1.

a)

B ( , , z ) = ( sin ) z 3 a^ + 3 ( cos ) z a^ + 2 ( sin ) z 2 z^

Divergence in cylindrical Co-ordinates

F=

1 ( F ) 1 F F z
+
+

z

( 2 ( sin ) z 2 )

z
( 3 ( cos ) z)

3
1 ( ( sin ) z ) 1
. B=
+

2 sin z 32 zsin+2 2 zsin

2 z 3 sin+ 2 zsin
Curl in cylindrical Co-ordinates

] [

] [

1 Fz F ^ F F z ^ 1
1
Curl F=a^

+a

+ az
F)
(
(F )

z
z

XB=^a

] [

] [

2
2
2
2
3
( ( sin ) z 3) ( ( sin ) z )
1 ( ( sin ) z ) ( ( cos ) z)
1

+ a^

+ a^ z
( 3 ( cos ) z ) 1

z
z

XB=a^ [ z 2 cos 3 cos ]+ a^ [ z 2 sin ] + a^ z [ 4 z 2 cosz 3 cos ]

b) At

=3 , =900 , z =2

B=24 a^ +0 a^ +36 ^z
. B=2 ( 2 )3 sin 900 + ( 3 )2 2sin 90 0
16+18=34

XB=a^ [ z 2 cos 3 cos ]+ a^ [ z 2 sin ] + a^ z [ 4 z 2 cosz 3 cos ]

As cos 900=0
XB=a^ [ 22 ( 3 ) sin 900 ]=12 a^
c) For this to be an acceptable magnetic flux density in a source free region of space it
should satisfy the Maxwells equations.
But we see that

.B0

Hence it does not satisfy the Maxwells equation and is not an acceptable magnetic flux
density.

XB

d) At the prescribed point

is in the

direction. In general curl of a vector F need

not be orthogonal to F. But in this case we see that the component of B in

zero at the prescribed point and hence it lies in the z plane and the curl is in

direction is

direction and hence orthogonal to the z plane.

By definition curl describes the infinitesimal rotation of a 3D vector field. At every point in
the field the curl of that field is represented by a vector that characterizes the rotation at
that point. Hence at the prescribed point the given vector field has a rotation of
magnitude 12 and the axis of rotation is
component of B itself in

direction. Also we can note that the

direction is zero but it is twice the magnitude of curl in

direction and thrice the magnitude of curl in

^z

direction.

2. a) Solution in spherical Co-ordinates

f 1 ( r )= A 1 j n ( r ) + B1 y n ( r )
Or
(1 )
(2)
f 2 ( r )=C 1 hn ( r ) + D 1 h n ( r )

Wave function for radial waves in spherical co-ordinates

h(n1 ) ( r ) = j n ( r )+ j y n( r)
Where

for +r travel (outgoing wave)

(1 )
hn ( r ) Spherical Henkel function of first kind

j n ( r ) y n ( r )Spherical Bessel function of firstsecond kind respectively

b) Relation to their counterpart in cylindrical co-ordinates

j n ( r )=

J ( r ) where J 1 ( r ) is the regular Bessel function of first kind

n+
2 r n+ 12
2

Y ( r ) whereY 1 ( r ) is theregular Bessel f unction of second kind

n+
2 r n + 12
2

y n ( r )=

h(n1 ) ( r ) =

H (1) 1 ( r ) where H (1 ) 1 ( r ) is the Regular Henkel function of first kind

n+
2 r n+ 2
2

Matlab code to generate special functions

syms x
for nu = [0, 2, 4, 8]
ezplot((pi./(2.*x)).^(1/2).*besselj(nu+0.5, x), [0, 50])
hold on
end
axis([0, 25, -0.5, 1.5])
grid on
ylabel('j_p(x)')
legend('j_0','j_2','j_4','j_8', 'Location','Best')
title('Spherical Bessel Functions')
hold off

