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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER

Authors full name : Siti Fatimah Az Zahra binti Yusoff
Date of Birth

: 21-03-1992

Title

: Fiber Tip Temperature Sensor Based On Michelson Interferometry

Academic Session : 2014/2015

I declare that this thesis is classified as:

CONFIDENTIAL

(Contains confidential information under the Official

Secret Act 1972)*

RESTRICTED

(Contains restricted information as specified by the

organization where research was done)*

OPEN ACCESS

I agree that my thesis to be published as online

open access (full text)

I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:

1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the
purpose of research only.

Certified by:

NOTES:

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

920321-03-5012

Dr. Asrul Izam bin Azmi

(NEW IC NO/PASSPORT)

NAME OF SUPERVISOR

Date: 24 June 2015

Date: 24 June 2015

If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach the letter from the
organization concerned stating the reason/s and duration for the
confidentiality or restriction.

ii

I hereby declare that I have read this work and in my opinion this work is adequate
in terms of scope and quality for the purpose of awarding a degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical-Telecommunication).

Signature

:......................................................

Name of Supervisor

: DR. ASRUL IZAM BIN AZMI

Date

: 24 JUNE 2015

iii

FIBER TIP TEMPERATURE SENSOR BASED ON MICHELSON

INTERFEROMETRY

SITI FATIMAH AZ ZAHRA BINTI YUSOFF

Submitted to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical- Telecommunication)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2015

iv

I hereby declare that this undergraduate project paper entitled Fiber Tip Temperature
Sensor based on Michelson Interferometry is the result of my own research except as
cited in the references. The undergraduate project paper has not been accepted for any
degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature
Name
Date

:
:
:

..
SITI FATIMAH AZ ZAHRA BINTI YUSOFF
24 JUNE 2015

Specially dedicated to
To my beloved Umi and Abah, thank you for all of the support and encouragement that
you have given me. It is more than everything and I know if I write down millions or
many more thank you, it will never enough. But thank you Umi, thank you Abah.
To my beloved younger sisters and brother, thank you for giving me the endless support
whenever I need you guys.

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to record my great and genuine
appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Asrul Izam bin Azmi, who has supported me
throughout my final year project with his patience, time and knowledge. Without his
encouragement and effort, this thesis would not have been completed or written. I think I
could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor.

I also want to thank my fellow lab mates Siti Nur Izzati and Sarina for their
kindness in helping me during my critical time. Also, thank you to my close friends in
university, especially my best friends and my cheerful classmates, 4SKET for their
support, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all
memories we had in the last four years.

Lastly, I give my special thanks to my lovely family for their endless support and
encouragement. Thank you my beautiful parent, Umi and Abah for all the things that
you have given to me. I know of no other way for me to honor both of you except
through this thesis.

vii

ABSTRACT

In recent years, fiber tip sensors have been extensively used in many fields,
especially in the biomedical field. This type of sensor is usually used as temperature
sensors because it possess the key aspects including small in size, robustness in harsh
environment and high sensitivity to temperature. Thus, a fiber tip temperature sensor
based on Michelson interferometer using single mode-multimode-single mode (SMFMMF-SMF) structure is proposed. Fusion splicing technique is used to construct the
proposed sensor. Experimental work is done to characterize the temperature sensitivity
using the Labview program that is connected to an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). A
linear wavelength shift is observed as the temperature goes up and down between 30C
and 180C. The proposed scheme attains a wavelength shift at the rate of 0.0631 nm per
1C. Thus, the proposed fiber tip temperature sensor is suitable to be used in high
temperature applications because of its high dynamic range and also have good linearity
and stability.

viii

ABSTRAK

Sejak kebelakangan ini, sensor hujung gentian telah digunakan secara

meluas dalam pelbagai bidang, terutama dalam bidang bio-perubatan. Sensor jenis
ini biasanya digunakan sebagai sensor suhu kerana ia mencapai ciri-ciri yang
dikehendaki iaitu bersaiz kecil, tahan lasak dalam persekitaran yang ekstrem dan
sensitivity yang tinggi kepada suhu. Oleh itu, sensor suhu hujung gentian
berdasarkan interferometri Michelson menggunakan struktur mod tunggal-mod
berbilang-mod tunggal (SMF-MMF-SMF) telah dicadangkan. Teknik gabungan
digunakan untuk mereka cipta sensor. Kerja uji kaji dilakukan untuk mencirikan
sensitiviti suhu menggunakan program Labview yang disambung dengan
penganalisis spektrum optik (OSA). Anjakan panjang gelombang yang linear telah
diperhatikan dengan kenaikan dan penurunan suhu dengan banjaran 30 C hingga
180 C. Keputusan analisis menunjukkan perubahan panjang gelombang adalah
pada purata 0.0631 nm setiap 1 C. Oleh itu, sensor suhu hujung gentian yang
dicadangkan sesuai digunakan dalam aplikasi suhu tinggi kerana julat dinamik
yang tinggi dan juga mempunyai kelinearan dan kestabilan yang baik.

