1

on

From

Submitted To :
GYAN VIHAR SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
JAGATPURA, JAIPUR

Affiliated to
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

In Partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the
Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering

Submitted by :

DEEPAK MODI
Final yearr B. Tech.
Electrical Engg.
 2

Acknowledgement

With profound respect and gratitude, I take the

opportunity to convey my thanks to complete the training
here. I do extend my heartfelt thanks to Ms. Anubha for
providing me this opportunity to be a part of this esteemed
organization. I am extremely grateful to all the technical
staff of Genus Power Infrastructure Ltd., Jaipur for their co-
operation and guidance that helped me a lot during the
course of training. I have learnt a lot working under them
and I will always be indebted of them for this value addition
in me. I would also like to thank the training in charge of
GYAN VIHAR School Of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur.
 3

Company Profile

Genus Power Infrastructures Ltd. an ISO 9001: 2000 Public

Limited Company forms an integral part of the reputed 300
million USD Kailash Group. The company primarily deals in
manufacturing and distribution of Electronic Energy Meters,
Power Distribution Management Projects, Hybrid
microcircuits, Inverters, Batteries, Home UPS and Online
UPS across India as well as globally.

Equipped with avant-garde facilities and a team of highly

qualified and experienced scientists, it is committed to
develop complex technologies at an affordable price. It’s
top-notch R&D laboratory, approved by the Ministry of
Science and technology, Govt. of India, has enabled the
company to dominate the power infrastructure and
electronics segment’s engineering domain.

As a step forward Genus has launched IT enabled

Distribution Transformer Metering System, Feeder
Monitoring and Management System, Smart Street Light
Management System with value added software application
for providing end to end solutions for energy management.
The high-end software developed by us has transformed the
way metering is done, not only in India but globally as well.
 4

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to introduce

guidelines for CDMA2000 inter-carrier packet data roaming
through use of a 3rd Party provider’s exchange hub. CDG
Reference Document titled “Wireless Data Roaming
Requirements and Implementation Guide” sets forth the
general principles for CDMA2000 packet data roaming using
a direct connection between two roaming partners. Carriers
shall have two options in the future – to inter-connect
directly with roaming partners or to leverage the services of
3rd Party service providers’ exchange hubs. This document
defines the interfaces between the carrier and the 3rd Party
provider(s) and how the 3rd Party service providers’
exchange hubs must perform. One objective is to ensure
that 3rd Party providers will be prepared to offer commercial
service to carriers prior to the end of Q3 2004.

The assumptions and scope for this document include the

following:

 IS-835-A is used as the baseline standard

 A number of IP connection scenarios will be addressed

o Simple IP
o Mobile IP

 The visited operator will generate the accounting

records required for retail billing. Generation of retail
billing not based on RADIUS accounting records will not
be addressed.

 Peering among 3rd Party providers shall be required.

 1xRTT shall be supported in this document. The

support of other air interface technologies within the
CDMA2000 family of standards (e.g., 1xEV-DO) will be
addressed in a future release of the document.

 CDMA2000 to CDMA2000 packet data roaming shall be

defined initially, however this document shall also
 5

identify the hooks for follow-on CDMA2000 to GPRS

service.

General Requirements for CDMA Packet Data Roaming

This section describes generic requirements for a 3rd Party

to support CDMA packet data roaming. It specifies the
reference model, the interface definition, IP addressing and
routing, QoS, security as well as the peering requirement.

Reference Model

CDMA Packet Data Roaming allows 3rd Party, i.e., CDMA

Roaming eXchange (CRX) Provider, to facilitate service
between visited and home CDMA2000 packet data systems
without requiring bilateral roaming (i.e., direct
connectivity). The services, or service elements, defined in
the guidelines include:

 IP Data Transport
 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)
 RADIUS Data Clearing and Financial Net Settlement.

It contains these interfaces :

Xd: IP layer interface for IP data transport

Xa: Application layer interface for Authentication,

Authorization and Accounting (AAA) messages

Xi: Application layer interface for accounting data to data

clearing system

Each interface, between a CDMA2000 packet data system

and a 3rd Party is a separate CDMA packet data roaming
service.

The LAC and LNS functions are optional.

 6

The operator may choose a subset of the services

available from the 3rd Party. For example, the operator may
choose the 3rd party only for the data clearing service and
rely on other IP data transport means (e.g., Internet).

Interface Xd

Interface Xd refers to the IP layer Interface between a

CDMA2000 packet data system’s Border Gateway and the
CRX provider’s Border Gateway. This interface carries traffic
exchanged between a CDMA2000 packet data system and
CRX provider, including

 IP Routing Traffic

 Tunnelling traffic between Visited and Home

CDMA2000 packet data systems

o L2TP tunnel traffic between LAC and LNS

o MIP tunnel traffic between FA and HA.

 AAA RADIUS traffic defined in interface Xa

 Future traffic, such as

o Interworking traffic
o Tunnelling traffic for inter-standard roaming
between GPRS/GSM (or GPRS/UMTS) and
CDMA2000 packet data systems.