syms x
for nu = [0, 2, 4, 8]
ezplot((pi./(2.*x)).^(1/2).*bessely(nu+0.5, x), [0, 50])
hold on
end
axis([0, 25, -0.5, 1.5])
grid on
ylabel('y_n(x)')
legend('y_0','y_2','y_4','y_8', 'Location','Best')
title('Spherical Bessel Functions of second kind')
hold off
syms x
for nu = [0, 2, 4, 8]
ezplot(abs((pi./(2.*x)).^(1/2).*(besselj(nu+0.5,x) + 1i*bessely(nu+0.5,x))),
[0, 50])
hold on
end
axis([0, 25, -0.5, 1.5])
grid on
ylabel('h_p(x)^(^1^)')
legend('h_0^(^1^)','h_2^(^1^)','h_4^(^1^)','h_8^(^1^)', 'Location','Best')
title('Spherical Hankel functions of the first kind (Absolute Value)')

hold off
Behaviour of Spherical Bessel functions of first kind:
We can see from the graph that

j0

starts at one. The first spherical Bessel function

j 0 ( x ) is

also known as the (unnormalized) sinc function. All other functions start at zero. The behaviour is
similar to regular Bessel function of first kind but is scaled by the
decay as a sine or cosine with the rate of decay proportional to

2 r

factor. The functions

1
x

Behaviour of Spherical Bessel functions of second kind:

It can be seen from the graph that the functions have a singularity at the origin. They are
multivalued. The behaviour is similar to Regular Bessel functions of second kind but is scaled by
the

2 r

factor.

Behaviour of Spherical Hankel functions:

From the figure we can see that spherical Hankel functions unlike spherical Bessel functions
diverge towards the origin. Furthermore for small arguments, higher orders increase towards the
origin with a larger slope. On the other hand for large arguments they decay similarly for all
orders
d) Small and large argument behaviour:

As x

We have
1
n
j n ( x )= sin x
x
2

y n ( x )=

1
n
cos x
x
2

h1n ( x )=

i
n
exp i x
x
2

[{

( )}]

As x 0
We have
j n ( x )=

xn
(2 n+1 )

y n ( x )=

( 2 n1 )
x n +1

(n integral)

(n integral)

h1n ( x )=i

(2 n1 )
n+1
x

3. a) i) Antennas are sometimes coated with dielectric materials to change various

properties. Ex-Parabolic Reflector Antennas are coated with different materials
ii) An optical coating is one or more thin layers of material deposited on an optical
component such as a lens or mirror, which alters the way in which the optic reflects and
transmits light. Ex-Sun Glasses which can filter UV Rays.
b)

jkz

E=E 0 ( x^ + j ^y ) e
H=

E0
( j ^x + ^y ) e jkz

c) Steps to solve multi-layered problems using wave impedance method

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

Start from region n:

( z )=0= Z ( z ) =n

At interface of n and n-1 regions:

Construct

in n-1 region:

Transport to d n1

+
0

in n-1 region:

+
d n1

Compute

+
d n1

+
d n1
1+ ( )

+
d n1
1 ( )

vi)

Construct

d n1

d n1

+
d n1
Z

vii)

Repeat the above steps to finally determine

v)

viii)

ix)

d2

d2

Compute

Em from :

( z )=1= Z ( z )=0

in region 1

Apply continuity of E and H fields to every interface to obtain

each region

+
0

2 z
E+
m e

Em

( z )=

Em

and

+
Em

in

+
d3

+
d3

d3

+
d3

d 3

d3

d 3

d 3

d3

d3

+
d2

d 3

+
d 2

+
d2

+
d2

+
d 2

+
d 2

1
1+
Z
+

d2

2( 2 d 2 + 3 d3 )
2 2 d2

e
Z

+
d2

Z
+

d2

d2

d2

d 2

1
Reflection coefficient in region 1

d 2

( 2 3 ( 1e2 d ) + 22 ( 1+e2 d ) )+( 2 3 ( e2 d e2 ( d + d ) ) 22 ( e2 d +e2( d + d ) ) )

1
( 3 ( 1e2 d ) +2 ( 1+e2 d ) )( 3 ( e2 d e2( d + d ) ) 2 ( e2 d + e2 ( d + d ) ) )

( 2 3 ( 1e2 d ) + 22 ( 1+ e2 d ) )+( 2 3 ( e2 d e2( d + d ) ) 22 ( e2 d + e2 ( d + d ) ) )

+ 1
(3 ( 1e2 d ) + 2 ( 1+e2 d ) )( 3 ( e2 d e2( d + d ) )2 ( e2 d +e2( d + d ) ) )
Where 1=

