Boyles Law

Latent Heat of Fusion and Vaporization

Charles Law

Black Body Radiation

Gas Law

Newtons Law of Cooling

Enthalpy of an Ideal Gas

Kinetics Theory of Gas

Specific Volume

Specific Impulse

Entropy of Steam

Solar Radiation

Flow Energy

Convective Heat Transfer

Law of Thermodynamics

Radiation Heat Transfer

Thermal Expansion of Solids

Thermal Conductivity

Conduction Heat Transfer

Boyles Law:
If the temperature (T) remain constant, the volume (V) of a given mass of gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure (P)

or

PV= constant at a given temperature

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Charles Law

(a) If the pressure (P) is held constant, the volume (V) of a given mass of gas varies
directly as the absolute temperature (T)

(a) If the volume (V) is held constant, the pressure (P) of a given mass of gas varies
directly as the absolute temperature (T)

Top
Gas Law:
PV = RT
R is universal gas constant
R = 847.97 m kgf/kg mol K

Top
Enthalpy of an Ideal Gas:
The property of enthalpy, H is defined as:

where
U=internal energy of an ideal gas
P=pressure
V=total volume

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Specific Volume:

or
where,
v=specific volume, m3/kg
x=quality of the mixture
1-x=moisture fraction of the mixture
=specific Volume of dry and saturated steam at a particular pressure, m 3/kg
=specific volume of saturated water, m3/kg
= change in specific volume during evaporation
=
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Entropy of Steam
Change in entropy during heating of water and its evaporation into steam is given by

where,
=change in entropy
C=specific heat
=I for steam
T1=initial temperature
T2=final temperature

Ts=steam temperature
X=dryness fraction at final state of steam
L=latent heat
Latent heat of fusion=80 kcal/kg
Latent heat of evaporation=539.6 kcal/kg

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Flow Energy:
Flow energy=work done by a system
= pv
where,
p=pressure
v=Ad for unit mass
A=area of piston
d=displacement
Internal energy =u (for unit mass flow)
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Law of Thermodynamics
First Law: When a system undergoes a thermodynamics cycle then the net heat (Q) supplied
to the system from its surrounding is equal to the net work(W) done by the system on its
surrounding.
In symbols,
Second Law: It is impossible for a heat engine to produce net work (W) in a complete cycle
if it exchanges heat only with bodies at a single fixed temperature.

Net heat supplied = Net work done

Thermal efficiency

It can be seen that the second law implies that the thermal efficiency of a heat engine must
always be less than 100%.

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Thermal Expansion of Solids:

Top

Thermal Conductivity:

Top
Latent Heat of Fusion and Vaporization:

where,

H = quantity of heat required or liberated, cal

m = mass of a given substance to be fused or solidified, g
Lf = latent heat of fusion, cal/g
Lv = latent heat of vaporization, cal/g

Top

Black Body Radiation:

where,

E = energy radiated per second by a body, cal/cm 2.s

T = absolute temperature, K
K = proportionality constant
= difference in energy radiation
T1 = absolute temperature of cold body, K
T2 = absolute temperature of hot body, K

Top
Newtons Law of Cooling:
By expanding the quantity in parenthesis and neglecting for small temperature difference, we
find

Kinetics Theory of Gas:

Top
Specific Impulse:

Top
Solar Radiation:

Top
Convective Heat Transfer:

Top
Radiation Heat Transfer:

Top
Conduction Heat Transfer:

Top

Algebra

Algebra
Roots of a quadratic
equation
Linear equations

Volume

Logarithms

Algebra Formulae

Inequalities

Mensuration of
Solids

Mensuration of Surfaces

Basic Laws

Areas

Roots of a quadratic equation

Linear equations

Areas

Volumes

Logarithms

Algebra Formulae

Inequalities

Trigonometry

Trigonometry Page 1

Trigonometric Identities

Co-Function Identities

Pythagorean Identities

Negative Identities

Sum/Difference Formulas

Power Reducing

Rules of Sign

Sum To Product

Reduction Formulae

Product To Sum

Half Angle

Other Trigonometry Identities

Double Angle

Top
Trigonometric Identities:

