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PRACTICAL TRAINING
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
SESSION 2008-2012
partial fulfillment
the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
OF
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
SUBMITTED BY:
RAJAN MEENA
08E
C071
VII
SEM (ECE)
FINAL YEAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with profound gratitude that I express my deep indebtedness to all the employees
of B.S.N.L. without whose support and guidance it would not have been possible for
this training to have materialized and taken a concrete shape. I owe my personal
thanks to my trainers in charge Dr. S.l. verma (SDE), and Dr. Sandeep saini (JTO)
who extended full support and co-operation at every stage of my training period. I
would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the guidance from Mr.
Dhirender mathur (HOD of electronics and communication) and Mrs. Rekha
mehra (Seminar Co-ordinator of electronics and communication) for undergoing
training at a reputed company like B.S.N.L.
I am also indebted to my parents and friends for their constant encouragement and
helping me in my endeavor.Last, but not the least, I would like to thank everyone who
has contributed for the successful completion of my training.
RAJAN MEENA
08EC
071
(B.TECH VII SEMESTER - ECE)
PREFACE
Organizations are made up of people and function through people. Without people,
organizations cannot exist. The resources of men, money, material, machinery, and
mechanism are connected, coordinated and utilized through people. Engineers need to
concentrate more on mechanism and the way in which things have been made. The
need of training arises for doing things yourself, understanding its way.
Practical exposure for doing things makes a person conversant to the technicalities
involved in any job. In view of such benefits, imparting of vocational training has
been made an integral part of any academic structure.
In B.S.N.L., training is given to Engineering Aspirants to secure future in the dynamic
world of telecommunications. Today telecommunication industry is one of the very
fastest growing industries in the world.
In this order I have taken 28 days BSNL training. In my report I try to introduce
Leased line concepts, WIMAX, Wi-Fi, optical fiber concepts and overview of
Intranet.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO.
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
1
Cover Page
Acknowledgement
Preface
Chapter-1
Chapter-2
Chapter-3
Chapter-4
Chapter-5
Chapter-6
Contents
v-vi
List of Figures
Vii
List of Tables
Viii
Introduction to BSNL
1.1
How BSNL Came to Telecom Network
1.2
Institutional Framework
1.3
BSNL Contribution to DOT
Working of Basic Telecom network
2.1
Call Setup
2.2
Electronic Exchange
2.3
Carrier Room
2.3.1 CLLS
2.3.2 MLLN
2.4
Main Distribution Frame
2.4.1 Functions of MDF
2.5
Power Plant
Leased Lines
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Drawbacks of LL
3.3
MLLN
3.3.1 MLLN Features
3.3.2 MLLN Advantages
3.3.3 Applications Of MLLN
Intranet
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Features of Intranet
4.3
Why Intranet for an Organization?
4.4
Application of Intranet
4.5
Overview of Intranet
4.6
Intranet Application in a Circle
Corporate Network
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Why do Organization have CN?
5.3
Features of CN Security
WI-FI
5
1-2
1
1
2
3-5
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6-7
6
6
6
6
7
7
8-10
8
8
8
9
9
10
11-12
11
11
12
13-14
Chapter-7
Chapter-8
Chapter-9
Chapter -10
Chapter-11
Chapter-12
Chapter-13
6.1
WI-FI Network
6.2
Working of WI-FI Network
6.3
Benefits of WI-FI
6.4
Limitations of WI-FI
WIMAX
7.1
Wireless Broadband Services
7.2
Salient Features of WIMAX
7.3
Evolution of Broadband Services
GSM
8.1
Features of GSM
8.2
GSM Subsystem
8.2.1 Radio Subsystem
8.2.2 Network and Switching
Subsystem
8.2.3 Function of MSC
GPRS
CDMA
10.1
Advantages of CDMA
10.2
Disadvantages of CDMA
10.3
Difference Between CDMA and GSM
Fibre Optic Transmission Medium
11.1
Introduction
11.2
Architecture of Fibre
11.3
Classification
11.4
Advantages of Fibre Optics
Conclusion
Bibliography and References
13
13
14
14
15-18
15
15
16
19-21
19
19
19
20
20
22
23
23
23
23
24-25
24
24
25
25
26
27
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
FIG 2.1
FIG 2.2
FIG 4.1
FIG 5.1
FIG 6.1
FIG 7.1
FIG 8.1
FIG 11.1
FIG 11.2
TITLE OF FIGURE
How Line Reaches From Subscriber To Exchange
MDF
Intranet Network
Corporate Network
WI-FI Network
WIMAX Network Architecture
Basic GSM Network
Optical Fibre Transmission
Propagation of Light Through Fibre
PAGE NO.