2 = 0 3 = 0
1
2
3

Beacuse we assume lossless region = j Hence 2= j 2= 0 2

3= j 3= 0 3
d) The polarization of the reflected wave is Right hand Elliptical polarization as the regions are
terminated by an infinite PEC which flips the polarization from Left hand to Right hand and
because of multiple reflections between interfaces the circular polarization becomes elliptical
polarization as the phase between the components is not an integral multiple of
e) Total Electric field in region 1

Transmission coefficient T 12=1+ 12 T 23=1+ 23

Etotal=T 12 T 23 Ei
Similarly we can write H total=T 12 T 23 H i
J s= n^ ( H i+ H r )=2 n^ X H i

2( ^z )(T 12 T 23 )

J s=

E0
( j ^x + ^y ) e jkz

2 T 12 T 23 E 0
( j ^y + ^x ) e jkz
1

d2

d 3
T 12=1+
f) When the permittivities are the same:

1=2=3=

anymore.

 1= 2= 3= Losslesshence = j

( 2 ( 1e2 d ) + 2 ( 1+ e2 d ) ) +( 2 (e2 d e2 ( d +d ) ) 2 ( e2 d +e2 ( d + d ) ) )

( ( 1e2 d ) + ( 1+e2 d ) )( ( e2 d e2 (d +d ) ) ( e2 d + e2 (d +d ) ) )
( 2 ( 1e2 d )+ 2 ( 1+ e2 d ) ) +( 2 ( e2 d e2 (d +d ) )2 ( e2 d +e2 ( d +d )) )
+
( ( 1e2 d ) + ( 1+ e2 d ) ) ( ( e2 d e2 ( d +d ) ) ( e2 d + e2 (d +d ) ) )
3

4 2 e2 (d +d )
4 2
2

d2
Reflection co-efficient It is as expected because when the permittivities are the same we

have a single region terminated by a PEC. The reflection co-efficient of PEC is -1 and we can
write the reflection coefficient at

'

z =d 2+ d 3 using

'

( z ' ) = ( z ) e 2 ( z z )

which is same as what

we got above.
The polarization of the reflected wave will be RHCP. This is expected because we have a PEC
boundary

2 j (d2 +d3 )

J s=

2(1e

) E0

( j ^y + x^ ) e jkz

We can write this as we now have a single region of length of

d2
coefficient of region 2 doesnt contribute. We only have
.

d 2 +d 3

and hence reflection

4)

For the PEC circular plate

Ei= a^ x E0 e jz

H i=a^ y

E 0 jz
e

J s=2 n^ X H i ( z =0 )= a^ x
J x=

2 E0

2 E0
J =0 J z =0
y
'

N = ( J x cos s cos s ) e j r cos ds '

r ' cos=x ' sin s cos s + y ' sin s sin s
'

'

'

d s = d d '
'

'

N = ( J x cos s cos s ) e j( x sin cos + y sin sin ) ' d ' d '

s

2 a
2 E0

cos s cos s e j (x sin cos + y sin sin ) ' d ' d '

0 0
'

'

'

'

x = cos '
y ' =' sin '
x ' sin s cos s+ y ' sin s sin s =' ( cos ' sin s cos s +sin ' sin s sin s )
' ( Acos ' +Bsin ' ) where A=sin s cos s B=sin s sin s
A +B
'

Let cos 0 =

A
2

'

A +B

cos +

+B

sin

'

A
B
sin 0=
2
A +B
A 2 + B2
2

> x ' sin s cos s + y ' sin s sin s= ' A 2 +B 2 cos ( ' 0)

N =

a
2 E0
cos s cos s [ I ] ' d '

where I = e j ' A + B cos ( ) d '

2

'

e j ' A + B cos ( )
2

'

is a periodic function of

' with period

function yields a bessel function.