Top
Pythagorean Identities:

Top

Sum / Difference Formulas

Top
Rules of Sign
Quadrant

sin
cosec

cos
sec

tan
cot

I
II
III
IV

+
+
-

+
+

+
+
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Reduction Formulae
Angle/Function
-
90-
90+
180-
180+
270+
270+
360+

sin
-sin
cos
cos
sin
-sin
-cos
-cos
-sin

cos
cos
sin
-sin
-cos
-cos
-sin
sin
cos

tan
-tan
cot
-cot
-tan
tan
cot
-cot
-tan
Top

Half Angle

Top
Double Angle

Top
Co-function Identities

Top
Negative Angle Identities

Top
Power Reducing

Top
Sum To Product

Top
Product To Sum

Top
Other Trigonometry Identities

Top

Definition of Integral

Power Trigonometric Functions

Hyperbolic Functions

Basic integrals

More Trigonometric Function

Involving

Inverse Trig Functions

Exponential and Natural Log

Integrals Involving xn

Integrals Involving a+bx

Integrals Involving Linear Factors

Involving a2 b2 x2

Involving
Integrals involving Trigonometric Functions

Definition of Integral

Basic Integrals

Integrals involving power of x

Derived SI Units

Energy:
The capacity to do work is called energy. Energy is neither created nor destroyed. It is
converted from one form to another.
Energy = mc2
where
m = mass

c = speed of light
Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
motion. It is generally denoted by Ek. Its S.I. unit is J and its dimension is [ML2T-2].
Hence,

Potential Energy (P.E.): Potential energy is the energy possessed by a condition or

virtue of its position or state or configuration. It is generally denoted by Ep. Its S.I. unit is
J and its dimension is [ML2T-2]
Hence,

Power:
The time rate at which work is done is called power or work done per second is called
power. It is generally denoted by P. Its S.I. unit is watt and its dimension is [ML2T-3].
Hence,

Work:
Work is said to be done only when a force produces motion. Work done in moving a
body is equal to the force exerted on the body and the distance moved by the body in the
direction of force. It is generally denoted by w. Its S.I. unit is J and its dimension is.
Hence, W = Force x Distance
= F. x S.

Acceleration

Moment of Inertia

Acceleration due to Gravity

Moment of Force of Torque

Angular Displacement

Momentum

Angular Momentum

Plank's Constant

Angular Velocity

Potential Energy

Coefficient of Friction

Power

Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity

Pressure

Coefficient of Viscosity

Specific Heat

Force

Speed

Frequency

Stress

Gravitational Constant

Surface Tension

Heat

Thermal Capacity

Impulse

Velocity

Kinetic Energy

Work

Latent Heat

Young Modulus

Acceleration:
It is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

Top
Acceleration due to gravity:

Top
Angular Displacement:

Top
Angular momentum or moment of momentum L:

Top
Angular velocity:

Top
Coefficient of Friction:

Top
Coefficient of Thermal conductivity k0:

Top
Coefficient of viscosity: ()

Top
Force:

Force =mass acceleration = m a

F = (M) (LT-2) = (MLT-2)

So, dimension of mass is 1 and that of length is +1and that of time is 2 in force.
Top

Gravitational constant:
According to Newton universal law of gravitation.

Top
Heat:
Heat is a form of energy.
Q = [ML2T-2]
Top

Impulse:

Top
Kinetic Energy (K.E.):

Top
Latent Heat:
Heat absorbed per unit mass during changed of state.

Top
Momentum:

Top

Moment of a force of torque of moment of a couple:

Top
Moment of Inertia:
Moment of inertia = mass (length)2 = [ML2]
I = [ML2]

Top
Plancks constant:

Top
Power:

Top
Potential Energy (P.E.):

Top
Pressure:

Top

Specific Heat:
Thermal capacity for unit mass of the body.