3
4
9
12
13
17
19
24
25
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TABLE 5.1
TABLE 7.1
TABLE NAME
Difference Between Traditional and Ideal
Network
Reference Points
PAGE NO.
11
18
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea.
The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.
TYPE: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER
COUNTRY: INDIA
AVAILABLITY: NATIONAL EXCEPT DELHI & MUMBAI
OWNER: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
WEBSITE: www.bsnl.co.in
1.1 HOW BSNL CAME IN TELECOM MARKET:
The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for
Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and
private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were
set up in 1986.The Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial aspect of
the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent
regulatory body in 1997 the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to
assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In
2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.
1.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal
conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic
activity and behavior. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro
Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA)
and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA).
In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of
government.
Its basic functions are:
Policy Formulation
Review of performance
Licensing
Wireless spectrum management
Administrative monitoring of PSUs
Research & Development
Standardization/Validation of Equipment
1.3 BSNL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOM:
8
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service
providers role from DOT. BSNLs roadmap for providing customer with access to the
latest telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service access has
been by way of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and accelerating
advances in technological component by innovative absorption.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF BSNL:
BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated
telecom operator in the country.
BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom
connectivity.
CHAPTER-2
When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the nearest
switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication Network).
Then it processes the caller and subscribers number if it exists in the same BSC
then call setup is completed.
If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call transfer to
MSC (Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call
setup is completed.
If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO now call
transfer is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is completed.
Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done
by two type of signaling:
1. Inchannel signaling
2. Common channel signaling
Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling
network.
Charging and billing.
10
(REF- 4)
12
2.4.1
FUNCTIONS OF MDF:
All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are
terminated and distributed through MDF.
The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both
sides. Each jumper is a twisted wire.
It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main
Exchange area.
The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and
functions as a test point between a line and the office.
It provides testing of calls.
It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
All lines terminate individually.
13
CHAPTER-3
LEASED LINES
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
A leased line (dedicated line) is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection
between two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for
telephone, data, or Internet services. Businesses use a leased line to connect to
geographically distant offices because it guarantees bandwidth for network traffic. For
example, a bank may use a leased line in order to easily transfer financial information
from one office to another. Customers generally pay a flat monthly rate for the service
depending on the distance between the two points. Leased lines do not have telephone
numbers. The information sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure
channels, eliminating the congestion that occurs in shared networks.
3.2 DRAWBACKS OF TRADITIONAL LEASED LINE CIRCUITS:
1.
Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards
support only up to 64 kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
2.
From Operator point of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different boxes
from different vendors so difficult to manage & control.
3.
MLLN FEATURES:
1.
2.
Using NMS, MLLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved QoS,
high availability & reliability.
3.
Except for connecting the local lead to the MODEM all operations &
maintenance is carried out through ROT (Remote Operating Terminal).
14
4.
5.
System offers end to end circuit creation and modification, circuit loop testing &
fault isolation, automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure, software
programmability of NTU etc.
6.
3.3.2
MLLN ADVANTAGES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Long drive on single copper pair.( for 64 kbps 7 kms & for 2mbps 3.5 kms)
7.
3.3.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
APPLICATION OF MLLN:
Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.
LAN interconnection.
Hotline connectivity for voice.
Point to point connection for data circuit.
Point to multipoint connection.
15
CHAPTER-4
INTRANET
4.1 INTRANET:
The Intranet defines your organization and displays it for everyone to see.
It is scalable.
2.
It is Interchangeable.
3.
It is platform independent
4.
It is Hardware independent.
5.
It is vendor independent.
Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users.
An ISO Tool.