2

A +B
a

J1

Thus we can write the solutionfor N =

4 a2 E 0
cos s cos s

where J 1 is the bessel function of first kind

'

N = (J x sin s + J y cos s ) e+ j r cos ds '

N =

2 E0
sin s e + j r cos ds '

'

Solving it similarly we get

and the integration of this

A +B
a

J1

2
4 a E0
N =
sin s

E =

j e jr
( L + N )
4 r
2

A +B
a

J1

2
4 a E0

cos s cos s

j e jr
E =

4 r
2

A +B
a

J1

2
jr
j a E0 e
E =
cos s cos s
r

E =

j e jr
( L N )
4 r
2

A +B
a

J 1

4 a 2 E0

sin s

j e jr
E=

4 r
2

A +B
a

J1

2
jr
j a E 0 e
E =
sin s
r
We can finally replace A and B and write

J 1 ( asin s )
j a2 E0 e jr
E =
cos s cos s
r
asin s

E =

jr

j a E0 e
r

sin s

J 1 ( asin s )
asin s

|E|= |E| +|E |

J 1 ( asin s )
a2 E 0
|E|=
cos s cos s ) 2+sin 2s
(
r
asin s

For the square Plate

Ei= a^ x E0 e
H i=a^ y

jz

E 0 jz
e

M s=2 n^ X Ei( z=0 )=^a y 2 E0

M y =2 E 0 M x =0 M z=0 s=0
'

L= (M x cos s cos s + M y cos s sin sM z si n s )e jr cos ds '

'

L = (M x sin s + M y cos s ) e+ j r cos ds '

L=2 E 0 cos s sin s e

L=2 E 0 b 2 cos s sin s

X=

b
sin s cos s
2

Y=

b
sin s sin s
2

'

'

j ( x sin s cos s + y sin s sin s)

][

sin ( X ) sin ( Y )
X
Y

dx ' dy '

In the same manner we can write

L =2 E0 b2 cos s

sin ( X )
X

][

sin ( Y )
Y

jr

E =

j e
4 r

E =

j e
2 r

E =

j e
( L N )
4 r

jr

( L + N )

E0 b cos s

sin ( X )
X

][

sin (Y )
Y

])

jr

][

sin ( X ) sin ( Y )
j e jr
E =
E 0 b 2 cos s sin s
2 r
X
Y

|E|= |E| +|E |

])

|E s|= 2 r b2 E 0

sin ( X )
X

][

sin (Y )
Y

](

cos s sin s )2+ cos2 s

Lets write the total scattered field for the entire system

E 1=

][

])

sin ( X ) sin ( Y )
j e j ( r+dcos )
E0 b2 cos s
Square plate 1
2 r
X
Y

J 1 ( asin s )
j a2 E0 e jr
E 2=
cos s cos s
Circular Disc
r
asin s

][

])

sin ( X ) sin ( Y )
j e j ( rdcos )
E 3=
E 0 b 2 cos s
Square plate 2
2 r
X
Y
Note

cos =sinsin

Total E =E 1+ E 2+ E 3

((

j E 0 cos s jr b2 sin ( X )
E =
e
r

][

sin ( X )
j e j (r+ dcos)
2
E 1 =
E0 b cos s sin s
2 r
X

E 2=

]) )

)( [

]))

)(

J 1 ( asin s )
sin ( Y )
2
cos ( dsin s sin s) ) a cos s
(
Y
asin s

][

])

sin (Y )
Square plate 1
Y

J 1 ( asin s )
j a2 E 0 e jr
sin s
Circular disc
r
asin s

][

])

sin ( X ) sin ( Y )
j e j(rdcos )
2
E 3 =
E 0 b cos s sin s
Square plate 2
2 r
X
Y

E =E 1+ E 2 + E 3

E =

((

J 1 ( asin s )
j E0 sin s jr
b 2 sin ( X ) sin ( Y )
2
e

cos s ( cos ( dsin s sin s ) ) + a

r

X
Y
asin s

][

|E s|=|E| +| E|
2

E0

RCS

cos s

((

b sin ( X )

][

)(

J 1 ( asin s )
sin (Y )
cos ( dsin s sin s ) ) a2 cos s
(
Y
asin s

])) ( ( [ ][ ]
+ sin s

b2 sin ( X )

sin (Y )
Y

3 D=lim 4 r
r

( ((

3 D=4 2 cos s

][

b2 sin ( X )

)(

J 1 ( asins )
sin ( Y )
cos ( dsin s sin s ) ) a2 cos s
(
Y
asin s

]) )

( ((

+ sin s

( (( )
2

b
( a2 [ 0.5 ] )

3 D=4 2
2

2 2

))

2 2

(( ) ( ) ( ))
b

a
a b
+

s =

3 D=4

3 D=4

(( ((
cos s

2 2

b2
2
+ ( a [ 0.5 ] )

2 2

)) ( ( ( )

)) )

b2
2
+ sin s
+ ( a [ 0.5 ] )

(( ) ( ) ( ))
b

][

b 2 sin ( X ) sin

X
Y

cos s

Bi-static

|E s|
2
|Ei|

s =0

Monostatic

3 D=4

a
a b
+
+
2

Note: The 0.5 comes from the small argument approximation for Bessel function.