CDMA2000 packet data systems use the Xd Interface to

access the CRX IP transport service. The access interface Xd
must be implemented using either IPSec or Lease Line
Circuit (LLC) to assure the lateral security. In addition to
the firewalls required in the CDMA2000 packet data system,
the CRX provider needs to maintain the firewall and filtering
at the edge devices of the CRX provider network.

For the IP transit within the CRX provider, it is required to

maintain all levels of security to ensure the security service.
 7

Interface Xa

Interface Xa refers to the application interface between the

CDMA2000 packet data system’s AAA server and CRX
provider’s Proxy AAA server. This link carries
authentication/authorization/accounting traffic between the
Visited and Home CDMA2000 packet data systems.

The Proxy AAA servers in the CRX provider should

route based on the realm of all RADIUS messages associated
with roaming services, such as user authentication,
authorization and accounting, and tunnel authentication.
The “Xa” interface can be offered as a bundled service with
IP transport or as a Proxy-AAA only service from the CRX
provider. For either case, AAA RADIUS traffic over the
logical link in the Xa interface shall be carried through the
physical Xd interface, with assured security guarantee.

The CRX provider may offer data clearing service using

the raw UDR in RADIUS format between visited and home
CDMA2000 packet data systems as part of packet data
roaming service.

Interface Xi

The “Xi” Interface refers to the application layer interface,

required to exchange raw UDR in RADIUS Accounting format
with data-clearing service provider when visited and home
CDMA2000 packet data systems select their respective CRX
or data-clearing service providers for their packet data
roaming services. This interface should only support
RADIUS Accounting packets.

IP Addressing Requirement

A public IP address should be used for each service element

that participates in the packet data roaming, including
visited and home CDMA2000 packet data systems as well as
CRX providers.
 8

The elements requiring public IP address are:

 PDSN/LAC and LNS,

 PDSN/FA and HA,

 AAA Sever and Proxy AAA Server,

 Application servers (e.g., WAP gateway, mail server,

etc.),

 Border Gateway.

 Mobile Station.

Using public addressing means that each party has a

unique address space officially reserved from the Internet
addressing authority. However, public addressing does not
mean that these addresses should be visible to the
Internet. These roaming service elements should remain
invisible and inaccessible from the public Internet.

IP Routing Requirement

Each participating mobile network should exchange IP

routing information with its CRX provider in order to route
the IP packets between the CRX provider network and the
CDMA2000 packet data system. The CRX providers should
manage the IP routing information obtained from a
particular CDMA2000 packet data system and is responsible
for announcing it to other CDMA2000 packet data systems
on behalf/request of that particular CDMA2000 packet data
system. The home network does not need to exchange
routing information with the visited systems directly.

BGP-4 IP routing protocol is recommended to

dynamically exchange routing information between the
Border Gateways of CRX provider and the CDMA2000 packet
data systems via the “Xd” interface. Static routing is also
 9

feasible if BGP-4 protocol is not supported by the home

network.

Security Requirement

In order to ensure the proper level of security within the

packet data roaming infrastructure, the following
requirements for CDMA2000 packet data systems and CRX
providers are recommended:

Both CDMA2000 packet data systems and CRX

providers should implement firewalls in the Border
Gateways.

The IP addresses that are assigned to those service

elements participating in the packet data roaming should be
invisible (i.e., not routable) to the Internet.

The IPSec connections between CDMA2000 packet data

systems and CRX providers are required if direct leased-line
connections (e.g., FR, ATM, IPLC) are not available.
The CDMA2000 packet data systems and CRX providers
together should be responsible for prevention of IP address
spoofing.

Quality of Service
In order to maintain the required performance of network
and application, Quality of Service (QoS) should be specified
and offered by the CRX provider. The QoS definition
consists of physical characteristics of the network level
performance parameters (delay, packet loss, and jitter), and
application level performance parameters (response time,
and throughput).

In general, each service provided by the CRX provider

should have its own QoS defined, such as QoS for IP data
transport, for AAA Proxy, as well as for data clearing. The
parameters defined in a QoS should be agreed upon
between a CDMA2000 packet data system and its CRX
provider jointly.
 10

Peering Requirement
A CRX provider should arrange peering with other CRX
providers directly so that any CDMA2000 packet data
system connected to a CRX provider can reach any other
CDMA2000 packet data system. A CRX provider should
guarantee that its network is reliable and the traffic
exchanged over Xd and Xa interfaces can be routed to
CDMA2000 packet data systems connected to other CRX
providers.

In addition to the QoS committed to its directly

connected CDMA2000 packet data systems, CRX providers
should define QoS among themselves to ensure the QoS
across multiple CRX provider networks without
compromising the end-to-end services.

It is recommended to have no more than two CRX

providers between the visited and home CDMA2000 packet
data systems. Figure 2 shows the CRx peering reference
model.

Network Connectivity and Interconnection

Interconnectivity between CDMA2000 packet data systems

can be implemented in two ways:

• Direct bilateral interconnection

• Interconnection via CRX providers

Although direct interconnections can be considered for

CDMA to CDMA roaming, interconnection via a CRX provider
is scalable and cost effective for CDMA to CDMA roaming, as
well as expandable to inter-standard GPRS/CDMA roaming.