16
(REF- 5)
17
All letters circulars/letters issued from different sections of the circle office to be
hosted on the server for immediate access by SSAs. Each section in circle office
Administration, Operations, Marketing, Finance, Planning, Computers etc can
have web pages hosted on the server.
A database can be maintained for MIS reports and all other reports to be sent
periodically by SSAs to circle office. The database can have front end forms
designed in ASP or PHP for the SSAs to input the data. Separate programs can be
developed to consolidate the data fed by SSAs.
All data prepared and /or distributed during SSA heads meetings can be hosted
on the Intranet.
The implementation of the above will reduce the usage of paper and also reduce
the usage of FAX.
18
CHAPTER-5
CORPORATE NETWORK
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
A corporate network (CN) is a closed and private computer network that affords
secure communications between geographically dispersed LANs of an enterprise.
Traditional networks
Informal
Socially oriented
Had geographical boundaries
An ideal network
Formal
Business oriented
International
infrastructure
&
exposure
Were expertise specific
Comprehensive expertise
No access to corporate Access to substantial corporate
resources
resources
Not self sufficient
self sufficient
Not self sustainable
Self sustainable
No
corporate
governance Governed by strict values and
policies
principles
(REF- 5)
Executable patches can be easily uploaded to all your remote computers and
executed remotely.
You do not need to physically visit your workstations when you need to change
security settings or install patches.
The remote client service application is bullet-proof. Your users will not be able
to disable, uninstall or delete it.
All traffic between the server and the clients is encrypted. All local files are
encrypted as well.
The server service application and the remote client service application work as
NT services under Windows NT/2000/XP and higher therefore they will keep
working in the logoff mode.
20
CHAPTER-6
wireless LAN adapters provide an interface between the client Network Operating
System (NOS) and the airwaves via an antenna.
6.3 BENEFITS OF WI-FI:
Wi-Fi offers the following productivity, conveniences, and cost advantages over
traditional wired networks:
Mobility: Wi-Fi systems can provide LAN users with access to real-time
information anywhere in their organization.
Installation Speed and Simplicity: Installing a Wi-Fi system can be fast and easy
and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings.
It offers much high speed up to 54 Mbps which is very much greater than other
wireless access technologies like CORDECT, GSM and CDMA.
Coverage: A single Access Point can cover, at best, a radius of only about 60
meters. For 10 square kms area roughly 650 Access Points are required, where
as CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO requires just 09 sites.
Backhaul: Backhaul directly affects data rate service. Wi-Fi real world data rates
are at least half of the their theoretical peak rates due to factors such as signal
strength, interference and radio overhead .Backhaul reduces the remaining
throughput further.
CHAPTER-7
22
WIMAX
7.1 WIRELESS BROADBAND SERVICES:
There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first
type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line
broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed
wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable
modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the
additional functionality of portability, nomadicity and mobility.
WI-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave
Access and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile
broadband applications.
7.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF WIMAX:
Link-layer retransmissions.
Quality-of-service support.
Robust security.
IP-based architecture.
enhanced cordless telephony (DECT) and code division multiple access (CDMA)
standards continue to be deployed in these markets. During the same time, several
small start-up companies focused solely on providing Internet-access services using
wireless, antennas to be installed at the customer premises. These early systems
typically offered speeds up to a few hundred kilobits per second. Later evolutions of
license-exempt systems were able to provide higher speeds.
2. FIRST-GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: As DSL and cable modems
began to be deployed, wireless systems had to evolve to support much higher speeds
to be competitive. Very high speed systems, called local multipoint distribution
systems (LMDS), supporting up to several hundreds of megabits per second, were
developed.
In the late 1990s, one of the more important deployments of wireless broadband
happened in the so-called multi channel multipoint distribution services (MMDS)
band at 2.5GHz. The MMDS band was historically used to provide wireless cable
broadcast video services, especially in rural areas where cable TV services were not
available. The first generations of these fixed broadband wireless solutions were
deployed using the same towers that served wireless cable subscribers. These towers
were typically several hundred feet tall and enabled LOS coverage to distances up to
35 miles, using high-power transmitter.