Matlab code for numerical computation of RCS

The values obtained from Matlab have been confirmed with values obtained
from the RCS formulas derived above and found to be matching exactly.
c=3*10^8;
f=6*10^9;
lambda=c/f;
beta=2.*pi./lambda;
a=0.15;
% 0 or 0.15 based on case1 case2 or case3
b=0;
% 0 or 0.2 based on case1 case2 or case3
d=0.35;
k=1;
theta=0; %Monostatic theta=0 bistatic theta=pi
phi=pi/2;
X=(beta.*b./2).*sin(theta).*cos(phi);
Y=(beta.*b./2).*sin(theta).*sin(phi);
Etheta=((cos(phi)).*((k).*((b.^2/pi).*(sinc(X/pi)).*(sinc(Y/pi)).*cos(beta*d.*sin
(theta).*sin(phi)))-(a.^2.*cos(theta).*(besselj(1,(beta.*a.*sin(theta)))./
(beta.*a.*sin(theta))))));

Ephi=((sin(phi)).*((k).*((b.^2/pi).*(sinc(X/pi)).*(sinc(Y/pi)).*cos(beta*d.*sin(theta).*sin(phi)))+
(a.^2.*cos(theta).*(besselj(1,(beta.*a.*sin(theta)))./(beta.*a.*sin(theta))))));
sigma=4*pi*(beta^2).*((Etheta.^2)+(Ephi.^2));

Matlab code for generation scattered fields and polar plots

a=0.15;
b=0;
d=0.35;
k=1; %(1i*beta).*e^(-1i*beta*r)/r
theta=-pi/2:pi/500:pi/2;
phi=pi/2;
X=(beta.*b./2).*sin(theta).*cos(phi);
Y=(beta.*b./2).*sin(theta).*sin(phi);
Etheta=((cos(phi)).*((k).*((b.^2/pi).*(sinc(X/pi)).*(sinc(Y/pi)).*cos(beta*d
.*sin(theta).*sin(phi)))-(a.^2.*cos(theta).*(besselj(1,
(beta.*a.*sin(theta)))./(beta.*a.*sin(theta))))));
Ephi=((cos(phi)).*((k).*((b.^2/pi).*(sinc(X/pi)).*(sinc(Y/pi)).*(cos(theta)).*cos(beta*d.*sin(theta).
*sin(phi)))+(a.^2.*cos(theta).*(besselj(1,(beta.*a.*sin(theta)))./
(beta.*a.*sin(theta))))));
Etot=sqrt((Etheta).^2+(Ephi).^2);
[E_max,theta_max]=max(Etot);
figure(1)
Enorm=abs((Etot)./E_max);
plot(theta,Enorm)
grid on
%view(90,-90)

c) Case1: a = 15 cm, b = 0 (no solar panels)

Monostatic case s= i=00

3 D=25.1151 m

Bistatic case ( forwardz direction ) s=

3 D=25.1151 m2

Case2: a = 0, b = 20 cm (no satellite)

0

Monostatic case s= i=0

3 D=32.1699 m2

Bistatic case ( forwardz direction ) s=

3 D=32.1699 m2

Case3: a = 15 cm, b = 20 cm (both the satellite and two solar panels)

Monostatic case s= i=00

3 D=0.4361m

Bistatic case ( forwardz direction ) s=

3 D=114.13 m2

5. a) The dual of the problem is to find the scattered field, induced electric current and RCS
of a PEC circular cylinder impinged by TM z plane wave. The reason being by using duality
theorem we can replace M by J, PMC by a PEC and instead of a TE z wave we have a TMZ
wave. This is possible from the boundary conditions associated with a PEC on the surface
of the cylinder and from duality we infer that Magnetic currents arising from magnetic

charges can be replaced by electric current arising from electric charges in the dual
problem without affecting the solution.

