GREGORY MANKIW
1. PRINCPIOS GERAIS DA ECONOMIA
Os dez princpios gerais da economia so:
tradeoffs
custo de oportunidade;
pessoas razoveis pensam na margem;
pessoas reagem a incentivos;
mercados so bons para a economia;
comrcio geralmente bom para organizar a atividade econmica
governos podem, s vezes, melhorar os mercados
O padro de vida de um pas determinado pela sua capacidade de
produzir bens e servios;
9) Os preos sobem com a emisso de moeda;
10) H um tradeoff de curto prazo entre desemprego e inflao ( Phillips
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
curve)
Summary
- The fundamental lessons about individual decisionmaking are that people face
tradeoffs among alternative goals, that the cost of any action is measured in
terms of forgone opportunities, that rational people make decisions by
comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits, and that people change
their behavior in response to the incentives they face.
- The fundamental lessons about interactions among people are that trade can
be mutually beneficial, that markets are usually a good way of coordinating
trade among people, and that the government can potentially improve
market outcomes if there is some market failure or if the market outcome is
inequitable.
The fundamental lessons about the economy as a whole are that
productivity is the ultimate source of living standards, that money growth
is the ultimate source of inflation, and that society faces a short-run
tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
2. PENSANDO COMO UM ECONOMISTA
O pensamento econmico se desenvolve atravs de modelos, que se
baseiam em hipteses que simplificam a realidade. Utilizam-se os economistas do
mtodo cientfico, partindo da teoria para a observao, ento para a coleta de
dados e por ltimo para a confirmao ou refutao da teoria. Por serem difceis
os experimentos controlados valem-se da histria para fazer a observao
experimental.
GRFICOS
Os grficos descrevem como as variveis se relacionam no mundo real.
Pode tratar da relao de causa e efeito, podendo aparecer dois problemas: a
varivel omitida e a causalidade reversa.
4. OFERTA E DEMANDA
A lei da oferta e da demanda diz que o preo de qualquer bem ou servio
ajusta-se para trazer a quantidade demandada desse bem ao equilbrio. Para
saber como a economia ser afetada por um acontecimento precisa-se pensar nos
seus impactos sobre a oferta e a demanda.
A quantidade ofertada de um bem positivamente relacionada com o preo,
enquanto a quantidade demandada dele tem relao negativa com esse.
Pode-se deslocar a curva de oferta atravs de:
1) variao nos preos dos insumos necessrios para a produo
do bem;
2) desenvolvimento da tecnologia;
3) expectativas quanto ao aumento ou diminuio do consumo do
bem em questo;
4) alterao no nmero de vendedores.
J a curva de demanda pode ser deslocada por:
1) flutuaes na renda (deve-se observar ainda se o bem um bem
normal ou inferior);
Summary
The price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in the price.
Demand tends to be more elastic if the good is a luxury rather than a necessity, if close substitutes are
available, if the market is narrowly defined, or if buyers have substantial time to react to a price change.
_ The price elasticity of demand is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the
percentage change in price. If the elasticity is less than 1, so that quantity demanded moves proportionately
less than the price, demand is said to be inelastic. If the elasticity is greater than 1, so that quantity demanded
moves proportionately more than the price, demand is said to be elastic.
_ Total revenue, the total amount paid for a good, equals the price of the good times the quantity sold. For
inelastic demand curves, total revenue rises as price rises. For elastic demand curves, total revenue falls as
price rises.
_ The income elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in
consumers income. The cross-price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded of one
good responds to the price of another good.
_ The price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price.
This elasticity often depends on the time horizon under consideration. In most markets, supply is more elastic
in the long run than in the short run.
_ The price elasticity of supply is calculated as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the
percentage change in price. If the elasticity is less than 1, so that quantity supplied moves proportionately less
than the price, supply is said to be inelastic. If the elasticity is greater than 1, so that quantity supplied moves
proportionately more than the price, supply is said to be elastic.
_ The tools of supply and demand can be applied in many different kinds of markets. This chapter uses them
to analyze the market for wheat, the market for oil, and the market for illegal drugs.