Top
Speed

So, dimension of length is +1 and of time is 1 in velocity and speed.

Top
Stress : =

Top
Surface Tension:

Top

Thermal Capacity:
The amount of heat energy required by a body for unit rise of temperature.

Top
Velocity:

Top
Work of energy:
Work = force displacement = F s
W =(MLT-2) (L) = (ML2T-2)
Top
Young modulus (Y):

MEASUREMENTS SI UNITS - Time

Time (second): - The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770, period of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the to hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium133 atom. (1967). It is denoted by s.

60 seconds ( secs, " )

60 minutes ( mins, ' )
24 hours ( hrs )
7 days ( d )
28, 29, 30 or 31 days
12 months ( m )
10 years ( y )
1000 years

First Law

Second Law

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1 minute.
1 hour
1 day
1 week ( wk )
1 month
1 year
1 decade
1 millenium

Boiling Points of Liquids

Liquid
Alcohol
Linseed Oil
Mercury
Paraffin
Petroleum
Turpentine
Water (pure)
Water (sea)
Water (saturated

Netwon's Law
Moment of Inertia

Deg. F
173
600
648
536
316
315
212
213

Liquid Pressure
Pascal's Principle

Spring Constant
Bouncing
Laws of Conservation of Momentum
Density

Surface Tension
Capillary
Vibrations

Newton's Laws of Motion

First Law : A body at rest or in uniform motion will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless some
external force is applied to it
Second Law of Motion : When a body is acted upon by a constant force, its resulting acceleration is
proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass,

where,
a=acceleration, m/s2
F=force, N
M=mass of a body, kg
Third Law of Motion : It states that to every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction
force.
Motion :
Displacement

Velocity

Acceleration

where,
S=distance covered by a moving body in time t, m
V=Velocity of a moving body, m/s
A =acceleration of a moving body, m/s2
V0= initial velocity of a moving body, m/s
T=time of movement, s

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Newtons Law of Gravitation:
Any two bodies attract each other with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

where,
F=force of attraction, N
m1=mass of body one, kg
m2=mass of body second, kg
d=distance between two bodies, m
G=Newtonian constant of gravitation

Spring Constant

(a)

W=kx

where,
W=weight applied to a spring
X=distance stretched in a spring

K=spring constant

(b)

F= kx

where,
F=force exerted by spring against W. The minus sign indicates that x and F are in opposite directions.

Vibrations
1.

Simple Harmonic Motion

where,
T=period of a vibration, s
n=frequency or vibration per unit time, 1/s

Top

2.

Spring Pendulum

where,
T=period, s
M=mass of pendulum
K=spring
Top

3.

Simple Pendulum

where,
l=length of the pendulum
g=acceleration due to gravity
Top

4.

Wavelength

where,
V=total distance traveled in one second
=length of one wave
=number of waves per second
Top

5.

Speed of sound

where,
V=speed of sound at temperature tcC, m/s
Vo=speed at 0C, m/s
tc=temperature, C.
Top

6.

Beat Notes
N=n2-n1

where,
N=beat frequency, i.e., number of beats per second
N1, n2=frequencies of two sources producing the sound, vibrations/s
Top

7.

Doppler Effect

where,
No=frequency heard by the observer
ns=frequency of the source
V=velocity of sound
Vs=velocity of source
Vo=velocity of the observer
Top

8.

Intensity of sound

where,
E=intensity of sound at any distance d, microwatts/cm2 or decibels
Eo=intensity of sound at unit distance, decibels
Top

9.

Vibrating Strings

where,
V=velocity of sound, m/s
N=frequency or number of waves passing by per second
=length of one wave or wavelength
F=tension in a rope or string, N
M=mass of string per unit length, kg/m
L=distance between two consecutive nodes, m
Top

10.

