THE HEAD AND

NECK I
ALEXANDRIA R. BAYAOA, M.D.,DPBO
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY
UERMMMC, Inc.

OBJECTIVES
n

Identify the principal parts of the skull & various

foramina including important structures passing
through them.
Identifying the bony and soft tissue structures of the
head and neck appreciated on different radiograph
studies
Identifying surface anatomical landmarks in the head
region
Describe the layers of the scalp noting the dangerous
layer.

OBJECTIVES
n

Describing the disposition of the cervical

fascia, noting fascial planes and explaining
how infections in the neck may extend
downwards to the mediastinum
Describing the course in the neck and contents
of the carotid sheath and the neighboring
course of the cervical sympathetic chain.

OBJECTIVES
n
n

Defining emissary veins and its importance.

Identify the fascial layers of the neck &
contents.
Describe the muscles of facial expression as to
their origin, insertion, action & innervation
innervation..
Name the muscles of mastication, their nerve
supply & action.
Describing the structures of the
temporomandibular joint and classifying it

OBJECTIVES
n

Name the different triangles of the neck

(boundaries & contents).
Describing the gross anatomy of the parotid
gland, noting the structures running through its
substance and opening of its duct into the oral
cavity.
Name the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
including their action and nerve supply.
Identify the muscles of the tongue including
action and innervation
innervation..

REFERENCES
n

MOORE, CLINICALLY ORIENTED

ANATOMY, 6th ed.
SNELL, CLINICAL ANATOMY FOR
MEDICAL STUDENTS, 8th ed
LANSANG ET AL, REVIEW NOTES

SKULL

FACIAL BONES (14)

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

ZYGOMATIC (2)
MAXILLAE (2)
NASAL BONES(2)
LACRIMAL (2)
VOMER (1)
PALATINE (2)
INF. CONCHA(2)
MANDIBLE (1)

CALVARIA
TEMPORAL
n FRONTAL
n PARIETAL (2)
n OCCIPITAL
n SPHENOID
n ETHMOID
SUTURE
*CORONAL
*SAGITTAL
*LAMBDOID
n

CRANIUM
* pterion

BASE OF THE SKULL

BASE OF THE SKULL

SCALP

SCALP

EPICRANIUS/OCCIPITOFRONTALIS

Emissary Veins
n

Traverse cranial apertures and make

connections between intracranial venous
sinuses and extracranial veins
constant:
1.Mastoid emissary veinvein- connects the
sigmoid sinus with the post auricular or
occipital veins

Emissary vein
2. Parietal emissary veinvein- connects the
superior sagittal sinus with the veins of the
scalp
3. Venous plexus of the hypoglossal canalcanalconnects the sigmoid sinus and IJV
4. Condylar emissary veinvein- connects the
sigmoid sinus and veins in the suboccipital
triangle via the condylar canal

Emissary veins:
5. Venous plexus of foramen ovale
ovale-connects the cavernous sinus to the
pterygoid plexus via foramen ovale
6. occipital emissary veinvein- connects
confluence of sinuses with the occipital
vein through the occipital protuberance and
also receives the occipital diploic vein

Superficial
Fascia
Deep
Cervical
Fascia:
* Investing
layer
*Pretracheal
fascia
*Prevertebral
fascia

SupraSuprasternal space
of Burns
Retropha-Retropha
ryngeal
space

CAROTID
SHEATH

ARE YOU STILL AWAKE?

TRIANGLES OF THE NECK

TRIANGLES OF THE NECK

ANTERIOR
TRIANGLE
POSTERIOR
TRIANGLE

ANTERIOR TRIANGLE
n

SUBMENTAL
TRIANGLE
DIGASTRIC
TRIANGLE
CAROTID
TRIANGLE
MUSCULAR
TRIANGLE

LATERAL CERVICAL REGION/

POSTERIOR TRIANGLE
n

OCCIPITAL
TRIANGLE
OMOCLAVICULAR/
SUBCLAVIAN/
SUPRACLAVICULAR

CONTENTS: ANTERIOR TRIANGLE

n
n

Submental: submental lymph

Submental:
nodes
Digastric:: submandibular
Digastric
gland,, facial a. & v.,
gland
hypoglossal n.,
n., mylohyoid n.
n.,,
submandibular lymph nodes
Carotid:: carotid sheath
Carotid
(ICA/CCA, IVJ, CN X),
X),
external carotid artery,
artery, CN XI
& XII, sup. root of ansa
cervicalis,, branches of cervical
cervicalis
plexus, part of thyroid, larynx
and pharynx, deep cervical
lymph nodes
Muscular((omotracheal
Muscular
omotracheal):
):
infrahyoid ms & viscera
(thyroid & parathyroid glands)
glands)

CONTENTS: POSTERIOR TRIANGLE

n

Omoclavicular:
Omoclavicular:
subclavian a (3rd part),
part of subclavian v.
suprascapular a.,
supraclavicular ln

Occipital: External
jugular vein, parts of
cervical & brachial
plexus, CN XI,
XI, cervical
lymph nodes, splenius
capitis,, levator scapulae
capitis
& scalene ms

LATERAL CERVICAL REGION

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION
n

Embedded in superficial
fascia
Most arise from the
bones of the skull & are
inserted into the skin.
Serve as sphincters or
dilators of the eyelids,
nostrils and lips

MUSCLES OF
THE EYELIDS:
n

Sphincters:
ORBICULARIS
OCULI

*Palpebral
*Orbital
n Dilators:
1. LEVATOR
PALPEBRAE
SUPERIORIS
2. OCCIPITOOCCIPITOFRONTALIS

MUSCLES OF
FACIAL
EXPRESSION
n

n
n

Corrugator
supercilii
Orbicularis oris
Dilator muscles of
lips

MUSCLES
OF THE
CHEEKS:
n

Buccinator

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Internal/medial pterygoid elevator of the mandible
n Temporalis elevator of the mandible
n External/lateral pterygoid protractor of the jaw &
depressor of mandible
n Masseter elevator of mandible
n Suprahyoid muscles (DGMS)
Nerve supply:
supply: mandibular division of CN V
Except the posterior belly of digastric & stylohyoid
innervated by CN VII, geniohyoid by C1
n

MASSETER

TEMPORALIS

SUPRAHYOID & INFRAHYOID MS

SUPRA
HYOID:
*Mylohyoid
*Geniohyoid
*Stylohyoid
*Digastric
~Ant. belly
~Post. belly

INFRAINFRAHYOID:
*Sternohyoid
*Sternothyroid
*Thyrohyoid
*Omohyoid
~Inf. belly
~Sup. Belly

NERVE SUPPLY:
Ansa cervicalis
C1--C3
C1

PAROTID GLAND

INTRINSIC
MUSCLES
(longitudinal,
transverse &
vertical)
n EXTRINSIC
MUSCLES:
*Genioglossus
*Hyoglossus
*Styloglossus
*Palatoglossus
n

THANK YOU!!!