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Liquefaction
What is Liquefaction?
What is Liquefaction ?
Liquefaction
q
occurs in saturated soils
All pores are completely filled with water;
Soil is no more thirsty!!
The water in the pores exerts the pressure
on soil p
particles called Pore Pressure that
influences how tightly the soil particles are
pressed together
Chi-Chi
Chi
Chi Earthquake,
Earthquake Taiwan,
Taiwan 1999
Many More!!
IIndia
di Seismic
S i i
Zone Map
Zone - II: This is said to be
the least active seismic zone.
Z
Zone
- III:
III It is
i included
i l d d in
i
the moderate seismic zone.
Zone - IV: This is considered
to be the high seismic zone.
Zone - V: It is the highest
seismic zone.
Seismic
zoning Map
of India
Zone V:
Thiss zone
o e cove
coverss the
t e areas
a eas with
w t the
t e highest
g est risks
sks zone
o e that
t at suffers
su e s
earthquakes of intensity MSK IX or greater. The IS code assigns zone factor
of 0.36 for Zone 5. Structural designers use this factor for earthquake
resistant design of structures in Zone 5. The zone factor of 0.36 is indicative
of effective (zero period) peak horizontal ground accelerations of 0.36 g
(36% of gravity) that may be generated during MCE level earthquake in this
zone. It is referred to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone. The state of
Kashmir,the western and central Himalayas, the North-East Indian region
and the Rann of Kutch fall in this zone.
Generally, the areas having trap or basaltic rock are prone to earthquakes.
Zone IV:
This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to
MSK VIII. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4. The IndoGangetic basin and the capital of the country (Delhi), Jammu and Kashmir fall
in Zone 4. In Maharashtra the Faltan area (Koyananager) is also in zone no-4
Zone III:
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas
fall under this zone. This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone
which is liable to MSK VII. and also 7.8 The IS code assigns zone factor of
0 16 ffor Z
0.16
Zone 33.
Zone II:
This region is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk
Zone. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.10 (maximum horizontal acceleration
that can be experienced by a structure in this zone is 10% of gravitational
acceleration) for Zone 2.
S d boils
Sand
b il iin a room iin Lunya-Li
L
Li in
i Yuanlin
Y
li
Town, Taiwan, 1999
Sand boils in a house at Shetou,
Taiwan, 1999
1964 Niigata EQ
Multi span Bridge
Movement of Bridge Piers due to Lateral Spreading
10
1964 Niigata EQ
Tilting of Building
Loss of Bearing Capacity
Clay
Soils susceptible
t li
to
liquefaction
f ti
Granular
G
l soils
il or
Cohesion less soils
Silt
0.002
Sand
0.075
Gravel
2.36
(4 75 IS code)
(4.75;
d )
Cobble
63
(80)
Boulder
200
(300)
Coarse grain
soils
11
Soil
Cohesionless
Loose (sometimes dense too)
Saturated
Why not in Dense Soil ??
(negative pore pressure generation
during shearing!!)
Without EQ
With EQ
12
Shear Stress
Without
EQ
With EQ
Normal
Stress
13
Flow Liquefaction
eq
strength
Before Flow Failure
Cyclic
y
mobility
y
14
Sand Boils
Level-ground
l
d liquefaction
l
f
in layered
l
d soils
l
Sand boil
Cohesive
S il Layers
Soil
L
Cohesionless
Soil Layer
Liquefaction at depth
Separation of layers
Ground soil layers jostle
back and forth
Ground waves
Large Ground
Lateral spreading due to Oscillations
flow liquefaction and/or
cyclic mobility
Tilting
Lateral
Spreading
Uplift
Subsidence
15
Liquefied
q
underlying
y g soil supporting
pp
g the
structure
Subsidence of heavier structures
Uplifting of lighter structures
Liquefaction Hazard
Seismic History Criterion
Earthquake Magnitude
OR
Earthquake Intensity
is used for Designing the
Structures??
Magniitude
9
8
7
6
5
2
10
50 100
500
Distance from EQ
16
Liquefaction Hazard
Densifying
Better inter-locking between particles
Increased shear resistance
Intensity
Duration
Structure should be
Earthquake Resistant
OR
Earthquake Proof..??
17
Initiation of Liquefaction
0
Zone of Liquefaction
Stress required
for Liquefaction
Equivalent stress induced
by earthquake
Depth
18
a max vo
av
0
.
65
rd
g vo'
vo'
CRR
; If Fs 1.0; Liquefaction
CSR
a
vo
g
a groundacceleration
Irregular
g
time history
y of shear stress is converted to an
equivalent series of uniform stress cycles at an amplitude of
65% of peak shear stress (Seed et al. 1975).
av 0.65
amax
vo
g
19
av 0.65
amax
vo rd
g
rd = 1.0 0.00765z
rd = 1.174 0.0267z
for z 9.15m
for 9.15m < z 23m
(2a)
(2b)
CSR
a max vo
av
0
.
