Ozone levels around Los Angeles have been measured as high as 220 parts per

billion (ppb). Concentrations this high can cause the eyes to burn and are a hazard
to both plant and animal life. But what about
98 DESCRIPTIVE METHODS FOR CONTINUOUS DATA
other cities? The following are data (ppb) on the ozone level obtained in a forested
area near Seattle, Washington:
160 165 170 172 161 176 163 196 162 160 162 185 167 180 168 163 161 167 173
162 169 164 179 163 178
(a) Calculate x, s2, and s; compare the mean to that of Los Angeles. (b) Calculate
the coecient of variation.
2.21 The systolic blood pressures (in mmHg) of 12 women between the ages of 20
and 35 were measured before and after administration of a newly developed oral
contraceptive (Table E2.21). Focus on the column of dierences in the table;
calculate the mean x, variance s2, and standard deviation s.
TABLE E2.21
Subject Before After
AfterBefore Dierence, di
1 122 127 5 2 126 128 2 3 132 140 8 4 120 119 1 5 142 145 3 6 130 130 0 7 142
148 6 8 137 135 2 9 128 129 1 10 132 137 5 11 128 128 0 12 129 133 4
2.22 A group of 12 hemophiliacs, all under 41 years of age at the time of HIV
seroconversion, were followed from primary AIDS diagnosis until death (ideally, we
should take as a starting point the time at which a person contracts AIDS rather
than the time at which the patient is diagnosed, but this information is unavailable).
Survival times (in months) from diagnosis until death of these hemophiliacs were: 2,
3, 6, 6, 7, 10, 15, 15, 16, 27, 30, and 32. Calculate the mean, geometric mean, and
median.
2.23 Suppose that we are interested in studying patients with systemic cancer who
subsequently develop a brain metastasis; our ultimate goal is to prolong their lives
by controlling the disease. A sample of 23 such
EXERCISES 99
patients, all of whom were treated with radiotherapy, were followed from the rst
day of their treatment until recurrence of the original tumor. Recurrence is dened
as the reappearance of a metastasis in exactly the same site, or in the case of
patients whose tumor never com- pletely disappeared, enlargement of the original
lesion. Times to recur- rence (in weeks) for the 23 patients were: 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5,

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 14, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 31, 33, 39, and 195. Calculate the mean,
geo- metric mean, and median.
2.24 A laboratory investigator interested in the relationship between diet and the
development of tumors divided 90 rats into three groups and fed them with low-fat,
saturated-fat, and unsaturated-fat diets, respectively. The rats were all the same
age and species and were in similar physical condition. An identical amount of
tumor cells was injected into a foot pad of each rat. The tumor-free time is the time
from injection of tumor cells to the time that a tumor develops. All 30 rats in the
unsaturated-fat diet group developed tumors; tumor-free times (in days) were: 112,
68, 84, 109, 153, 143, 60, 70, 98, 164, 63, 63, 77, 91, 91, 66, 70, 77, 63, 66, 66, 94,
101, 105, 108, 112, 115, 126, 161, and 178. Calculate the mean, geometric mean,
and median.
2.25 The Data shown in Table E2.25 are from a study that compares adoles- cents
who have bulimia to healthy adolescents with similar body com- positions and levels
of physical activity. The table provides measures of daily caloric intake (kcal/kg) for
random samples of 23 bulimic adoles- cents and 15 healthy ones.
TABLE E2.25
Bulimic Adolescents Healthy Adolescents
15.9 17.0 18.9 30.6 40.8 16.0 17.6 19.6 25.7 37.4 16.5 28.7 21.5 25.3 37.1 18.9
28.0 24.1 24.5 30.6 18.4 25.6 23.6 20.7 33.2 18.1 25.2 22.9 22.4 33.7 30.9 25.1
21.6 23.1 36.6 29.2 24.5 23.8
(a) Calculate and compare the means. (b) Calculate and compare the variances.
2.26 Two drugs, amantadine (A) and rimantadine (R), are being studied for use in
combating the inuenza virus. A single 100-mg dose is adminis- tered orally to
healthy adults. The response variable is the time (minutes) required to reach
maximum concentration. Results are shown in Table E2.26.
100 DESCRIPTIVE METHODS FOR CONTINUOUS DATA
TABLE E2.26
Drug A Drug R
105 123 124 221 227 280 126 108 134 261 264 238 120 112 130 250 236 240 119
132 130 230 246 283 133 136 142 253 273 516 145 156 170 256 271 200
(a) Calculate and compare the means. (b) Calculate and compare the variances and
standard deviations. (c) Calculate and compare the medians.
2.27 Data are shown in Table E2.27 for two groups of patients who died of acute
myelogenous leukemia. Patients were classied into the two groups according to the

presence or absence of a morphologic characteristic of white cells. Patients termed

AG positive were identied by the presence of Auer rods and/or signicant
granulature of the leukemic cells in the bone marrow at diagnosis. For AG-negative
patients, these factors were absent. Leukemia is a cancer characterized by an
overproliferation of white blood cells; the higher the white blood count (WBC), the
more severe the disease.
TABLE E2.27 AG Positive, N 17 AG Negative, N 16
WBC
Survival Time (weeks) WBC
Survival Time (weeks)
2,300 65
16 9,000
27,000 2
21,000 3
65

4,400 56 750 156 3,000 65 4,300 100 4,000 17 2,600 134 1,500 7 6,000
16 10,500 108 5,300 22 10,000 121 10,000 3 17,000 4 19,000 4 5,400 39
7,000 143 28,000 3 9,400 56 31,000 8 32,000 26 26,000 4 35,000 22
100,000 1 79,000 30 100,000 1 100,000 4 52,000 5 100,000 43 100,000

EXERCISES 101
(a) Calculate separately for each group (AG positive a