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

vi

ABSTRACT

vii

ABSTRAK

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ix

LIST OF TABLES

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS

xvi

INTRODUCTION

1.1

INTRODUCTION

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1.4

SCOPE OF PROJECT

1.5

MARKET SURVEY

1.6

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

1.6.1

Gantt Chart

1.6.2

Cost Estimation

1.7

FLOWCHART OF THE PROJECT

1.8

COMPETITION (NABC)

11

THESIS OUTLINE

12

LITERATURE REVIEW

13

2.1

INTRODUCTION

13

2.2

BASICS OF OPTICAL FIBER

14

2.2.1

Single Mode Fiber (SMF)

15

2.2.2

Multimode Fiber (MMF)

16

1.9
2

NEED, APPROACH, BENEFITS AND

2.3

2.4

2.5

FIBER OPTIC SENSOR

17

2.3.1

Types of fiber optic sensor

19

2.3.1.1 Intensity-modulated FOS

19

2.3.1.2 Wavelength-modulated FOS

20

2.3.1.3 Phase-modulated FOS

20

2.3.1.4 Polarization-modulated FOS

20

TYPES OF INTERFEROMETER

21

2.4.1

Fabry-Perot interferometer

21

2.4.2

Mach-Zender interferometer

22

2.4.3

Michelson interferometer

23

PRINCIPLE OF MICHELSON
INTERFEROMETER

2.6

COMPARISON OF THE PREVIOUS WORKS

ON FIBER BASED TEMPERATURE SENSORS

2.7

25

APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTIC

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

24

28

METHODOLOGY

29

3.1

INTRODUCTION

29

3.2

SENSOR FABRICATION PROCESS

30

3.3

STRUCTURE DESIGN AND

3.4

CONFIGURATION

34

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

36

3.4.1

38

Broadband Optical Source

xi

3.4.2

Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA)

39

3.4.3

3-Port Optical Circulator C-Band

40

3.4.4

National Instruments GPIB-USB

3.4.5
4

(NI GPIB-USB) Cable

41

Labview Program

42

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

44

4.1

INTRODUCTION

44

4.2

ANALYSIS ON TEMPERATURE
SENSITIVITY OF SENSOR

45

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

48

5.1

CONCLUSION

48

5.2

RECOMMENDATION

49

REFERENCES

50

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.

TITLE

PAGE

1.1

Gantt chart for semester 1

1.2

Gantt chart for semester 2

2.1

Comparison between fibers based temperature sensors

26

2.2

Applications of fiber optic temperature sensor

28

3.1

Description of scanning parameters for the Labview program 42

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

TITLE

PAGE

1.1

Flowchart of the project

10

2.1

Schematic diagram of optical fiber

14

2.2

Construction and light ray travels in a single mode fiber

(SMF)

16

2.3

(a) Step-index MMF

16

2.3

(b) Graded-index MMF

16

2.4

Extrinsic sensor

18

2.5

Intrinsic sensor

18

2.6

Schematic diagram of Mach-Zender interferometer

22

2.7

Schematic diagram of the Michelson interferometer

23

3.1

Fiber splicing process

30

3.2

Fiber jacket stripper

30

3.3

Alcohol and delicate task wipers

31

3.4

Fiber cleaver

32

3.5

Fujikura fiber fusion splicer

33

3.6

Condition of SMF and MMF before and after

splicing process

3.7

33

The microscopic image of the condition of

SMF and MMF after splicing process

34

xiv

3.8

Structural design of the fiber tip temperature sensor

based on Michelson interferometry

35

3.9

(a) Schematic diagram of experimental setup

37

3.9

(b) Actual experimental setup

37

3.10

Broadband optical source

38

3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14

Optical spectrum analyzer (OSA)

3-port optical circulation C-Band
NI GPIB-USB cable
Graphical user interface of the Labview data

39
40
41

acquisition program

42

4.2

Transmission spectra of the fiber tip temperature sensor

based on a Michelson interferometer with different
temperature
(a) Graph of dip wavelength shifted with temperature rise

46
47

4.2

(b) Graph of dip wavelength shifted with temperature drop

47

4.1

xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FOS

Fiber Optic Sensor

MI

Michelson Interferometer

SMF

Single Mode Fiber

MMF

Multimode Fiber

OSA

Optical Spectrum Analyzer

FPI

Fabry-Perot Interferometer

FBG

Fiber Bragg Grating

MZI

Mach-Zender Interferometer

FTMI

Fiber-Taper Michelson Interferometer

PCF

Photonic Cyrstal Fiber

PM-PCF

Polarization Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fiber

NI GPIB-USB

National Instrument GPIB-USB

xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

nm

nanometer

interference intensity

phase delay condition

coupling loss

input beam waist

output beam waist

effective refractive index

length of Multimode fiber

wavelength of free space

degree Celcius

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

INTRODUCTION

Fiber optic has been used as light wave guiding media during its early
development and has been undergoing tremendous growth since then. With the advance
technologies nowadays, fiber optic has been widely used in many fields and the
advancement of fiber optic is due to the advantages of optical transmission compared to
electrical transmission [1]. Development of fiber optic technology has been increased,
especially in telecommunication engineering field. Its capability in carrying large bits of
data at the speed of light makes the research potential in fiber optic to be increased [2].

2
Besides, the fiber optic technologies are also being developed as sensing
elements, known as a fiber optic sensor (FOS). Usually, fiber optic is mainly used as a
sensor that has its own functions which is transmitting signals from light rays and
converts it into electronic signals. The fiber optic sensor can be used in many physical
quantities and measurements such as temperature, pressure, liquid level, radiation,
humidity and also pH values and transforms it into a readable form in instrument [3].