Network Connection Options

In principle, there should be three types of network

connections between the CDMA packet data system’s Border
Gateway (Access Router, or CPE) and the CRX provider’s
Border Gateway (Edge Router):
 11

• Layer 1 connection (i.e., leased line or fiber),

• Layer 2 logical connection (i.e. ATM, LAN, FR), or
• Layer 3 IP VPN connection over public Internet (IPSec
is recommended)

It is recommended that the CRX provider supports all of the

connection options. It is up to the CDMA2000 packet data
system o choose the connection type.

The IPSec implementation must meet the following

requirements:

1. The default encryption algorithm is DES [10]. The

encryption algorithm 3DES, which is stronger than DES,
may be used.
2. The IPSec packet format should be ESP in tunnel mode
[11]; and
3. The IPSec implementation should exchange encryption
keys either manually or by IKE [12].

IP Addressing and Routing

The CRX provider and their connected CDMA2000 packet

data systems should comply with IP addressing guideline
specified in section 2.2

Each CRX provider should indicate its Border Gateway’s

IP address to the CDMA2000 packet data system’s Border
Gateway, and assign an IP address to the CDMA2000 packet
data system’s Border Gateway. The addressing should be
from the Public IP address space. BGP-4 is recommended as
the IP routing protocol between CDMA2000 packet data
system’s Border Gateway and the CRX provider’s Border
Gateway to dynamically exchange the IP routing
information. BGP-4 dynamically announces the IP routes
between CDMA2000 packet data systems via the CRX
provider, and can also be used among multiple CRX
providers connecting to the same CDMA2000 packet data
system.

If CDMA2000 packet data systems prefer to use static

routing, the CRX provider should be able to support static
routing.
 12

The CRX provider should support BGP-4 protocol and

static routing. It is up to the CDMA2000 packet data system
to choose the IP routing protocol.

It is recommended that the CDMA2000 packet data

systems follow with the BGP advertisement rules below:

 No host specific route (no mask /32 advertisements)

should be advertised between the Border Gateway of
the CDMA2000 packet data system and the Border
Gateway of the CRX provider.

 The IP route advertisement should be aggregated as

much as possible.

 Each CDMA2000 packet data system should only

advertise its own core public IP address range to the
CRX provider, for example, only the aggregated IP
route address range containing the IP addresses of the
PDSN, LAC, LNS, FA, HA, AAA, MS, and application
servers should be announced.

 IP route address range advertised from CDMA2000

packet data systems should only contain the IP routes
that originate from its own Autonomous System (AS)
number, owned by the CDMA2000 packet data system.

CRX IP Transit Backbone

The CRX IP transport backbone should ensure the IP

transport services for IP data packets associated with the
CDMA Packet Data roaming. The construction of the IP
transit backbone is to the responsibility CRX provider.

The CRX IP transport backbone should ensure the IP packet

exchanges with other CRX providers for CDMA packet data
roaming, and other GRX (GPRS Roaming exchange)
providers for inter-standard CDMA/GPRS roaming. The IP
packet exchange between CRX providers should use BGP-4
 13

to dynamically advertise the IP routes learned from each

individual CRX provider.

The CRX IP transport backbone should insure the security

and QoS for the IP packets carried within its own IP
backbone network. This network should be invisible to the
Public Internet and inaccessible from the Public Internet.

Autonomous System Number (ASN)

BGP4 dynamic routing requires an ASN as the ID for each

domain of an IP network, such as operator’s CDMA network.
To avoid the potential conflict for the ASN associated with
the IP routing information during the CDMA roaming
exchange, it is recommend to use “public ASN” instead of
private ASN.

Roaming Scenarios
The IP data transport services provided by the CRX provider
should support different roaming scenarios that may exist
among CDMA2000 packet data systems. The details of the
roaming scenarios are described in the sections below.

Simple IP Roaming

This roaming scenario refers to a Simple IP capable mobile

station roaming into a visited CDMA2000 packet data
system where Simple IP is supported. Several possible use
cases may exist:

1. If the mobile station needs to access home services

residing in the home CDMA2000 packet data system, it
is recommended that the visited CDMA2000 packet
data system assigns an IP address to the roaming
mobile station and routes the user payload traffic
through the CRX IP backbone to the home CDMA2000
packet data system. The CRX providers should manage
the IP routing to ensure that the visited CDMA2000
packet data system and the home network can reach
each other via the CRX IP backbone.
 14

2. Optionally, L2TP tunnel between the visited and home

CDMA2000 packet data systems may be used for the
mobile station to access home services residing in the
home CDMA2000 packet data system. In this case, the
home CDMA2000 packet data system assigns an IP
address to the roaming mobile station. The CRX
providers should manage the IP routing to ensure that
the PDSN/LAC at the visited CDMA2000 packet data
system and LNS at the home CDMA2000 packet data
system can reach each other via the CRX IP backbone.

3. If accessing the home services that reside in the home

CDMA2000 packet data system is not required, it is
recommended that the visited CDMA2000 packet data
system assigns an IP address to the roaming mobile
station and routes the user payload traffic to the
Internet directly without traversing through the CRX IP
backbone. Only authentication and accounting packets
are allowed to traverse the CRX IP backbone to the
home CDMA2000 packet data system.

