each such pair is 180. So, the four external angles and the four angles of
the quadrilateral together make

4 180 =720 .

In this, the sum of the four angles of the quadrilateral is 360. So, the
sum of the four external angles is
Lets think about an

720 360 =360 .

n -sided polygon in general. There are

n vertices in

all; and at each vertex, a linear pair formed by an external angle and an
angle of the polygon itself. So, sum of all these angles is
the sum of the angles of the polygon is

n 180 .

In this,

( n2 ) 180 .

12

So, sum of the external angles

n 180 [ ( n2 ) 180 ]
2 180
360

Finding the sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is simple. No matter what
type of a polygon you have, the sum of the exterior angles is always equal to
360.

The sum of the external angles of any polygon is 360.

Now try these problems,

Prove that in any triangle, each external angle is equal to the sum of the
Internal angles at the other two vertices.

In 12- sided polygon, the external angles are all equal. How much is

each external angle? And each angle of the polygon?

The sum of the angles of a polygon and the sum of its external angles

are equal. How many sides does it have?

Each external angle of a polygon is 20. How many sides does it have?

Different Kinds of Polygons

Convex and Concave Polygons
Every polygon is either convex or concave. The difference between convex
and concave polygons lies in the measures of their angles.
For a polygon to be convex, all of its interior angles must be less than 180
degrees. Otherwise, the polygon is concave. Another way to think of it is this:
13

the diagonals of a convex polygon will

be in the interior of the polygon,

whereas certain diagonals of a concave polygon will lie outside the polygon,
on its exterior. Below in Part A are some convex polygons, and in Part B,
some concave polygons.

Simple and complex polygon

A simple polygon has only one boundary, and it doesn't cross over itself.
A complex polygon intersects itself! Many rules about polygons don't work
when it is complex.

Simple Polygon

Complex Polygon

(this one's a Pentagon)

(also a Pentagon)

Regular Polygons
If all angles of a triangle are equal, how much is each angle?
Since the angles are equal, the sides of this triangle must also be equal.

14

On the other hand, what if the sides of a triangle are all equal? Then its
angles are also equal. ( Such triangles are called equilateral triangles, right?)
Now if the angles of a quadrilateral are all equal, is it necessary that its sides
are also equal?
In any rectangle, the angles are all equal ; but the sides may not be equal. If
the sides are also equal , it becomes a square.

Polygons like this, with equal angles and lengths of sides also equal are
called regular polygons.
If all angles are equal and all sides are equal, then it is regular, otherwise it
is irregular

Regular

Irregular

Polygons can also be classified as equilateral, equiangular, or both.

Equilateral polygons have congruent sides, like a rhombus. Equiangular
polygons have congruent interior angles, like a rectangle. When a polygon is
both equilateral and equiangular, it is called a regular polygon. A square is
an example of a regular polygon. The center of a regular polygon is the point
15

from which all the vertices of the polygon are equidistant. Regular polygons
have special properties that we'll explore in the next section. Below are some
examples of equiangular, equilateral, and regular polygons.

Properties of a regular polygons

Apothem(in radius)

The apothem of a polygon is a line from the centre to the midpoint of a side.
This is also the inradius-the radius of the incircle of the polygon. For a
polygon of n- sides, there are n possible apothems, all the same length of
course.

Radius (circumradius)

16

The radius of a regular polygon is a line from the center to any vertex. It will
be the same for any vertex. The radius is also the radius of the polygons
circumcircle, which is the circle that passes through every vertex. In this
role, it is sometimes called the circumradius.
Irregular polygons are not usually thought of as having a center or rasdius.

Incircle

The incircle is the largest circle that will fit inside a polygon that touches
every side.
If the number of sides is 3, this is an equilateral triangle and its incircle is
exactly the same as the one described in incircle of a Triangle.
The inradius of a regular polygon is exactly the same as its apothem.

Circumcircle

17

The circle that passes through each vertex of the regular polygon. If the
number of sides is 3, then the result is an equilateral triangle and its
circumcircle is exactly the same as the one described in Circumcircle of a
Triangle.

A polygon is regular when all angles are equal and all

sides are equal.

The figures below show a regular pentagon and a regular hexagon:

How much is each angle of a regular pentagon?

The sum of the angles is

3 180 =540 ;

and since it is regular, this is the

sum of five equal angles.

So, each angle is

1
540 =108 .
5

Similarly , we can easily see that each angle of a regular hexagon is

1
4 180 =120
6
Look at another example:

D
18

ABCDE is a regular pentagon.

Prove that the lines AD and BD divide <CDE into three equal parts.
Since ABCDE is a regular pentagon, each angle is

3 180
=108
5

Here we have to prove , AD and BD divide <CDE in to three equal parts. That
is we need only show that each of <EDA, <ADB and <BDC is 36.
Consider AED, <AED=108.
Also, since AE and DE are equal, <EAD and <EDA are also equal.
EAD=

That is

180 108 72
=
=36
2
2
EDA=36

(Since< EAD= EDA )

Also consider BCD, we get

So,

BDC =36

EDA+ ADB+ CDB= EDC=108 .

Since,
That is ,

EDA= CDB=36 ,< ADB=36

EDA= ADB= BDC=36

Here are some problems for you::

19

Draw a hexagon with all angles equal, but not all sides equal.
How much is each angle of a 12- sided regular polygon ? How much is

each of its external angle?

Prove that in a regular pentagon , the perpendicular from any vertex to

the opposite side bisects that side.

In the figure below, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.

Prove that ABCDEF is a rectangle.

In the figure below, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.

Prove that ACE is an equilateral triangle.

20

How much is an angle of a 36- sided regular polygon?

One angle of a regular polygon is 144. How many sides does it have?

21