The fiber optic sensor is an excellent device as they offer many advantages over
a conventional electronic sensor in many extreme fields making it to have a very high
demand in industrial applications. There are some examples of the advantages of optical
sensors is robustness in extreme conditions [4] such as in explosive environments, the
fiber optic sensor is completely passive and in microwave environment, it is
unsusceptible to the interference of electromagnetic. Besides, the main reasons fiber
optic sensor were being chosen are because of their good stability, response and high
dynamic range. Because of the growing interest of fiber optic sensor technologies and
also its excellent performance, the fiber optic sensor has been commercialized
tremendously as it meets the needs of nowadays evolving technology.

Typical fiber optic sensors usually use the principle of the interferometer as this
type of sensors offers high sensitivity due to small propagation loss in fiber and also
interferometric detection [1]. If the sensor produced interference between two light
waves, the sensor is referred as interferometer sensor [6]. Michelson interferometer (MI)
is an optical configuration that has been commonly used for interferometry [1]. In
Michelson interferometer, the basic principle that has been used is reflection modes as
the interference happens between the optical signals is in two arms, but one of the beams
is reflected at the end of each arm [6].

3
Nowadays, fiber tip temperature sensor has a very high demand because it has
many advantages which are simple, compact in size and more stable. Moreover, this
type of sensor usually used in high temperature applications such as oil and gas
explorations, nuclear reactors and also high temperature furnaces because it can measure
at temperature up to melting point of silica as fiber optic is made from silica. Because of
the dominant features and exceptional benefit, the needed of fiber tip temperature sensor
based on Michelson interferometer is widely available.

Because of the complicated fabrication techniques in previous configurations, a

new approached of fiber tip sensor based on MI is designed using simple fabrication
technique and also suitable to be used in high temperature applications.

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT

There are various types of fiber in-line MI configurations have been

demonstrated using different fabrication techniques such as femtosecond laser
micromachining and also thin-film coating [6], coupling between liquid-core mode and
defect mode [7], and also superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors and singlephoton counting techniques [8]. However, all of these approaches encounter difficulties
as they used limited source of optical fiber that made the fabrication process becomes
more complicated and costly.

The disadvantages can be overcomed by designing fiber tip temperature sensor

that uses simple configuration and fabricated using simple technique such as fusion
splicing. It is widely used in extreme fields such as high temperature applications. This
is it fulfills the main requirements needed, such as having compact size, have excellent
stability and response and also have high dynamic range.

1.3

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

Based on the problem statement, the research objectives for this project are given as
follows;
I.

To design and construct a simple fiber tip temperature sensor based on single
mode fiber-Multimode fiber-single mode fiber (SMF-MMF-SMF) configuration

II.

To establish the sensitivity of temperature response of the sensor through an

experimental work.

1.4

SCOPE OF PROJECT

The scope of this project will include four stages which are; the stage of literature
review, the stage of sensor fabrication, the stage of experiment, and also the stage of
data analysis. The details of this project scope are outline as follows;
I.

Review on fiber optic temperature sensor based on an interference technique by

referring to the collections of journals

II.
III.

Fabrication of sensor using simple fusion splicing technique

Experimental work to establish the temperature sensitivity of the sensor
a. Labview based real-time data acquisition program connected to an optical
spectrum analyzer (OSA)

IV.

Data analysis
a. Spectra smoothing and dip detection using the Matlab program
b. A graph of wavelength shift versus temperature using Microsoft Office
Excel

1.5

MARKET SURVEY

The market survey was done in order to see the feasibility of fiber optic sensor in the
market. Based on the survey, the temperature sensor has been used in many fields;
a. The fiber optic temperature sensor has high demand in the biomedical field for
cell manipulation and blood perfusion measurement
b. In oil and gas exploration, fiber optic temperature sensor is used in the
hydrophone sensor system
c. In communication system, fiber optic sensor is commonly used in military and
commercial aircraft.

1.6

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

1.6.1

Gantt chart

The time management of this project in semester 1 and semester 2 is shown in

the Gantt chart shown in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 respectively;

Table1.1: Gantt chart for semester 1

Week
Activities
Brief idea
Literature and
theoretical study
Design and
fabrication of
hardware
Collect and
analyze data
Presentation slide
and report
preparation
Presentation
Report
submission

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

8
Table1.2: Gantt chart for semester 2
Week
Activities
Brief idea
Literature and
theoretical study
Design and
fabrication of
hardware
Collect and
analyze data
Poster and journal
preparation
Presentation
(EESS 2015)
Report and thesis
submission

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1.6.2

Cost Estimation

Table 3.3 shows the total cost to cultivate the fiber tip temperature sensor. In
addition, the material that has been used to implement this sensor described in this table.
The materials that had been chosen were based on the price and quality that benefits to
the device.

Table 3: Cost estimation for the development of fiber tip temperature sensor
No.