Sound Wave Through Gas

where,
V=wave velocity, cm/s
P=gas pressure, dynes/cm2
=gas density, g/cm3
K=proportionality constant

Stress
Strain
Hooke's Law
Piosson's Ratio
Unit Volume Change
Elongation due to its Weight
Thin Rings
Strain Energy
Thin-walled Pressure vessels
Mohr's Circle for Biaxial Stress

Pure Shear
Torsion Formula for Thin Walled Tubes
Torsion Formula for Circular Shaft
Flexure Formula
Shear Stress in Bending
Thin Walled Hollow Members (Tubes)
Stress Concentration
Curved Beam in Pure Bending
Bending of a Beam

Stress

where,

=normal stress, or tensile stress, pa

P=force applied, N
A=cross-sectional area of the bar, m2
=shearing stress, Pa
As=total area in shear, m2

Top

Strain

where,
=tensile or compressive strain, m/m
=total elongation in a bar, m
=original length of the bar, m

Top

Hooke's Law
Stress is proportional to strain

where,
E=proportionality constant called the elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus, P a

Top

Piosson's Ratio

where,
v=Poissons ratio
=lateral strain
=axial strain

Top

Unit Volume Change

where,
=change in volume
=original volume
=strain
=Poissons ratio

Top

Elongation due to its weight

where,
=total elongation in a material which hangs vertically under its own weight
W=weight of the material

Top

Thin Rings

where,
=Circumferential or hoop Stress
S=Circumferential or hoop tension
A=Cross-sectional area
=Circumferential strain
E=Youngs modulus

Top

Strain Energy

where,
U=total energy stored in the bar or strain energy
P=tensile load
=total elongation in the bar
L=original length of the bar
A=cross-sectional area of the bar

E=Youngs modulus
U=strain energy per unit volume

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Thin Walled Pressure vessels

where,
=normal or circumferential or hoop stress in cylindrical vessel, P a
=normal or circumferential or hoop stress in spherical vessel, Pa and longitudinal stress around the circumference
P=internal pressure of cylinder, Pa
r=internal radius, m
t=thickness of wall, m

Top

Mohr's Circle for Biaxial Stress

Top

Pure Shear

where,
=Shearing Stress, Pa
=Shearing Strain or angular deformation
G=Shear modulus, Pa
E=Youngs modulus, Pa
V=Poissons ratio

Top

Torsion formula for Thin walled tubes

where,
=maximum shearing stress, Pa
=Shearing stress at any point a distance x from the centre of a
r=radius of the section, m
d=diameter of a solid circular shaft, m
=polar moment of inertia of a cross-sectional area, m 4

section

T=resisting torque, N-m

N= rpm of shaft
P=power, kW
=angle of twist, radian
L=length of shaft, m
G=shear modulus, Pa
do=outer diameter of hollow shaft, m
di=inner diameter of hollow shaft, m

and

Top

Torsion formula for Circular Shafts

where,
=Ip, polar moment of inertia for thin-walled tubes
r=mean radius
t=wall thickness

Top

Flexure Formula

where,
=Stress on any point of cross-section at distance y from the

neutral axis

=stress at outer fibre of the beam

c=distance measured from the neutral axis to the most remote fibre of the beam
I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the centroidal axis

Top

Shear Stress In Bending

where,
F=Shear force
Q=statistical moment about the neutral axis of the cross-section
b=width
I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the Centroidal axis.

Top

Thin-Walled Hollow Members (Tubes)

where,

=shearing stress at any point of a blue

t=thickness of tube
q=shear flow
T=applied torque
R=distance between a reference point and segment ds
=angle of twist of a hollow tube

Top
Stress Concentration

Top

Curved Beam in Pure Bending

where,

=normal stress
M=bending moment
dA=cross-sectional area of an element
r=distance of curved surface from the centre of curvature
A=cross-sectional area of beam
R=distance of neutral axis from the centre of curvature
R1=distance of centroidal axis from the centre of curvature

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Bending of a Beam
(a) Bending of a Beam Supported at Both Ends

(b) Bending of a Beam Fixed at one end

where,

d= bending displacement, m
F=force applied, N
I=length of the beam, m
a=width of beam, m
b=thickness of beam, m
Y=Youngs modulus, N/m2