To avoid conflict of IP addresses among CRX providers,

the destination addresses of the application servers (e.g.,
WAP Gateways, Mail-servers, AAA server, DNS) should be
public IP addresses. The mobile station may be assigned
with a public or private IP address. If L2TP tunneling is not
enabled, and if the mobile station is assigned with a private
IP address, the address must be translated to a public IP
address before the IP packet is sent to the CRX provider.

Mobile IP Roaming

This roaming scenario refers to a Mobile IP capable mobile

station roaming into a visited CDMA2000 packet data
system where Mobile IP is supported. The CRX provider
should manage the IP routing between PDSN/FA in the
visited CDMA2000 packet data system and HA in the home
CDMA2000 packet data system. Since the CRX backbone is
a secured and closed network, invisible and unreachable
from the public Internet, IPSec between the PSDN/FA and HA
is not needed, for the purpose of reducing unnecessary
 15

headers and providing better network performance. The

CRX provider should also manage and support tunneling
used between the PDSN/FA and HA.

Data Exchange Interface between third

parties (CRXs)

Because CDMA2000 packet data systems can choose

roaming service elements from different CRX providers, the
serving CRX providers are required to open up interfaces
among themselves in order to fulfill the end-to-end packet
data roaming traffic across multiple CRX IP backbones. In a
scenario where both visited and home CDMA2000 packet
data systems are served by two different CRX providers,
there is a need to interconnect the CRX providers via the
following interfaces:

• Interface “Xd”: This interface should be allowed to

exchange IP data traffic from each other via central
peering point described earlier.

• Interface “Xa”: This interface should be allowed to

exchange RADIUS messages between the peering CRX
providers’ Proxy AAA servers over the peering
interface “Xd”. This requires peering CRX providers to
exchange domain routing information with each other.

• Interface “Xi”: This interface is required to ensure a

delivery mechanism for raw roaming UDR from a CRX
provider to a data clearing system. The CRX provider
should make the raw roaming UDR available to a data
clearing system that may or may not belong to that
CRX provider.
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Data Clearing and Settlement

The CRX reference model 1 for data clearing and settlement.

In Model 1, the settlement service may be provided by a
service provider other than the CRX provider, as shown in
the figure. In this case, the CRX provider and the
settlement service provider should support the Xf interface.
The data clearing system in the CRX provider prepares the
financial information (settlement report) and sends it to the
financial settlement provider. An example of the financial
information format is given in Appendix 4. The
communication link for the Xf interface shall be secured
from the public Internet. No specific requirement is
imposed on the protocol used for exchanging the financial
information over this interface.

MULTIPLE ACCESSS TECHNIQUE

Multiple Access is the technique by witch numbers of users

can share a same transmission medium
same time.

There are following Multiple Access Technique:

(1) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

(2) FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

(3) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Frequency Division Multiple Access

In this technique Subscriber can use same medium for

communication, but they assigned specified frequency range
 17

for every user. i.e. different frequency for different users.

This is efficient when Band width of channel is equal to
frequency of signal which being transmitted.

Time Division Multiple access

In this technique Subscribers shared a common

frequency channel for a assign time slot. In this time slot
user is capable to Transmit & Receiving data. If user is
free ,no any user can use this channel during time slot.

Code Division Multiple Access

In this technique Subscriber use a common channel at same

frequency, but their transmission codes are different. The
codes are shared by both the mobile station (cellular phone)
and the base station.

CDMA users are uniquely identified by a code sequence

embedded as an address with in the carrier waveform, which
gives the receiver the capability of selective addressing. To
recover a signal, the receiver correlates the sum of incoming
signals against address sequences. This process maximizes
the output for the signal matching the address sequence.
However the receiver must have the knowledge of the
address sequence.

To achieve isolation between CDMA users, it is

necessary to select code sequences with Properties by
which a correlation process would build up the signal of the
matching sequence while maintaining the low correlation
values for non matching sequences.

The CDMA scheme was developed mainly to increase

the capacity. For cellular telephony, CDMA is a digital
 18

multiple access techniques specified by the

Telecommunication Industry
Association as “IS 95”.

IS 95 is define as compatibility standard wide band

spread spectrum cellular mobile
telecommunications(1800MHz band). It describes the
generation of Channels, Power control, Call processing,
Hand off process.

BTS (Base Station Trans receiver System):

 19

A base transceiver station or cell site (BTS) is a piece

of equipment that facilitates wireless communication
between user equipment (UE) and a network. UE are devices
like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with
wireless internet connectivity, Wify , etc.

The network can be that of any of the wireless

communication technologies like GSM CDMA ,etc. BTS is also
referred to as the radio base station (RBS), node B (in 3G
Networks) or, simply, the base station (BS).

Profile of B.T.S
 20

 Frequency Band (800-1800Mhz).

 International Standard Compatible (S-97/J-STD008).

 R.F. out power up to 43db/sector.

 Flexible Configuration (multiple FA and secsstor

Antenna Diversity).