Material

Quantity

Price per meter

Subtotal

Single mode fiber (SMF)

1m

RM 4.00

RM 4.00

Multimode fiber (MMF)

1m

RM 6.00

RM 6.00

Total

RM 10.00

1.7

FLOWCHART OF THE PROJECT

The flowchart shown in Figure 1.1 summarizes all of the steps needed in order to
complete the project. First, a survey of the sensing scheme of the fiber tip temperature
sensor by referring to the collections of journals was carried out. After the survey was
done and the type of interferometer that will be used was decided, the design
configuration (SMF-MMF-SMF) was proposed and the fiber tip sensor was fabricated
using simple fusion techniques. Next step, the response of the sensor was tested and
output data were analyzed by using Labview and Matlab software. After the
performance of the sensor was convincing, the outcome of this project was presented
and demonstrated on the Electrical Engineering Student Showcase (EESS) 2015.

10

Figure 1.1: Flowchart of the project

11

1.8

NEED, APPROACH, BENEFITS AND COMPETITION (NABC)

The customer needs a temperature sensor that acquires better design and also can
help to accomplish some problems that is related to temperature measurements.
Nowadays, a compact size of the sensor becomes a demand from customers as it can be
used in many small devices. Also, the sensor must fulfill all the requirements which are
safe to use, have good stability and response.

Meanwhile, the approach that can be done in order to satisfy the customers need
is to design a fiber tip temperature sensor based on Michelson interferometry. This
sensor has been constructed because it has many advantages which are compact size,
have good stability and response and also a high dynamic range.

The benefit per cost is the main criteria that should consider when designing the
fiber tip temperature sensor. Because of the great advantages shown by such sensors,
they have become unique when comparing with the conventional sense and this makes
them the ideal solution for many applications especially for high temperature
applications. Moreover, this sensor was fabricated using simple fabrication technique
which is fusion splicing technique. The sensor also was less costly since it uses only two
typical types of fiber optic that are easily found in the markets. In addition, the sensing
part of this sensor is only a few mm in length, making it to be low cost.

Since this sensor has many advantages which are small size, low cost, has good
stability and response and also high dynamic range, this sensor could provide better
performance for many applications, especially for high temperature application such as
oil and gas exploration, high temperature furnaces, and nuclear reactor.

12

1.9

THESIS OUTLINE

This is divided into a total of five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses about the
understanding of this study toward optical fiber sensors and fiber tip temperature sensor,
with the research objectives, problem statements, scope of projects, and also planning
management of this study. Chapter 2 is discusses about the literature review and details
on the optical fiber sensor and types of interferometer used. Meanwhile, Chapter 3
explains about the methodology that was used when conducting this project. This
chapter describes more on the description of the sensor design and parameters used for
optical properties. Chapter 4 focuses on the outcome and results coming from this study,
also an analysis of the results being discussed in this chapter. Lastly, Chapter 5 gives a
conclusion of the project thesis and some recommendation which can be used for future
enhancement of this study.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background study and theory that is related to optical
fiber, fiber optic sensor, types of interferometers and also interference intensity.

14

2.2

BASICS OF OPTICAL FIBER

A basic optical fiber consists of three parts which are the core, cladding and the
coating. The core of the fiber is customarily made of silica or glass and has a value of
refractive index n1. The core will act as a path as light propagates mainly along its [9].
Meanwhile, the cladding of the fiber is made of a dielectric material that has value of
refractive index, n2. Also, the refractive index of the cladding is less than the refractive
index of the core. The glass fiber is covered by outer coating or buffer as this coating
will give extra protection to the fiber from physical damage as optical fiber is very
fragile. The schematic diagram of optical fiber is shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Schematic diagram of optical fiber

There are two types of optical fibers commonly available in the markets, namely
single mode fiber (SMF) and Multimode fiber (MMF).

15

2.2.1

Single Mode Fiber (SMF)

Single mode fiber has a smaller core with typical values of only about 9 m,
causing the light to travel in a single ray (mode). Meanwhile, the diameter of cladding
for single mode fiber is 125 m. Figure 2.2 shows the construction of single mode fiber.
The SMF is typically used to transmit data for long distance because the data able to
travel at faster speeds. In addition, low propagation loss of SMF gives big advantage for
communication purpose.

Figure 2.2: Construction and light ray travels in a single mode fiber (SMF)

16

2.2.2

Multimode Fiber (MMF)

When comparing with single mode fiber (SMF), Multimode fibers have a larger
diameter size of the core and the diameter size of cladding is the same as SMF which is
125 microns. Moreover, because of the different diameter size of core, the Multimode
fiber is divided into two types which are Step-index Multimode fiber and Graded-index
Multimode fiber. The standard diameter size of core for Step-index MMF is 62.5
microns and for Graded-index MMF, the diameter size of the core is 50 microns. The
difference between these two Multimode fibers is the propagation of light rays that
travels inside the fibers. The construction and propagations of light ray are shown in
Figure 3 (a) and 3(b).

(a)

(b)
Figure 2.3: (a) Step-index MMF, (b) Graded-index MMF

17
The large diameter size of the core allows multiple light rays propagate at the
same time and this shows that the ability of this fiber to transmit high bits of data in
communication fields. Unfortunately, because of the large diameter size of the core,
there will be a higher propagation loss being produced when the data were transmitted
causing this type of fiber to be used in short distance.

