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IAS Main General Studies 2 Markers Question Answer (Set - 11)

IAS Mains General Studies Sample Answers
Important Topics (Set-11)
Write brief but precise notes on following. Your answer should not exceed 50 words in
each case.
(a) Rotterdam convention: Rotterdam convention is a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibility in
relation to importation of hazardous substances (chemicals). It stands for open exchange of information and calls
on exporters of hazardous chemicals to use proper labeling, include directions on safe handling and inform
purchasers of any known restrictions or b Parties can decide whether to allow or ban the importation of chemicals
listed in the treaty, and exporting countries obliged to make sure that producers within their jurisdiction comply.
India is a signatory to the Rotterdam convention.
(b) The Mavi Marmara incident: MV Mavi Marmara was one of the six ships which were carrying humanitarian
aid as well as improvised weapons, gas masks, money & ballistic vests and headed towards Gaza to ease Israeli
blockade. Israel attacked this flotilla on May 31, 2010. Five of the ships were apprehended without loss of life or
severe injuries, but on the MV Mavi Marmara clashes broke out after activists violently resisted Israeli Forces in
which nine activists were killed and several others injured along with 7 Israeli commandos. This flotilla was
organized by Free Gaza Movement and the Turkish Foundation for HRs and Freedom & humanitarian relief. As a
result of this follow Israel-Turkey relations were strained and after international community widespreadly
condemned it, Israel eased its blockade.
(c) Significance of the Kampala declaration of the International Criminal Court (ICC): High level
representatives of states, parties to the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court, declared the Kampala,
declaration on 1st June 2010. It deals mainly with the reaffirmation of the commitment of states to the Rome
statute and its full implementations, as well as its universality and integrity. The actual exercise of jurisdiction is
subject to a decision to be taken after 1st January, 2017. States also decided to henceforth celebrate 17 July, the
day of adoption of the Rome statute in 1998, as the day of adoption of the Rome statute in 1998, as the day of
International Criminal Justice. Moreover, Kampala declarations do not deal with the responsibilities of individuals
for acts of aggression. Thus the narrow definition of state dilutes the significance of the declaration up to a certain
extent.
(d) MRSA infection: MRSA is the short form of the Methicillin Resistant Staphylococeus Aureus. It is a bacterium
responsible for several difficult to treat infections in hum It may also be called Multi Drug Resistant
Staphylococcus Aureus or Oxacillin Resistant Staphylococcus (ORSA) MRSA is, by definition, any strain of
staphylococcus aureus bacteria that has developed resistance to betalactam antibiotics which include the
penicillins (methicillin dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin etc.) and the cephalosporins. MRSA infection usually
causes skin diseases with a common symptom of pus production and shows resistance to many antibiotics. That's
why it is termed a "superbug" by some investigators.
(f) Maglev Vehicles: Maglev denotes Magnetic Leviation, is a system of transportation that suspends, guides and
propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using magnetic levitation from a very large number of magnets for lift and
propulsion. The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 581 km/h, achieved in Japan in 2003. By employing
no wheels, maglev eliminates the friction, and concomitant heat, associated with conventional wheel on rail train
configurations.
(g) Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP): Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) is a dry granular material that has the
unique ability to absorb and retain large volumes of water and other aqueous solutions upto 400 times its weight
in water. A SAP's ability to absorb water is a factor of the iconic concentration of the aqueous solution. In High-

Strength Concrete (HSC), SAP is used as an efficient internal curing agent. It has also been highly used in diaper
industries.
(h) Ginkgo Biloba: Ginkago, known as the Maidenhair tree, Kew tree and Japanese Silver Apricot, is a unique
species with no close relatives. Ginkgo predominantly grows in the southern and eastern USA, southern France,
China and Korea. The extract of Ginkago leaves and seeds are used for their medicinal effects. This herb is
recognized for its memory improvement effects. Ginkago biloba improves the blood flow to the brains and also
enhances overall circulation. This increases the efficiency of the immune system by neutralizing the effect of the
tree radicals. The Ginkgo biloba benefits also include improvement of the ear and eye conditions. Most of the
Ginkgo biloba benefits are due to Havonoids and Terpenoids. These substances are the best known anti oxidents.
(i) CARTOSAT = 2B: CARTOSAT - 2B is an Earth observation satellite in the Sun-Synchronous orbit, which was
launched by PSLV-C-15 rocket from Satish Dhawan Space centre. This satellite is the 17th satellite in the IRS
sateliteeries to be built by the ISRO.
It has a panchromatic camera and is capable of taking an image of 9.6 km of a land at a resolution of 0.8 metre. It
will be very helpful in the urban planning and infrastructure development initiatives such as laying highways, rural
connectivity assessment, canal alignment, planning and monitoring of new rural roads, mapping and monitoring of
mining activities.
(j) Various generation of mobile phone technology: Various generations of mobile phone are based on various
technologies.
Some of them are as follows:
0 G It refers to pre cellular mobile telephony technology of 1970s.
0.5 G It has improved features of 0 G.
1 G Wireless telephone technology. Analog cell phones of 1980s.
2 G Provided SMS facility.
2.5 G It has implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It has technology
such as -WAP, EDGE, GPRS.
3 G Includes broad band services and multimedia communication, such as full motion video, video conferencing
and Internet access. WAN, LAN, WCDMA, CDMA 2000 UMTS and EDGE
3.5 F It generally refer to the technologies beyond the well define 3G wireless/mobile technology. As - HSDPA
and HSUPA.
4 G High speed communication including TV services. They will provide data rates upto 100 MBPS.
Write brief notes on each of the following in about 20 words each: 2 8 = 16
(k) Wolfram Alpha: Wolfram Alpha is a computational answer engine for the web, developed by the Wolfram
Research. It was released to the public on May 15, 2009. It was voted the greatest computer innovation of 2009
by popular science.
(l) Dreamliner Aircraft: The Boeing 787 Dreamlinear is Boeing's most fuel efficient plane, and the world's first
major airliner to use composite materials for most of its construction. The Dreamlinear is a long range mid-sized,
twin-engine aircraft. It seats 210 to 330 passengers and consumes 20% less fuel than the same-sized Boeing
767.
(m) 'Predator' drones: The General Atomics, Mq - 1 Predator drone is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to
provide constant intelligence, surveillance and reconnai-ssance used primarily by the United States Air Force
(USAF) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). It carries cameras and other sensors.
(n) ACTN 3 gene: Alpha-actinin is an actin binding protein with multiple roles in different cell types. Alpha-actinin3, also known as alpha-actinin skeletal muscle isoform 3 or F-action cross-linking protein is a protein that in
humans is encoded by the ACTN 3 gene. This gene expression is limited to skeletal muscle. It is thought to be
one of many factors influencing athletic performance.
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