 Physical Channels up to 100.

NETWORK DAIGRAM:

HandOff Mechnism In CDMA

In a mobile network, Handoff (also known as Handover)
refers to the mechanism of transferring a call carrying voice,
 21

data or video in communication session from one base

station to another geographically-adjacent base station in
order to maintain uninterrupted communication for mobile
users.

In a cellular communication network, a mobile

communication device such as a cellular phone always
remains within the range of at least one base station during
communication. The area covered by a base station is
referred to as a “Cell”. Often, a mobile communication
device is within the range of more than one base station
causing a number of cells to overlap. Therefore a typical
cellular communication network is designed to optimize the
flow of signals to the most appropriate base station during
communication.

As a mobile communication device moves from a cell

to another cell, handoff needs to be implemented for
smooth communication to take place session with no
interruption. Also, when the capacity of a particular cell is
saturated owing to call inflows or a new communication
session originating from an area overlapped by another cell,
there is need for the transition of the communication
session to a cell which is relatively free, in order to prevent
interruption in communication.

Types of Handoff

Handoff mechanism is usually categorized into

two type namely Hard Handoff and Soft handoff.

Hard Handoff

A Hard handoff, also known as Break-before-

Make, is employed by first disconnecting with the base
station before switching to another base station in a
communication network. This type of handoff mechanism is
particularly suitable for delay-tolerant communications. A
Hard handoff can be practically employed with more
efficiency in FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and
TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access) network access
 22

systems, because in these systems channel interference is

minimized since different frequency ranges are used from
adjacent channels.

Soft Handoff

A Soft handoff, also known as Make-before-Break,

is employed by first switching and establishing connection
with another base station before disconnecting from the
existing base station in the network. This type of handoff
mechanism is particularly suitable for handling voice-centric
cellular networks (particularly CDMA or GSM) and latency-
sensitive communication services such as
Videoconferencing.

A Hard handoff is less expensive to implement

compared to to soft handoff and is generally more spectral
(network bandwidth) efficient, particularly, in heavy data
traffic environments.

CDMA Forward channels:

Pilot channel:

The pilot channel is used by the mobile unit

obtained initial system synchronization and to provide time,
frequency, and phase tracking of signal from the site.

Sync channel :

This channel provide cell site identification, pilot

transmitted power, and the cell site pilot phase offset
information I With this information the mobile units can
establish the System Time as well as proper transmitted
power level to use to initiate a call.

Forward Traffic channel :

 23

This channel carries the actual phone call and carries

the voice and mobile power control information from the
base station to the mobile unit.

CDMA Reverse channel :

Access channel:

When the mobile unit is not active on a traffic channel,

it will communicate to the base station over the access
channel. This communication includes registration requests,
responses to pages, and call origination.

Reverse Traffic channel :

This channel carries the other half of the actual phone

call and carries the voice and mobile power control
information from the mobile unit to the base station.

Power Control & Management Technique :

Power Control and Management techniques has to achieve:

 Reduce the transmitted power of both mobile and

base station.

 Received power level of signal from all mobile should

be same at the base station.

 Optimize the Network resources.

Power Control technique will achieve both a and b, Power

Management Technique will achieve c.
 24

There are 4 Power Control Techniques, which are below:

 Reverse Link Open loop Power control .

 Reverse Link Close loop Power Control.

 Reverse Outer loop Power Control.

 Forward Link Power Control.

Reverse Link Power Control:

Open Loop Control:

This can be use to handle wide dynamic range. The

mobile initially estimates the required transmitted power
based on the received power at the mobile and access
parameters provided by the base station.

The mobile estimates the path loss to the cell by

measuring the received signal in terms of analog AGC
(Automatic Gain Control) voltage.

The received AGC loop holds constant the total power

entering its 1.25 MHZ . IF pass band (which includes signal,
thermal noise and interference).

The measured front-end power is adjusted by a closed

loop correction and then used to control the mobile
transmitted power accordingly. But this will not.
 25

Closed Loop Control:

Closed power control is a correction applied to the

open loop power estimate. In this case, the cell measure the
received Eb/No and compares it to a point (set by a cell
function).

If the measured Eb/No is above the set point, then a

“down" command is sent, other wise a “up” command is
sent .The base station directs the mobile to increase or
decrease transmit power of mobile.

The mobile cell change its transmit power accordingly.

the mobile power by one db, depending on the open loop
estimate. The command are sent every 1.25ms.The dynamic
range of the closed loop control is +-24 db relative to the
open loop estimate.

At the boundary of a cell site, the mobile receive the

power control commands from both base station and the will
increase its transmit power only if both the base station’s
command the mobile to increase the transmit power
otherwise the mobile will decrease its transmit power.

Advantages :

Outstanding Voice and Call Quality :

CDMA filters out background noise, cross-talk, and

interference so you can enjoy crystal Clear voice quality,
greater privacy, and enhanced call quality. QUALCOMM's
CDMA variable rate Vocodar translates voice in to digital
transmissions, zeroes and ones, at the highest translation
rates Possible (8kbps or 13kbps). This allows for crystal
clear voice and also maximizes your system capacity.