2.3

FIBER OPTIC SENSOR

Fiber optic had been discovered to be used as sensing elements and being
patented in the mid 1960s [10]. The ability in carry high bit of data at the speed of light,
causing the optical fibers potentially available in the market. As the research on fiber
optic getting increased, the revolution of it also grows from sending data in
telecommunication fields to sense changes in phase, intensity and wavelength in sensing
the environment, known as fiber optic sensing [2]. The fiber optic sensor (FOS) has
many advantages which makes them to have a very high demand in many fields.
Moreover, many researchers tend to extend their researches on FOS deeply as they want
to create better invention of the FOS [11].

A FOS is a component that can be categorized into three elements which are the
location of sensing, the operating principle and also the application [2]. There are two
types of sensing location which is extrinsic and intrinsic sensing. In the intrinsic optical
sensor, the fiber optic itself acts as a sensing element which modulates the light signal
[12]. Meanwhile, in extrinsic optical sensor, the fiber optic acts as information carriers
that transfer light signal in or out of the sensors [13]. Figure 2.3 and 2.4 show the two
types of sensor which are extrinsic and intrinsic sensor.

18

Figure 2.4: Extrinsic sensor

Figure 2.5: Intrinsic sensor

19

2.3.1

Types of fiber optic sensor

There are four main types of fiber optic sensors which are [2];
I.
II.

Intensity-modulated FOS
Wavelength-modulated FOS

III.

Phase-modulated FOS

IV.

Polarization- modulated FOS

2.3.1.1 Intensity-modulated FOS

In an intensity-modulated sensor principle, the changes in light intensity are the

physical measurement that can be predicted [13]. The intensity-modulated fiber optic
sensor needs a large quantity of light and usually used Multimode fiber with large core
diameter [2]. The advantage of this type of sensor is that the implementation is simple
and low cost since no advanced components are needed [13]. Contrastingly, the
sensitivity and also the accuracy of the light measurements are limited unless another
system is added to the sensor [2].

20

2.3.1.2 Wavelength-modulated FOS

Distinguished from intensity-modulated FOS; the wavelength-modulated FOS

principle is depending on the difference of wavelength of light transmitted [2]. The
examples of wavelength-modulated FOS that commonly used in many fields are
blackbody sensor, Bragg grating (FBGs) sensor and also fluorescent sensor.

2.3.1.3 Phase-modulated FOS

This type of sensor used laser as a light source which will be injected into single
mode fiber [12]. The change in the phase of light produced by comparing the phase of
the light signal with the reference light is called an interferometry [2]. This kind of
sensor is accurate, but highly cost since it is using laser and other advance components
[13].

2.3.1.4 Polarization-modulated FOS

For this type of sensor, the principle used is different in polarization state of light
fields which are linear, elliptical and circular [14]. Linear polarization state principle
says that the electric field is not moving and remains in the same line. Contrastingly, for
elliptical polarization state, the electric field is moving during propagation of light is
happening.

21

2.4

TYPES OF INTERFEROMETER

The principle of the interferometer is based on phase-modulation fiber optic sensor

which is about the changing in phase difference [14]. They are using an interference of
two light waves which have propagated through different paths of similar or different
fibers. There are several types of interferometer that are being used in fiber optic sensor
including [15];
I.
II.
III.

2.4.1

Fabry-Perot
Mach-Zender
Michelson

Fabry-Perot interferometer

The principle of Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) is using multiple-beam

interference of transmitted and reflected light [16]. The types of fabrication that
commonly used for Fabry-Perot interferometer sensor are air glass reflectors, fiber
Bragg grating (FBGs) and also semi-reflective splices [17]. Usually, Fabry-Perot
interferometric sensor is divided into two categories which are; extrinsic FPI sensor and
intrinsic FPI sensor. The extrinsic FPI sensor uses reflection light coming from the
outside cavity of the fiber [5]. The advantage of extrinsic FPI sensor is that they can
utilize more, reflecting mirror and also finesse interference signal [5]. Meanwhile, in an
intrinsic FPI sensor, the reflected mirrors are built inside the fiber itself and light signal
will not propagate outside the fiber [18].

22

2.4.2

Mach-Zehnder interferometer

This type of sensor uses two-fiber arms which are reference and sensing arm [5].
Figure 2.6 shows the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) schematic diagram. Two
couplers are being used for this design. The transmitting light will be divided by Coupler
1 into two parts, and will propagate in two different paths and then will recombine back
by Coupler 2 [19].

Figure 2.6: Schematic diagram of Mach-Zender interferometer [5]

23

2.4.3

Michelson interferometer

The principle of the Michelson interferometer (MI) is similar as a MZI principle,

except that it acts like a half of MZI or folded MZI [2]. The advantage of MI over MZI
is that their phase is more sensitive as the light waves travel twice the sensing length of
fiber optic [2]. MI uses reflection modes and based on interference of two different
signals on the same wavelength, but using a different path length [20].

Figure 2.7 shows the schematic diagram of a MI. As shown below, transmitted light
is divided into two different paths by the coupler and reflected back after reached Mirror
1 and 2 respectively [1]. Then, the reflected light will combine together by the coupler
before entering the receiver.

