IADB and Migration

The Inter-American Development Bank and
the issue of Unaccompanied Migrant Children

from Central America (HO, ES, GU)
nicolam@iadb.org
Nicola Magri
(Dr. Melissa Siegel)
Disclaimer
The information and opinions presented

in this presentation are those of the
authors and do not represent the
opinion of the Inter-American
Development Bank or its Board.
Maastricht Graduate School of Governance
The Inter-American Development Bank

The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB or IDB or BID) is the largest source of
development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean
2,000 employees
across four continents, with headquarters in Washington, DC, in 26 borrowing member

countries, and regional offices in Asia and Europe.
48 member countries
represented by the Board of Executive Directors
IDB clients include
central governments, provinces, municipalities, private firms, and NGOs.
Approved lending
2014 $13.8B
2013 $14B
2012 $11.4B
Borrowing: Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
Non-borrowing: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan,
The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United
States
Instruments
LOANS
Sovereign vs. Non Sovereign
GRANTS
Trust Funds or other resources
What is migration?
Who are the migrants?
Why and how is migration relevant for Central America?
Todays discussion
-
Myths and confusion
Central America overview (focus on NT & migrant

children)
Remittances
Diaspora engagement
Policies/project/research opportunities
Myths of migration
Migration is at the highest level in history
Development in the country of origin will lead to a
stop of emigration;
Poor people mainly migrate;
Global migration flows

Estimated number of migrants in millions
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
Source: UN World Migrant Stock: The 2005 Revision Population Database
1990
1995
2000
2005
7000
6000
200
5000
150
4000
100
3000
2000
50
1000
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
Source: de Haas (2009)
World population, millions
International migrants, miliions
250
Migrants,
worldwide
World
Populatoin
International migrants as a
percentage of world population
Where are people going?
Source: World Migration

report 2013
Contemporary migration processes:

Challenges
-
Fear of something/someone we do not know;
Perception: immigration is perceived as a threat

-
They steal our jobs!
And they are all criminals!
Type of migration: undocumented vs. documented
Integration of migrants in the country of origin (i.e. language,

welfare services)
Protection of migrants
Managing of the different types of migration flows (i.e.

economic migrants vs. asylum seekers)
Repatriation/reintegration of deported migrants
Loss of human capital for the country of origin
Contemporary migration processes:

Opportunities
- Economic growth for the country of destination
- Remittances (economic and social) for the
country of origin, strengthening of the banking
sector;
- Addressing the demographic crisis;
- Addressing labor market shortages;
- Social diversity;
- Cultural innovation;
- Poverty reduction and development;
Central America - overview
Central America - overview

Primarily an origin and transit region;
High rates of emigration (9.8% of regional

population);
19% of those born in El Salvador;
6% of those born in Honduras and Guatemala.
Of the migrant population to the United States,
46% of Salvadorian, 60% of Guatemala and 68%
of Honduran migrants are undocumented;
Hundres of thousands transit through the region
annually
$16 billion sent to the region as remittances in 2014

New regional migration destinations include Mexico,

Belize, El Salvador and Panama;
Increased irregular populations;
Multi-causality of migration;
Migration patters unlikely to change in the short

term;
Increased apprehensions in Mexico (speedy

repatriations);
Raids and arrests in Mexico;
Increasing concerns over human rights violations,

violation of the principle of non-refoulement;
Best interest of the child
Central America: Stocks of forein born Central American

and Mexican migrants in the US
Source: CANAMID
Central America: Child Migration to the U.S
Central America: Child Migration to the

U.S
-
Why do they leave?
Structural weaknesses of the economies;
Sustained violence;
Recent U.S. policy shifts (DACA, DAPA, others);
Family reunification;
More sophisticated smuggling networks;
Perception of receiving a permit (the court order)
US Souther border: was it a crisis?

Number of Unaccompanied Children apprehended at the U.S. Border
US Southern border today

- Ao Fiscal 2014 vs 2015* (Ao fiscal 2015 hasta el 31 de Agosto de 2015, datos de US Customs and Border
Protection)
2014
2015
VAR.
El Salvador
16404
7956
-51.50%
Guatemala
17057
12231
-28.29%
Honduras
18244
4680
-74.35%
53719
26882
-49.96%
TOT:
3:1 ratio. Informantes de la sociedad civil y organizaciones especializadas indican

que se estima que por cada menor identificado/detenido/rescatado habra hasta 3
nios migrantes ms.
Ground and Air repatriations: ES & GU
ES
GUA
ADULTOS ADULTOS MENORES

MENORES F
M
F
M
TOT.
2015
TOT.
2014
% MENORES
VAR. 2014 SOBRE TOTAL
vs 2015 REPATRIADOS
'15
ENERO-JULIO 2015 Terrestres (Mexico)
30507
7010
4867
2334
44718 20314
120%
16.10%
ENERO-JULIO 2015 Aereas (EEUU)
16590
2200
64
34
18888 34458
-45%
0.52%
9819
3586
1708
1073
16186 11559
40%
17.18%
9343
1907
451
271
11972 16029
-25%
6.03%
ENERO - JULIO '15

Terrestres (Mexico)
ENERO - JULIO 15'
Aereas (vuelos
comerciales y
federales)
Fuente: Elaboracin del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo utilizando datos brindados por los pases.
Reports from Guatemala
Reports from Guatemala
Remittances
El Salvador and US Diaspora