Greatest Coverage for Lower Cost:

 26

CDMA spread spectrum signal provides the greatest

coverage in the wireless industry Allowing networks to be
built with far fewer cell sites than is possible with other
wireless technologies.

Fewer cell sites translates to reduced operating

expenses, which results in savings to both operators and
consumers.

Packet Data:

CDMA networks are built with standard IP packet data

protocols. Other networks require Costly upgrades to add
new data equipment in the network and will require new
data phones.

Standard CDMA One phones already have TCP/IP and

PPP protocols built into them.

Longer Talk Time, Longer Battery Life and

Smaller Phones:

You can leave your phone on with CDMA. CDMA uses power
control to monitor the amount of power your system and
handset need at any time. CDMA handsets typically transmit
at the lowest power levels in the industry allowing for longer
battery life which results in longer talk time and standby
time. CDMA handsets can also incorporate smaller batteries,
resulting in smaller, lighter weight phones. Easier to carry,
Easier to use.

Fewer Dropped Calls

 27

CDMA patented "soft handoff," method of passing calls

between cells sharply reduces the risk of disruption or
dropped calls during a handoff. The process of soft handoff
leads to fewer dropped calls as 2 or 3 cells are monitoring
your call at any given time.

Improved Security and Privacy

CDMA digitally encoded, spread spectrum

transmissions resist eaves dropping. Designed with about
4.4 trillion codes, CDMA virtually eliminates cloning and
other types of fraud.

Improved Security and Privacy

CDMA digitally encoded, spread spectrum

transmissions resist eaves dropping. Designed with about
4.4 trillion codes, CDMA virtually eliminates cloning and
other types of fraud.

Greater Capacity

CDMA allows the largest number of subscribers to

share the same radio frequencies; helping service Providers
increase their profitability. CDMA uses spread spectrum
technology which can provide up to 10-20 times the capacity
of analog equipment and more than three times the capacity
of other digital platforms. With dual-mode phones, CDMA is
compatible with other technologies for seamless widespread
roaming coverage.

Reduced Background Noise and Interference

CDMA combines multiple signals and improves signal

strength. This leads to the near elimination of interference
and fading. Both electrical background noise (computer
noise) and acoustic Background noise (background
conversations are filtered out by using narrow bandwidth
 28

which corresponds to the frequency of the human voice. This

keeps background noise out of your conversations.

Limitations:

 Near-Far Effect

 Asynchronous Transmissions in Uplink Channels

 Random Signs in Consecutive Symbols

 Multi path Interference

 High-Speed Busty-Type Traffic

 Rate-Matching Problems

 Asymmetric Data Rate in Up- and Down-Links

 Sensitivity to Time-Selective Fading

 Impaired Power-Efficiency Due to MAI

 29

Code Allocation Scheme

For code coordination each base station shall use a unique time offset of the
pilot pseudonoise (PN) sequence to identify a Forward CDMA Channel. Time
offsets may be reused within a CDMA cellular system. Distinct pilot channels
shall be identified by an offset index (0 through 511 inclusive). This offset
index specifies the offset time from the zero offset pilot PN sequence in
multiples of 64 chips. The same pilot PN sequence offset shall be used on all
CDMA frequency assignments for a given base station. To distinct signals with
PN sequence offsets all base stations should be time synchronized but such
synchronization is mandatory requirement for CDMA2000 standard.

Administrations should agree on a repartition of these offset indexes on

an equitable basis. In any case, each country can use all codes in the most
important part of its own territory.

In border areas, codes will be divided into 6 "index sets" containing each
one sixth of the available offset indexes. Each country is allocated three index
sets (half of the indexes) in a bilateral case, and two index sets (one third of the
indexes) in a trilateral case.

Four types of countries are defined in a way such that no country will
use the same index set as any one of its neighbours. The following lists
describe the distribution of European countries:

Type country 1: BEL, CVA, CYP, CZE, DNK, E, FIN, GRC, IRL, ISL, LTU,
MCO, SMR, SUI, SVN, UKR, AZE, SRB.
Type country 2: AND, BIH, BLR, BUL, D, EST, G, HNG, I, MDA, RUS
(Exclave), GEO
Type country 3: AUT, F, HOL, HRV, MKD, POL, POR, ROU, RUS, S, MLT
Type country 4: ALB, LIE, LUX, LVA, MNE, NOR, SVK, TUR.
 30

For each type of country, the following tables and figure describe the
sharing of the indexes with its neighbouring countries, with the following
conventions of writing:
 31

Preferential index
non-preferential index

Set A Set B Set C Set D Set E Set F Set A Set B Set C Set D Set E Set F
Country 1 2..83 88..168 173..25 258..33 343..42 428..50 Country 2 2..83 88..168 173..25 258..33 343..42 428..50
3 8 3 9 3 8 3 9
Border 1-2 Border 2-1
Zone 1-2- Zone 2-3-1
3
Border 1-3 Border 2-3
Zone 1-2- Zone 2-1-4
4
Border 1-4 Border 2-4
Zone 1-3- Zone 2-3-4
4