Figure 2.7: Schematic diagram of the Michelson interferometer [5]

24

2.5

PRINCIPLE OF MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER

The main principle of the Michelson interferometer that is used to design the sensor is
discussed. When two optical waves at the same wavelength but travel at different path
are combined, the detected interference intensity of the combined waves at photodetector
is given by [21];

(1)

where

is a phase delay conditions, I1 and I2 are the intensity of interferences of core

and cladding modes. The formula of intensity of interferences, I1 and I2 [22] are;

(2)

(3)

where is the coupling loss of the two fibers and R1 and R2 are the Fresnel reflection
coefficient and can be calculated using formula;

(4)

For the value of , it can be calculated using input and output of Gaussian beam waist
[22];

25
(5)
Meanwhile, the formula of phase delay,

[22] is;

(6)

where

is the effective refractive index of fundamental mode, L is the length of the

Multimode fiber (MMF) and is the wavelength of free-space.

2.6

COMPARISON OF THE PREVIOUS WORKS ON FIBER BASED

TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Table 2.1 shows the comparison between some of the fiber based temperature
sensors that had been proposed. The comparison was done based on the complexity of
fabrication techniques, the size of the sensor, the types of fiber optics that was being
used to design the sensor and the performance of the sensor in terms of temperature
range and also sensitivity.

26
Table 2.1: Comparison between fibers based temperature sensors
Temperature
sensors

Configuration

Performance

Drawback/
advantage
Advantages:
Good sensitivity

High-temperature
sensor based on an
abrupt-taper
Michelson
interferometer in
single-mode fiber

An abrupt fibertaper Michelson

interferometer
(FTMI) in SMF

Temperature
range:
(500- 800) C
Sensitivity:
0.1186 nm/ C

[23]

Drawback:
Complex
fabrication
technique
(Fabricated by a
fiber-taper machine
and electric-arc
discharge)

High temperature

Temperature

sensor based on
SMS structure with

SMF-MMF-SMF-

large core all solid

SMF-MMF-SMF

bandgap fiber as

with a core-

(20-950) C
Sensitivity:
0.035 nm/ C

MMF [24]

In-fiber quasi-MI

range:

SMF-MMF-SMF
(End-face

cladding-mode fiber

terminated by the

end-face mirror [20]

thick silver film)

Temperature
range:
(25-115) C
Sensitivity:
0.061 nm/ C

Advantages: High
temperature range
Drawback:
Complex splicing
technique and large
in size
Advantages:
Good sensitivity
Drawback:
Complex splicing
technique and low
temperature range

27
Temperature
sensors

Configuration

Performance

All-fiber Mach

Temperature

Zehnder

range:

interferometers for

SMF-MMF-TF-SMF

(20- 80) C

sensing applications

Sensitivity:

[25]

0.0667 nm/ C

Drawback/
advantage
Advantages:
Good sensitivity
Drawback:
Low temperature
range and large in
size
Advantages:
Good sensitivity
Drawback:
Low temperature

Temperature Sensor
by using selectively
filled Photonic
Crystal Fiber (PCF)
Sagnac
interferometer [26]

A selectively filled
polarization-

Temperature
range:

maintaining photonic

(25- 45) C

crystal fiber (PM-

Sensitivity:

PCF)

2.58 nm/ C

range and complex

fabrication
technique
(fabricated by
blocking the small
holes, immersing
the sensor in the
water and splicing
with the 3-dB
coupler)

High-temperature

Temperature

sensor using a

range:

Fabry-Perot
interferometer based
on solid-core
photonic crystal
fiber [27]

SMF-(PM-PCF)

(33- 600) C
Sensitivity:
0.0138 nm/ C

Advantages: High
temperature range
Drawback:
Limited source of
PM-PCF in market

28

2.7

APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTIC TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Nowadays, optical fiber based sensor have been broadly used for real-time
temperature monitoring [3]. Table 2.2 shows some of the applications that has been
demonstrated by fiber optic temperature sensor.

Table 2.2: Applications of fiber optic temperature sensor

Fields
Biomedical [28]

Application
Thermal

distribution

mapping

in

cancer

phototherapy, magnetic-resonance imaging and

cardiac-output monitoring
Oil and gas exploration[29]

Reservoir temperature monitoring

Civil engineering[30]

Temperature monitoring of concrete in massive

structures

Power transformer[31]

Power

transformer

hot

spot

temperature

measurement
Dam monitoring[32]

Temperature distribution of an old earth dam

during thawing

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about the process and procedures involved during the
completion of this project, which includes materials processing and equipment
operation. In addition, details on Labview data acquisition coding for real time
monitoring also discussed in this chapter.

30

3.2

SENSOR FABRICATION PROCESS

In this project, a fiber tip temperature sensor based on Michelson interferometry

is proposed and designed. The structure can be simply constructed using direct fusion
splicing techniques in order to fuse or attached the single mode and multimode fiber
together.

Stripping

Cleaning

Cleaving

Splicing

Figure 3.1: Fiber splicing process

Figure 3.1 shows the process of fiber splicing. At first, the fiber optic is stripped
in order to remove the entire protective jacket from the end of the fiber. The protective
coating of SMF and MMF are stripped out by using stripper as shown in Figure 3.2. This
process has to be done carefully in order to prevent any breakage of fiber due to its
brittleness.