The advent of satellite TV ruined the wireless cable business, and operators were
looking for alternative ways to use this spectrum. A few operators began to offer oneway wireless Internet-access service, using telephone line as the return path.
3. SECOND - GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: Second-generation
broadband wireless systems were able to overcome the LOS issue and to provide
more capacity. This was done through the use of a cellular architecture and
implementation of advanced-signal processing techniques to improve the link and
system performance under multi path conditions. Many solved the NLOS problem by
using such techniques as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code
division multiple access (CDMA), and multi antenna processing.
Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network.
The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations
and one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.
Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the
IP core network functions.
24
devices, users, and specific services. The CSN also provides per user policy
management of QoS and security. The CSN is also responsible for IP address
management, support for roaming between different NSPs, location management
between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs, subscriber billing and inter
operator settlement, inter-CSN tunneling to support roaming between different NSPs.
REFERENCE POINTS: The WiMAX NWG defines a reference point as a
conceptual link that connects two groups of functions that reside in different
functional entities of the ASN, CSN or MS. Reference points may not be a physical
interface except when the functional entities on either side of it are implemented on
different physical devices.
Reference point
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
End points
MS and CSN
Description
Implements the air interface (IEEE
802.16e) specifications.
MS and CSN
For authentication, authorization, IP host
configuration management and mobility
management, only a logical interface
between MS and CSN
ASN and CSN
Supports AAA, policy enforcement,and
mobility mgmt. capabilities
ASN and ASN
A set of protocols originating/terminating
in various entities within the ASN. In
Release I , R4 is the only interoperable
interface between different ASNs or
heterogenous ASNs.
CSN and CSN
A set of protocols for interworking
between home and visited network.
BS and ASN-GW A set of control and bearer plane
protocols for communication between BS
and ASN-GW. It may serve as a conduit
for exchange of different MAC states
information between neighboring BSs.
ASN-GW-DP
An optional set of control plane protocols
and
ASN-GW- for co-ordination between two group of
EP
functions identified in R6.
BS and BS
A set of control plane message flows and
bearer plane data flows between BSs to
ensure fast and seamless handover.
TABLE 7.1 REFERENCE POINTS (REF- 2)
26
CHAPTER-8
In wireless communication every region is divided into cells. Cell size is constant for
whole system. GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available
bandwidth among the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing
used is either TDM (Time division multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division
Multiplexing). SM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both
signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second
generation (2G) mobile phone system.
27
28
29
CHAPTER 9
30
CHAPTER- 10
Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMAs flaws are not known to the
engineering community.
CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM.
CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage.
The GSM stands for global system for mobile communication and CDMA for
code division multiple accesses.
GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among
the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used are either TDM
(Time Division Multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). On
the other hand CDMA is a type of multiple access scheme (which means
allotting the given bandwidth to multiple users) and makes use of spread
spectrum technique which is essentially increasing the size of spectrum.
In CDMA each user is provided a unique code and all the conversations
between 2 users are coded. This provides a greater level of security to CDMA
users than the GSM ones.
31
CHAPTER- 11
32
Jacket
Jacket
Cladding
Core
Cladding
Cladding (n2)
Core (n2)
Jacket
Light at less than Angle of Angle of
critical angle is
incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection
Fig. Total Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre
11.3 CLASSIFICATION:
There are three types of fibers:
(I)
(II)
(III)
CHAPTER- 11
34
35
CONCLUSION
Engineering student will have to serve in the public and private sector industries and
workshop based training and teaching in classroom has its own limitation. The lack of
expo sure to real life, material express and functioning of industrial organization is the
measure hindrance in the student employment.
In the open economy era of fast modernization and tough competition, technical
industries should procedure pass out as near to job function as possible.
Practical training is one of the major steps in this direction. I did my training from
BSNL, Bharatpur which is one of the best known communication service provider
companies of India. The training helps me in gaining in depth knowledge of the
working of telephone exchange, various technologies of BSNL GSM, GPRS,
WIMAX, Wi-Fi, MLLN and optical fiber transmission.
In the end, I hereby conclude that I have successfully completed my industrial training
on the above topics.
36
4. www.bsnl.co.in
5. www.newbsnl.co.in
37