Set A Set B Set C Set D Set E Set F Set A Set B Set C Set D Set E Set F
Country 3 2..83 88..168 173..25 258..33 343..42 428..50 Country 4 2..83 88..168 173..25 258..33 343..42 428..50
3 8 3 9 3 8 3 9
Border 3-2 Border 4-1
Zone 3-1- Zone 4-1-2
2
Border 3-1 Border 4-2
Zone 3-1- Zone 4-2-3
4
Border 3-4 Border 4-3
Zone 3-2- Zone 4-3-1
4

Figure 1

Because of time shifting mechanism for code generation, the situation

when propagation delay may lead to synchronisation of two different base
stations signals occurring in some parts of service area. The average diameter
of such correlation areas could be up to 245 meters (one chip duration
multiplied on light speed). To prevent such situations in border areas it is
recommended not to use some codes and to introduce 4 exclusion codes
between neigboring index sets what gives 78.125 km propagation path before
possible correlation area appears. This precludes any real synchronisation and
reduction of code space less than on 5% only in border areas won’t affect
network planning.

All codes are available in areas away from the border where the field
strengths into the neighbouring country are below the relevant trigger levels.
 32

A two countries code sharing should be applied or used by base stations

that exceed the relevant trigger level (Item 3) of only one neighbouring
country. A three countries code sharing should be applied or used by base
stations that exceed the relevant trigger level (Item 3) of two neighbouring
countries.

In certain specific cases (e.g. AUT/HRV) where the distance between

two countries of the same Type number is very small (< few 10s km), it may be
necessary to address the situation in bi/multilateral coordination agreements as
necessary, and may include further subdivision of the allocated codes in certain
areas.

COORDINATION THRESHOLDS

Two types of thresholds should be specified:

- trigger level of the predicted mean field strength on the border to
perform code coordination for exact base station, which also correspond
to maximum permitted level of the mean field strength on the border for
base stations using non-preferential codes;
- maximum permitted level of the mean field strength on the border for
base stations using preferential codes.

ECC Report 97 provides maximum permitted level of the mean field

strength on the border for CDMA-PAMR base stations for coordinated case
when both systems use aligned frequencies and preferential codes. It is
proposed to use this level as the maximum permitted level for the case of BS
using preferential codes. The deduction layout from ECC Report 97 relevant to
this issue is explained below.

To define threshold level for cross border operation of CDMA systems

in coordinated case a new principle was proposed which states that a network
should not be protected to a greater extent than it would be from its own
continuously rolled out network. The studies were undertaken using Monte
Carlo modelling. The two CDMA systems were modelled at separation
distances which were progressively increased.
 33

CDMA CDMA

Figure 3

The outage of users in reference cell with permanent capacity was taken
as the criteria of coexistence. Nominal outage and nominal capacity was
obtained from the modelling of the cell in the completely rolled out network.
Then the network was divided in two and only one part was left what caused
reduction of self-interference and consequently reduction of outage. Interfering
network is situated such way that produces the exact level of interference to
return outage to its nominal value. The power level in the middle of separation
distance is taken as threshold on the border. Only downlink to downlink case
was considered as the worst case.

The permissible interference for duplex technologies was measured in a

bandwidth of 25 kHz at a height of 3 metres in 50% of time. The result shown
in the study for two CDMA systems is -104.1 dBm. Modelling was undertaken
at 450 MHz but the results are applicable over the range of frequencies used by
CDMA2000 based systems below 1000 MHz. For the studies in ECC Report
97 the Extended Hata model for subrural environment was used.

Thresholds for duplex systems should be based on the power measured

in a 0 dBi antenna, these may be converted to field strengths (as dBuV/m) at
the appropriate frequency. The use of a 0 dBi antenna, as a standard for
comparison, represents a worst case, particularly at lower frequencies, where 0
dBi antennas are less common. The formula for the conversion of dBm to
dBuV/m is:

FdBuV/m = PdBm + 77.21 + 20lg(fMHz)

where PdBm is the power in dB microwatts.

 34

The calculation of relevant field strength level in case of aligned

frequencies and preferential codes for CDMA2000 in 450 MHz band is
presented below:

Central frequency Threshold field strength Overall CDMA BS signal

of downlink band level strength on the border**
on the border (rounded)*
465 MHz 26.5 dBuV/m/ 25 kHz 43.5 dBuV/m/ 1.25 MHz
Table 1
* - measured in a bandwidth of 25 kHz at a height of 3 metres in
50% of time.
**- measured in a bandwidth of 1250 kHz at a height of 3 metres
in 50% of time (recommended).

SEAMCAT model, which was used for cross border studies, is not
applicable for uncoordinated case with aligned frequencies because each
CDMA receiver in SEAMCAT applies processing gain only to its wanted
signal. It is difficult to define accurately real correlation zones because of
multi-pass propagation when different delays could occur. Theoretically it
could occur almost at any location within victim cell. But to estimate the
impact of possible correlation between different BS signals on network
performance simplified model is proposed with line-of-sight conditions. To
find areas of possible correlation the geometrical problem should be solved.
The areas where the following conditions are true should be defined as:
Ri-15.625-0.120≤Rv≤ Ri-15.625+0.120 (correlation with the adjacent PN offset)
Ri-2*15.625-0.120≤Rv≤ Ri-2*15.625+0.120 (correlation with the second
adjacent PN offset)
Ri-3*15.625-0.120≤Rv≤ Ri-3*15.625+0.120 (correlation with the third adjacent
PN offset).