31

Figure 3.2: Fiber jacket stripper

After the stripping process is done, the next step is to clean the stripped fiber.
The cleaning process need to be done in order to remove foreign particles that will lead
to high splicing loss. The typical cleaning agents used are alcohol and delicate task
wipers which are shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Alcohol and delicate task wipers

32
The third step is the cleaving process. Figure 3.4 shows the fiber cleaver tool that
was used in this process. This process is important in order to make sure the end face of
the fiber was perfectly flat and perpendicular to the axis. In addition, this process is
crucially important as it will determine the quality of splicing process. The value of
splicing loss depends on the cleave angle of the end face fiber. If the cleave angle is
closer to 90, the value of splicing loss is lower.

Figure 3.4: Fiber cleaver

Lastly, the MMF section is spliced with both SMFs using fiber fusion splicer as
shown in Figure 3.5. The fiber is placed in the guides of the splicer and the end face of it
need to be tested in order to ensure the fiber is located correctly before it is aligned into
a position. The splicer will then show the estimated value of splicing loss based on the
digital image shown in the splicer. The conditions of SMFs and MMF before and after
splicing process are shown in Figure 3.6. In addition, the microscopic image of the
condition of SMF and MMF after splicing process are shown in Figure 3.7.

33

Figure 3.5: Fujikura fiber fusion splicer

Figure 3.6: Condition of SMF and MMF before and after splicing process

34

Splicing point
MMF

Figure 3.7:

3.3

SMF

The microscopic image of the condition of SMF and MMF after splicing
process

STRUCTURE DESIGN AND CONFIGURATION

Firstly, the design of the fiber tip temperature sensor based on Michelson
interferometer was carried out. The structural design of the sensor is shown in Figure
3.8. Basically, the fiber tip temperature sensor based on SMF-MMF-SMF configuration
was fabricated by splicing the two ends of MMF with two SMFs. The lengths of MMF
and SMF2 used are 0.5 mm and 1.2 mm respectively. While the core diameters of SMF
and MMF fiber used are 9 m and 105 m respectively.

35

Figure 3.8: Structural design of the fiber tip temperature sensor based on Michelson
interferometry

Based on Figure 3.8, light will enter SMF1 towards MMF as usual. But, the light
will then travel in two different paths as it enters SMF2 (n1 and n2). When the light
reflected back after reach the end of SMF2 due to Fresnel reflection and travels toward
MMF. The refractive indices of the core and cladding will vary differently if the
surrounding temperature is changed due to the small difference of thermo-optic
coefficient of the core and cladding. Hence, the light propagated in these two paths also
will experience different phase change. Then, interference occurred at the SMF2 and
MMF interface as the reflected light from different paths recombined together.
Interference is made possible due to the overlapped of MMF core with SMF core and
cladding. The reflected light is travelling back to SMF1 and will enter the optical
spectrum analyzer (OSA). Due to the phase change difference, the interference spectrum
detected at OSA also will change accordingly.

Although there were losses exist at the SMF2- air and SMF2- MMF interfaces,
the losses are irrelevant as long as the power can be detected at optical spectrum
analyzer (OSA) because sensing principle is based on wavelength change.

36

3.4

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Figure 3.9 shows the experimental setup of the fiber tip temperature sensor based
on Michelson interferometry. The broadband source is connected to the circulator in port
1, meanwhile, the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) is connected to port 3 and the fiber
tip sensor is connected to port 2. The fiber tip sensor is placed inside an oven so that it
can measure different temperature. The initial temperature of the oven is kept stabilized
for a few minutes to ensure a well-distributed temperature inside the oven. The OSA is
then connected to the computer by NI GPIB-USB cable in order to analyze the output
spectrum in LabView program. The range of temperature was gradually increased from
30 C up to 180 C.

37

(a)

(b)
Figure 3.9: (a) Schematic diagram of experimental setup (b) actual experimental setup

38

3.4.1

Broadband Optical Source

Figure 3.10 shows the broadband optical source that has been used in this
project. The type of broadband source used was C-Band, which has wavelengths in the
range of 1530 mm until 1565 nm. The light from the broadband source is launched
through the SMF1 to the MMF. The light transmitted will then go through SMF2 and will
be reflected back at air interface. The light will be received by an optical spectrum
analyzer (OSA), which is shown in Figure 3.11. The output spectrum is then recorded
manually by user using the Labview program.

Figure 3.10: Broadband optical source

39

3.4.2

Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA)

The function of the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) shown in Figure 3.11 is to
measure the output spectrum of the sensor.

Figure 3.11: Optical spectrum analyzer (OSA)

40

3.4.3

3-Port Optical Circulator C-Band

Figure 3.12 shows the 3 port optical circulator C-band. The function of circulator
in the experimental setup (shown in Figure 3.9) is to reroute reflected light from the
sensor to OSA.

Figure 3.12: 3 port optical circulators C-Band

41

3.4.4

National Instruments GPIB-USB (NI GPIB-USB) Cable

Figure 3.13 shows the National Instruments GPIB-USB (NI GPIB-USB) cable
that connects the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) with the computer. This cable helps
to remodel a device that has a USB cable into a functional IEEE-488.2 Controller. In
addition, it is beneficial for a device that was built-in with no internal I/O channels.