b) Scattered fields
s
z

n=

H =E 0

n =

j n

J n ( a )
( 2)
n

H ( a )

H (n2) ( ) e jn

Es =

E 0 1 n=
J ( a ) ( 2)
n j n +1 n(2 )
H n ( ) e jn

j n=
H n ( a )

Es =

E0 n= n J n (a) 2'
j H ( 2) (a) H n ( ) e jn
j n =
n

c) far zone scattered field

H sz =H 0

Es=

n=
J n ( a ) jn
2 j e j
e

n = H (n2) ( a )

E 0 1 2 j e j n = J n ( a ) jn
e
n
n= H (n2 ) ( a )

(2)
jn
H (2)
n1 ( ) H n+1 ( )e

J
(
a ) 1
jn n(2 )

H n ( a ) 2
E 0 n =
E =

j n=

E =

E0 2 j e j n= J n ( a ) jn
e

n= H (n2) ( a )

In the far field

M s= a^ z

d)

^z

e)

E component goes to zero as its a localized plane wave.

2 H0
a

n=

n=

j n

e jn
H (n2) (a)

The current is in

direction

2
2 D=

J n ( a )

n H (2 ) ( a ) cos ( n)
n =0

n= 1 n=0
2n 0

f)
lambda=1;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
m=1.25;
a=m*lambda;
phi=0; %
rho=1:1:100;
n=1:1:100;
sumterm=(1i.^(n)).*(besselh(n,2,beta.*rho).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a));
plot(n,sumterm)
grid
title('Convergence evaluation a=1.25\lambda')
axis([0 50 -0.5 0.5])

We see that that the convergence is happening at around a value of 15. So we need -15 to 15
i.e. we need 31 terms for convergence.

m=1.25;
k=15;
a=m*lambda;
phi=pi; %negative x direction
rho=-20*a:a/360:-a;
Hz=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Hz=Hz + (-1).*(1i.^(n)).*exp(1i*n*phi).*besselh(n,2,beta.*rho).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end
[Hz_max,phi_max]=max(Hz);
Hz_norm=Hz./Hz_max;
plot(rho,Hz_norm)
hold on
phi=0; %positive x direction
rho=a:a/360:20*a;
Hz=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Hz=Hz + (-1).*(1i.^(n)).*exp(1i*n*phi).*besselh(n,2,beta.*rho).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end
[Hz_max,phi_max]=max(Hz);
Hz_norm=Hz./Hz_max;
plot(rho,Hz_norm)
grid on
axis([-30 30 -1.5 1.5])
title('Scattered Magnetic Field (Normalized)')

Observations:
The magnetic field decays almost exponentially in both positive and negative x directions.
There exists a discontinuity near the origin as we approach the surface of the cylinder which is
as expected as there is no field inside the PMC cylinder.
lambda=1;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
m=1.25;
k=15;
a=m*lambda;
phi=pi; %negative x direction

rho=-20*a:a/360:-a;
Erho_temp=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Erho_temp=Erho_temp + (1./rho).*(-1).*((n).*(1i.^(n+1))).*exp(1i*n*phi).*besselh(n,2,beta.*rho).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end

Etotal=sqrt(((Erho_temp).^2));
[Etotal_max,phi_max]=max(Etotal);
E_norm=Etotal./Etotal_max;
plot(rho,E_norm);
hold on
phi=0; %positive x direction
rho=a:a/360:20*a;
Erho_temp=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Erho_temp=Erho_temp + (1./rho).*(-1).*((n).*(1i.^(n+1))).*exp(1i*n*phi).*besselh(n,2,beta.*rho).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end
Etotal=sqrt(((Erho_temp).^2));
[Etotal_max,phi_max]=max(Etotal);
E_norm=Etotal./Etotal_max;
plot(rho,E_norm);
grid on
title('E field');
hold off

Observations:
We see that the field is more uniformly distributed in the negative x direction (forward
scattering) and densely distributed in the positive x direction (back scattering). The field decays
exponentially in the x direction but in the +x direction we can see some spikes and the decay is
non uniform.