Where Ri is the distance from interfering BS and Rv is the distance from

investigated victim BS. All areas are limited to victim cell circle. The case of
same PN offset interference is possible only for overlapping cells which is
improbable for cross border situation and not defined in the above conditions.
The geometrical networks representation for estimating such areas is shown
below. 5.9 km cell radii and omni antennas were considered which is in
agreement with parameters used in cross border study.
 35

Figure 4
Different interfering cells create different impact in victim cells. For one
fixed separation distance there could be up to 19x19=361 different area
projections. Some examples of such potential correlation areas for 20 km
 36

separation are presented below.

Figure 5

To provide wide range of results for different separation distances it is

easier to present only cell area percent relevant to correlation zone (100%
correspond to the circle area defined by cell radii). Set of tables for all
combination of interfering and victim cells for separation distances from 12 to
50 km is attached in the Annex 1.

Next step is to look on the impact in terms of propagation. It is likely to

have harmful interference at the edge of the cell and unlikely to have any
interference near wanted BS. Also the magnitude of the impact is very
dependent both on path losses between wanted Tx and victim Rx and path
losses between interfering Tx and victim Rx. It is proposed to look at the worst
case when path loss between wanted BS and victim Rx is approximated with
 37

Hata suburban model and pass loss between interfering BS and victim Rx is
approximated with Hata rural model. Actual area where correlation causes
harmful interference could be defined from pilot signal levels difference and
processing gain value. In coordinated case wanted pilot signal should be
amplified on processing gain value compared to interfering pilot signal from
neighbor cell and at the edge of the cell wanted pilot-to-interfering pilot ratio
would be close to 21 dB (Processing gain= 10∙lg(1250/9.6)=21 dB). Therefore
it is proposed to define correlation area as area where wanted pilot-to-
interfering pilot ratio is lower than 21 dB. All radio parameters were taken
from cross border study ECC Report 97. The effect of propagation on
correlation area percentage is illustrated below. Colorbar provides grade for
wanted pilot-to-interfering pilot ratio, interfered areas are colored in blue tones
and non-interfered in red and yellow

tones.
Figure 6

The calculation results of correlation area percentage with regard to

propagation are presented in Annex 2. Because interference could occur inside
the network and not only on the edge the criterion used in cross-border study
can’t be applied. The separation distance which corresponds to the threshold is
defined as minimum distance when 1% or less of cell area could be interfered
by uncoordinated BS.

The analisys in Annex 2 showed that interfered area become lower than 1%
with the separation distance between 40 and 42 km. In more detailed analysis it
was found that 41 km almost exactly corresponds to 1% of correlation area.
The cell correlation area variant for 41 km separation distance is presented
below.
 38

Figure 7

For this distance the threshold level is defined using SEAMCAT, the
exact way it was defined in ECC Report 97. To provide permitted level on the
boreder 25 kHz band receiver on a height of 3 meters was modeled in
SEAMCAT 3 on a distance of 20.5 km from the closest BS in CDMA cluster.
The modeled case and the correspond level -107.5 dBm shown on the figure
below. Yellow point denotes measuring receiver location on the border and red
points denote interfering CDMA BS cluster, blue point have no physical
meaning for the study and just obligatory for SEAMCAT simulation.
 39

This level is 3.5 dB less than level received for coordinated case and
proposed to be used as a maximum permitted level for uncoordinated networks.
The calculation of relevant field strength level for uncoordinated networks case
in 450 MHz band is presented below:

Central frequency Threshold field strength Overall CDMA BS signal

of downlink band level strength on the border**
on the border (rounded)*
465 MHz 23 dBuV/m/ 25 kHz 40 dBuV/m/ 1.25 MHz
Table 2
* - measured in a bandwidth of 25 kHz at a height of 3 metres in
50% of time.
**- measured in a bandwidth of 1250 kHz at a height of 3 metres
in 50% of time (recommended).

conclusions

To provide maximum coverage in border areas where concerned

Administration using CDMA systems based on CDMA2000 interface with
coincident frequency plans to prevent mutual harmful interference it is strongly
recommended to use code coordination what leads to higher permitted levels of
maximum field strength on the border. The procedure for allocation of
preferential and non-preferential codes is provided in this report. 5% or even
less of codes should be excluded from border areas to prevent any possibility of
correlation between base stations of different Administration.

The threshold level 43.5 dBuV/m is proposed for the case of two
coordinated CDMA networks in 450 band using aligned frequencies and
preferential codes. For uncoordinated networks and when there is no exact
information about CDMA networks frequency plans the level of 40 dBuV/m is
proposed. If the network operators on both sides of the border are prepared to
accept higher levels of interference than the coordinated level to work closer to
the borders with some impact on the loss of service it is even more important to
perform code coordination to prevent higher probability of correlation between
neighboring networks signals.