Value Added 1980-2020
El Salvador and Diaspora

Population 1980-2020
140
10
120
100
80
6
5
4
3
US Born
60
US Sal FB
40
El Salvador
2013
2
1
2013
20
0
01/01/2017
01/01/2014
01/01/2011
01/01/2008
01/01/2005
01/01/2002
01/01/1999
01/01/1996
01/01/1993
01/01/1990
01/01/1987
01/01/1984
0
01/01/1981
Axis Title
6,352,000 El Salvador
1,310,000 US ES Foreign Born
800,000 US Born ES Origin
El Salvador
24.259 Billion
74.483 Billion
US Sal Org
El Salvador
US ES Diaspora
Mexicans in US
2000-2014
GDP Mexico and MXUS Diaspora

1.5
80
1.45
70
60
1.4
50
1.35
40
Series1
1.3
30
1.25
20
1.2
10
1.15
0
1
Total MX
Foreign Born MX
10
11
12
13
14
Mx GDP
US MX GDP
US born MX
122,352,000 Mexico
11,800,000 US MX Foreign Born
22,100,000 US Born MX Origin
1.26 Trillion
1.48 Trillion
Mexico
US MX Diaspora
El Salvador
US Sal Org
El Salvador
US Sal Org
01/01/2017
01/01/2014
01/01/2011
01/01/2008
01/01/2005
01/01/2002
01/01/1999
01/01/1996
01/01/1993
01/01/1990
01/01/1987
0.00
01/01/1984
60.00
01/01/1981
01/01/2019
01/01/2017
01/01/2015
01/01/2013
01/01/2011
01/01/2009
01/01/2007
01/01/2005
01/01/2003
01/01/2001
01/01/1999
01/01/1997
01/01/1995
01/01/1993
01/01/1991
01/01/1989
01/01/1987
01/01/1985
01/01/1983
01/01/1981

Household Income 1980-2010-2020
Household Savings 19802010-2020
12.00
50.00
10.00
40.00
8.00
30.00
6.00
20.00
4.00
10.00
2.00
0.00
Opportunities
Projects
Social point of view:
Migrants protection (deportation, return);
Migrants reintegration;
Economic:
Seasonal workers program (circular labor

migration) - E.g. Guatemala-Mexico
Return/virtual return for the highly skilled;
Productive remittances and financial inclusion

(strengthening of financial sector; issue of the
double unbanked)
Research
Overall Data
-Regional observatory
-Standardization of data
The Migration/Crime Nexus

-Migrant strategies for navigating criminal networks
-Missing data on dead and missing migrants and crime
mapping as a prerequisite to better policy
Research
Child Migration
-Further assessment of what happens to the children
that remain in the US vs. being sent back;
-Impact on children left behind in Central America;
-Social and economic consequences on indigenous

communities;
-Reintegration processes
-Migrant decision making (Who is involved? What

information is available? What are common triggers?)
Research
Impact (rather than just process) evaluations of
previous IADB initiatives:
The IADB has financed quite a few projects related
to remittances that may be replicable in other
contexts. Some of these projects have related to
financing rural enterprise and promoting
entrepreneurship through linking remittances and
crowd-funding platforms to microfinance and other
formal banking products.
Research projects related to diaspora

investment/entrepreneurship
Target initiatives at either diaspora investors (i.e.,
migrants abroad who want to invest in a local
business) or entrepreneurs (i.e., those who want to
start a business).
1) assessing current diaspora investment/entrepreneurship in
countries with high rates of (skilled) transnational/circular
migration (e.g., Brazil, Argentina);
2) assessing the need for business support services such as

mentorship, start-up support facilities, (angel) investors, etc.;
3) studies of the "supply" of potential diaspora investors and
sectors where business creation could be facilitated, etc.

IADB and Migration

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

IADB and Migration

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

The Inter-American Development Bank and

the issue of Unaccompanied Migrant Children

The information and opinions presented

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

The Inter-American Development Bank

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

The Inter-American Development Bank

across four continents, with headquarters in Washington, DC, in 26 borrowing member

The Inter-American Development Bank

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Myths and confusion

Central America overview (focus on NT & migrant

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Global migration flows

Source: UN World Migrant Stock: The 2005 Revision Population Database

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

World population, millions

International migrants, miliions

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Where are people going?

Source: World Migration

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Contemporary migration processes:

Fear of something/someone we do not know;

Perception: immigration is perceived as a threat

They steal our jobs!

And they are all criminals!

Type of migration: undocumented vs. documented

Integration of migrants in the country of origin (i.e. language,

Managing of the different types of migration flows (i.e.

Repatriation/reintegration of deported migrants

Loss of human capital for the country of origin

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Contemporary migration processes:

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Central America - overview

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Central America - overview

High rates of emigration (9.8% of regional

$16 billion sent to the region as remittances in 2014

New regional migration destinations include Mexico,

Increased irregular populations;

Migration patters unlikely to change in the short

Increased apprehensions in Mexico (speedy

Raids and arrests in Mexico;

Increasing concerns over human rights violations,

Best interest of the child

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Central America: Stocks of forein born Central American

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Central America: Child Migration to the U.S

Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Central America: Child Migration to the

Why do they leave?

Structural weaknesses of the economies;

Recent U.S. policy shifts (DACA, DAPA, others);