Jishnu Bhattacharya

1st Semester - 2015-16

Lecture -1
Modules
Fuels and combustion

Internal combustion engines

Power plant engineering

Refrigeration and air-condition

Grading policy
Endsem (comprehensive): 40%
Midsem : 30%
Two quizes (announced) : 20% (10% each)
Attendance: 10% (only the portion more than 50% will be used for grading)
After each month, the attendance will be checked. Person with less than 50%
attendance without approved leave from SUGC in the last month will be
deregistered.
All evaluations are closed book and closed notes
Any form of cheating (including attendance-proxies) will lead to
deregistration and further punishment as per the institute rules.
 In case of any doubt, teaching assistants are entitled to check the institute I-
card of a person during the class/examination/quiz.
Make up policy
 Make up requests will be entertained only with the approved leave by SUGC
due to medical emergency and/or institute duties.
 Not more than one quiz/exam can be made up.
 No prorating is allowed.
 Make-up exam/quiz will occur only during the make-up exam schedule
declared by the DOAA office at the end of the semester. No matter which
exam/quiz is missed, the make-up exam/quiz will contain the whole syllabus
of the course.
 The above make-up policy can only be altered for exceptional conditions.
The discretion lies solely with the instructor.
Course website & office hour
Very important :
Sign up in the following website to see the class slides, additional
materials, announcements etc.

piazza.com/iitk.ac.in/firstsemester2015/me301a

Office hours: Thursday 4-5 pm, NL-1, Room 302

OR by prior email appointment

No walk-ins will be entertained

Teaching Assistants
 Puneet (14105286)
 Nimish (11907467)
 Ahsen (11907416)
 Hrashikesh (11907313)
Resources
Class notes – both slides and board works
Additional material as uploaded in the course website
Class notes are adapted from one or more of the following books:
Turns, ‘Introduction to Combustion’
DP Mishra, ‘Fundamentals of Combustion’
PK Nag, ‘Power Plant Engineering’
Pulkrabek, ‘IC Engines’
Eastop, Mcconkey, ‘Applied Thermodynamics’
Van Wylen, Sonntag, Borgnakke, ‘Classical Thermodynamics’
CP Arora, ‘Refrigeration and Air-conditioning’
One copy of each of the available books is kept in reserve section of the institute
library.
Module –I

Fuels and Combustion

Introduction
Most basic form of energy conversion : burning of fuel and
getting heat energy

Fuel and air reacts - combustion products are generated – heat

energy is released

Mixture of gases are important in studying combustion, either

as the reactants or the products

We will start with the laws of mixing for gases as it is important
as well as the easiest starting point
Ideal gas law
Ideal Gas Law PV = nRuT

PV = mRT
Valid only when no inter-molecular force exists

For combustion, it is reasonable assumption as at high

temperature, the densities are low, hence the volume
occupied by the molecules is negligible compared to
the total volume of the gas-phase

NOTE: It is immaterial which gas it is as long as the

inter-molecular interactions are negligible, the
pressure, volume and temperature follow a fixed rule
Mixture of Ideal Gases

XA = mole fraction of species A = nA/ntot

YA = mass fraction of species A = mA/mtot

Mixture of Ideal Gases
Relation between mole fraction and mass fraction

Where,
Mixture of Ideal Gases
Concept of partial pressure

This is the Dalton’s law of partial pressure:

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual

partial pressures

Partial pressure: The pressure which each component would exert if

it alone occupies the same volume at the specified temperature as
the mixture.

Partial volume can be defined in a similar way.

Mixture of Ideal Gases
Other thermodynamic properties of a mixture

Mass (or molar) specific mixture properties can be calculated as mass (or
mole) fraction weighted average of the individual specific properties.

eg. Mixture specific enthalpy:

hmix   Yi hi h mix   X i hi
i i

Or, Mixture specific internal energy:

umix   Yi ui u mix   X i u i
i i

NOTE: Neither enthalpy nor the internal energy of an ideal gas depends on
pressure. They are functions of temperature only. As both mixture and
individual component has same T, the sum is straightforward
Mixture of Ideal Gases
Entropy of a mixture

NOTE: Entropy of an ideal gas is a function of both temperature and

pressure.

Where,
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Many cases of engineering combustion involves liquid fuel which gets
vaporized before it takes part in the combustion-process. Hence, the
energy requirement of the vaporization process needs to be quantified.

h fg T , P   hvapourT , P   hliquid T , P 
First Law for a System

System Boundary
Q
Fixed Mass

m,E

W
First Law for a Control Volume
Qcv

Control surface

me  Pv i me  Pv o
. dmcv dEcv .
0 0
dt dt

Inlet Outlet
Wcv

SSSF : Steady state steady flow

Reactants and Products
Combustion, as any other reaction, involves reactants and products.

Typically, a hydrocarbon reacts with air in a combustion process.

Cx H y  aO2  3.76 N 2   xCO2   y 2H 2O  3.76aN 2

Typical Standard Non-

hydrocarbon Air participating
part of air
Air-fuel ratio (A/F)
If we balance the equation to match number of moles of different elements,

Cx H y  aO2  3.76 N 2   xCO2   y 2H 2O  3.76aN 2

a  x y/4
By balancing, we are allowing the exact amount of air that is required to burn
the fuel completely without any constraint on the rate of reaction

Stoichiometric

 mair 
 A F stoic  
 


4.76a MWair
 m fuel  stoic 1 MW fuel
Air-fuel ratio (A/F)
In a real combustion process, the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is neither easy
to maintain nor desirable.

Lean  A F    A F stoic
Rich  A F    A F stoic
To quantify the leanness/richness of an air-fuel mixture, Equivalence ratio
(Φ) is defined as:
 A F stoic

A F 
Lean   1 Rich   1
Air-fuel ratio (A/F)
Another way of quantifying the richness: percent stoichiometric air and
percent excess air

100%
%Stoichiome tric  air 


1 
% Excess  air  100%