Figure 3.13: NI GPIB-USB cable

42

3.4.5

Labview Program

Labview program was used to record the interference intensity wavelength shift
from an OSA. Figure 3.14 shows the wavelength spectrum displayed on the screen of
the program. Scanning process was done automatically, and data saving only performed
when user click on the save button on the program. All the scanning parameters are set
by the user. The values of scanning parameters used in the experiment are shown in
Table 3.1;

Table 3.1: Description of scanning parameters for the Labview program

SCANNING PARAMETERS

VALUES

Center wavelength

1545 nm

Span

80

Resolution

0.2

Reference level

-55 dBm

Log scale

5.0 dB/D

Sensitivity

Mild

Sampling auto

On

Sampling point

100.1

Average times

43

Figure 3.14: Graphical user interface of the Labview data acquisition program

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents findings and analysis obtained from the experiment
conducted on the proposed sensor. Analysis of output spectrum, response and sensitivity
of the sensor to temperature are discussed.

45

4.2

ANALYSIS ON TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY OF SENSOR

The proposed sensor is sensitive to ambient temperature because of the different

thermo-optic dependences of the fiber core and cladding. The mode group which
consists of core mode and cladding mode changes differently with temperature variation.
This leads to the difference phase shift of the interference fringe which contributes to
wavelength shift. In other words, if the temperature changed, the refractive index of
SMF and MMF will change, causing the wavelength of interference intensity to change.

Several measurements have been carried out to verify the temperature response
of the sensor correspond to the actual temperature. The reference measurement of
temperature was obtained from a calibrated digital thermometer. The initial dip
wavelength of 1540.2 nm was used as an indicator for temperature change. Figure 4.1
shows the wavelength of the dip shift toward longer wavelength as the temperature
increased. The wavelength shift was resulting from the higher thermo-optic coefficient
inside the core compared to cladding.

When the temperature was increased from 30 C to 180 C, the center

wavelength of the dip was changed from 1540.2 nm to 1549.4 nm, corresponds to the
value of total wavelength shift of 9.2 nm. In addition, the first peak wavelength was
unchanged because the response was differing compared to the dip wavelength. Besides,
the wavelength shift pattern only has two peaks because it is depended on the length of
multimode fiber (MMF).

46

Figure 4.1: Transmission spectra of the fiber tip temperature sensor based on a
Michelson interferometer with different temperature

Meanwhile, the shifted of the wavelength of the dip for increased and decreased
temperature are plotted in Figure 4.2(a) and Figure 4.2(b), respectively. From the graph,
result shows that the relationship between the sensor and the temperature is linear, with a
moderate temperature sensitivity of 0.0631 nm/ C. This moderate sensitivity was
considered as typical sensitivity because of another type of fiber based temperature
sensor also produced sensitivity, which is almost the same as the proposed temperature
sensor.

From the analysis, when the temperature started to drop, the dip wavelength
seems to follow another path of shifting, probably because of the residual stress that has
been released inside the fiber. There are small irregularities exists to the measured dip
wavelength as the temperature changed. One of the reasons for this problem is that the
low scanning speeds of the OSA. Furthermore, another reason is that the temperature of
the oven was changing drastically and difficult to be controlled. To minimize this
foregoing problem, the scanning rate of the OSA needs to be enhanced by having a high
speed OSA with high resolution.

47

(a)

(b)
Figure 4.2: (a) Graph of dip wavelength shifted with temperature rise (b) Graph of dip
wavelength shifted with temperature drop

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1

CONCLUSION

In this project, a compact fiber tip temperature sensor based on Michelson

Interferometry was enabled for high temperature applications using SMF-MMF-SMF
configuration. This sensor was fabricated using a simple fusion splicing technique by
splicing short length of MMF in between SMF1 and SMF2. In addition, this fiber tip
temperature sensor system was considered excellent as it is able to respond well with the
temperature measurements. Its response to temperature is investigated experimentally
from room temperature, which is 30 C up to 180 C. A sensitivity of 0.0631 nm/ C
was obtained after analysis was done using LabView and Matlab program. Furthermore,
in terms of stability, this sensor has a good stability as the spectrum of wavelength shift
has a fixed pattern and unchanged. Moreover, the proposed fiber tip temperature sensor
has the advantages which are compact size, have good stability, response and high
dynamic range. Therefore, the performance of this sensor possesses a great potential in
many fields, especially in high temperature sensing applications.

49

5.2

RECOMMENDATION

Future works would be crucially important in order to improve the project. The
high sensitivity of the sensor can be realized using several techniques. First, by having
better splicing technique with correct length of Multimode (MMF) and SMF2 can help to
reduce loss inside the fibers. Besides, to improve the sensitivity of the sensor, SMF2 can
be replaced with a polymer cladded fiber. As polymer materials are known to have high
thermo-optic coefficient, the phase difference between core and cladding will be more
drastic. This will enhance temperature sensitivity as more wavelength shift of the
interference spectrum will be observed.

Furthermore, the reflectivity of the light ray that comes through the fiber optic
can be improved by adding reflected materials such as silver thick film or mirror at the
end face of the fiber tip temperature sensor. This will help to enhanced the value of
power (dB) produced from the reflections. This is because, if there is no reflected
materials exist, the power produced is low as high losses will occur because of the weak
reflection at the SMF2- air interface.

The improvement of the temperature measurement during experimental work can

also be accomplished by improving the resolution and scanning rate of the optical
spectrum analyzer (OSA). Furthermore, the temperature control of the oven also needs
to be handled so that the results produced during experimental work are accurate.

50

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