lambda=1;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
m=1.25;
k=15;

a=m*lambda;
phi=pi; %negative x direction
rho=-100*a:a/360:-a;
Hz=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Hz=Hz + (-1).*(1i.^(n)).*exp(1i*n*phi).*besselh(n,2,beta.*rho).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end
[Hz_max,phi_max]=max(Hz);
Hz_norm=Hz./Hz_max;
plot(rho,Hz_norm)
hold on
phi=0; %positive x direction
rho=a:a/360:100*a;
Hz=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Hz=Hz + (-1).*(1i.^(n)).*exp(1i*n*phi).*besselh(n,2,beta.*rho).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end
[Hz_max,phi_max]=max(Hz);
Hz_norm=Hz./Hz_max;
plot(rho,Hz_norm)
grid on
hold on

lambda=1;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
m=1.25;
k=20;
a=m*lambda;
phi=pi; %negative x direction
rho=-100*a:a/360:-a;
Hz=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Hz=Hz + (exp(-1i*beta.*rho)./sqrt(rho)).*(-1).*(1i.^(n)).*exp(1i*n*phi).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end
[Hz_max,phi_max]=max(Hz);
Hz_norm=Hz./Hz_max;
plot(rho,Hz)
hold on
phi=0; %positive x direction
rho=a:a/360:100*a;
Hz=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Hz=Hz + (exp(-1i*beta.*rho)./sqrt(rho)).*(-1).*(1i.^(n)).*exp(1i*n*phi).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end
[Hz_max,phi_max]=max(Hz);
Hz_norm=Hz./Hz_max;
plot(rho,Hz)
grid on

Here I have plotted the exact H field and extended the plot to a far distance. In the same figure I
have also plotted the far field approximation of the H field. We can observe that the difference
between them decreases as the distance increases. Hence we confirm that the given
approximation works well at large distances.
g) lambda=1;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
m=1.25;
k=350;
a=m*lambda;
phi=0:pi/3600:2*pi;
Hz=0;
for n=-k:1:k
Hz=Hz + exp(1i*n*phi).*besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a);
end
[Hmax,phimax]=max(Hz);
Hnorm=abs(Hz)./Hmax;
plot(phi,20*log(Hnorm))
grid
title('Scattered H field (in dB)')

Discussions:
We can observe from the plot that most of the field is concentrated in the direction
opposite to incident field. This happens because there is a normal incidence and hence
reflected field will comprise most part of the scattered field with significantly less
amount of field in other directions.
h) Matlab code to find convergence
lambda=1;
a=1.25*lambda;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
n=1:1:100;
sumterm=(besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a));
plot(n,sumterm)
grid
axis([1 20 -0.5 1.5])
title('Convergence evaluation a=1.25\lambda')

Matlab code to calculate numerical values of Monostatic and bistatic RCS

lambda=1;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
a=1.25*lambda;
phi=0; %phi=pi for bistatic case and phi=0 for monostatic case
sumterm=0;
for n=-14:1:14
sumterm=sumterm+((besselj(n,beta*a)./besselh(n,2,beta*a)).*exp(1i*n*phi));
end
sigma=4./beta.*((abs(sumterm)).^2);
Monostatic RCS 2 D =51.6068 m
Bistatic RCS 2 D=3.9619 m

Discussions:
We observe from the convergence plot that the series converges at around n=13. So we
choose n=14 for the summation limits and find the RCS. We can note that the Monostatic
RCS is numerically greater than bi-static RCS. This is expected as the back scattered field
is less compared to the forward scattering.

i)

lambda=1;
a=1.25*lambda;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
n=1:1:100;
sumterm=(1i.^(-n))./(besselh(n,2,beta*a));
plot(n,sumterm)
grid
title('Convergence evaluation a=1.25\lambda')

lambda=1;
a=1.25*lambda;
beta=2*pi/lambda;
phi=0:pi/360:2*pi;
sumterm=0;
for n=-20:1:20
sumterm=sumterm+((1i.^(-n)).*((exp(1i*n.*phi)./(besselh(n,2,beta*a)))));
end
plot(phi*180/pi,sumterm);
grid
title('Induced magnetic current')

Physical optics approximation

Here we assume that the surface of a cylinder is locally infinite for the wave. Hence we
have
jcos
M s=cose
Where

3
=
2 2

Observations:

We can see that the physical optics approximation agrees with the Exact current on the
3
main lobe (between 2 2 ) but we loose some information on the side lobes when
we do the physical optics approximation and hence its not in complete agreement.