65
rd
'
'
g vo
vo
vo
vo'
20
SPT
CPT
Shear Wave Velocity
(SWV)
CRR
No Liquefaction
Observed
CRR ffor M7
M7.55 eqk
k for
f
Corrected Blow
Count (N1)60
normalized for 100
kPa overburden
pressure and hammer
efficiency of 60%
Correction factors for
non-standard SPT
values
(Youd et al. 2001)
21
SPT Overburden
Correction
Correction for
Overburden
Pressure :
N ' C N .N
Correction
t CRR7.5
to
for
Earthquake
Magnitude
other than
7.5 (km)
CRR CRR7.5 k m k k
22
Correction to
CRR7.5 for high
overburden
stresses, k
CRR CRR7.5 k m k k
Relative Density
(Dr) (%)
Remarks
0-4
0-15
Very Loose
4-10
15-35
Loose
10-30
35-65
Medium Dense
30-50
65-85
Dense
> 50
85-100
Very Dense
23
Correction to CRR7.5
f initial
for
i iti l static
t ti shear,
h
CRR CRR7.5 k m k k
Fs
CRR
CSR
CSR
Depth
Fs
Zone of Liquefaction
CRR
Depth
24
Depth
(m)
Problem:
Percentage
fines
N 60 Soil Classification
0.75
11
3.75
17
16
6 75
6.75
13
P
Poorly
l Graded
G d d Sand
S d and
d Silty
Silt Sand
S d (SP-SM)
(SP SM)
12
9.75
18
12.75
17
15.75
15
18.75
26
a m ax
0 .2 4 , M
g
7 .5
sa t
1 8 .5 k N / m
9 .8 k N / m
CSR
a
av
0.65 max vo' rd
'
g vo
vo
25
Liquefaction
q f
potential
p
at depth
p 12.75 m
Compute CSR
Liquefaction
q f
potential
p
at depth
p 12.75 m
Compute CRR
CRR CRR7.5 k m k k
Read value corresponding to (N1)60 =14 (after overburden
correction) and fines content of 8%
CRR7.5 0.143
k m 1 .0
k 1.0
k 0.87
26
Liquefaction
q f
potential
p
at depth
p 12.75 m
CRR CRR7.5 k m k k
CRR 0.143 11 0.87 0.12
Compute Fs
Fs
CRR 0.12
0.67
CSR 0.18
v'
Depth
fines
(kPa)
(kPa)
N 60 C N N1 60
0.75
11.0
3.75
16.0
6.75
12.0
9.75
8.0
12.75
8.0
235.9
169.7
17
15.75
7.0
18.75
6.0
0.83
14
rd
0.83
CSR CRR7.5
CRR
Fs
0.18
0.12
0.67
0.14
27
qc1N cs
CRR CRR7.5 k m k k
(Youd et al. 2001)
28
29
SWV
Correlation
for CRR
CRR CRR7.5 k m k k
(1 ATM)
30
31
Increasing surcharge
Surcharge
g
Surcharge
g
32
CSR
av
amax vo
0
.
65
rd
vo'
g vo'
Before Surcharge
After Surcharge
vo 50
1.25
vo'
40
vo 50 20
1.17
vo'
40 20
Fs
CRR
CSR
Surcharge
Expected
Zone of
Liquefaction
Depth
Stress required
for Liquefaction
Equivalent stress
induced by EQ
with surcharge
Equivalent stress
induced by EQ
without surcharge
33
2) Stone Columns
Drainage or De-watering
Stone
Columns
Seepage
S
flow
Stone Columns
Drains
Liquefiable
Sand
68
34
Stone Columns
Cyclic Shear Stress
Expected
Zone of
Liquefaction
Equivalent stress
induced by EQ
Depth
35
Vibratory roller
Craters formed
in compaction
72
36
Used for cohesionless deposits of sand and gravel with not more
than 20% silt or 10% clay
Crators are formed during vibratory motion. Sand /gravel is
added to the crator formed.
Vibrator
Compacted and
refill material
Original
Loose Soil
Vibro-Compaction
Vibro-Compaction (Vibro-Flotation)
Penetration
Compaction
Completion
37
Penetration
Installation
Completion
Compaction
0
Expected
Zone of
Liquefaction
Equivalent stress
induced by EQ
Depth
38
http://www.spsrepair.com/www.spsrepair.com/tabid/497/Default.aspx
39
Soil layer
with potential
t li
to
liquefy
f
Original GL
Lowering
the
ground
New GL
5) Anchored Piles
Liquefiable Layer
Bed Rock
40
41
Thank You
42