Module 1

Introduction to WANs

Objectives
Describe how the Cisco enterprise architecture provides
integrated services over an enterprise network.
Describe key WAN technology concepts.
Select the appropriate WAN technology to meet different
enterprise business requirements.

Providing Integrated Services

to the Enterprise

Introducing Wire Area Network

The three major characteristics of WANs:

WANs generally connect devices that are separated by a broader
geographical area than can be served by a LAN.
WANs use the services of carriers, such as telephone companies, cable
companies, satellite systems, and network providers.
WANs use serial connections of various types to provide access to bandwidth
over large geographic areas.

The Evolving Enterprise

A Growing Business and Its Network

The Evolving Enterprise

A Growing Business and Its Network

The Evolving Enterprise

A Growing Business and Its Network

The Evolving Enterprise

A Growing Business and Its Network

The Evolving Enterprise

The Hierarchical Network Model

The Evolving Enterprise

The Hierarchical Network Model

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The Evolving Enterprise

The Enterprise Architecture

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The Evolving Enterprise

The Enterprise Architecture Example

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WAN Technology Concepts

WAN Technology Overview

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WAN Physical Layer Concepts

WAN Physical Layer Terminology

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WAN Physical Layer Concepts

WAN Devices

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WAN Physical Layer Concepts

WAN Physical Layer

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WAN Data Link Layer Concepts

WAN Datalink Protocol

Router(config)#interface serial slot/port number

Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp| hdlc| frame-relay

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WAN Data Link Layer Concept

HDLC Frame

01111110

01111110

Layer2
Address

Information
or Control

Layer3
Protocol
(IP, IPX)
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WAN Switching Concept

Circuit-switched network

A circuit-switched network is one that establishes a dedicated circuit (or

channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate
The internal path taken by the circuit between exchanges is shared by a
number of conversations. Time division multiplexing (TDM) gives each
conversation a share of the connection in turn. TDM assures that a fixed
capacity connection is made available to the subscriber.

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WAN Switching Concept

Packet-switched network

An alternative is to allocate the capacity to the traffic only when it is needed,

and share the available capacity between many users.
Packet-switching networks do not require a circuit to be established, and
they allow many pairs of nodes to communicate over the same channel.
Because of shared the circuit, there must be some mechanism to label the
bits so that the system knows where to deliver them.
It is difficult to label individual bits, therefore they are gathered into groups
called cells, frames, or packets.

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WAN Link Connection Options

WAN Link Connection Options

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Dedicated Connection Link Options

Leased Line

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Circuit Switched Connection Options

Analog Dialup

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Circuit Switched Connection Options

ISDN

Integrated Service Digital Network

The connection uses 64 kbps bearer channels (B) for carrying voice or data
and a signaling, delta channel (D) for call set-up and other purposes.
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Packet Switching Connection Options

X.25

The first of these packet-switched networks was standardized as the X.25

group of protocols.
X.25 link speeds vary from 2400 b/s up to 2 Mb/s. However, public networks
are usually low capacity with speeds rarely exceeding above 64 kb/s.
X.25 networks are now in dramatic decline being replaced by newer layer 2
technologies such as Frame Relay, ATM, and ADSL.

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Packet Switching Connection Options

Frame-Relay

Frame Relay offers data rates up to 4 Mb/s, with some providers offering even higher
rates
Frame Relay virtual-circuits (VC) are uniquely identified by a DLCI, which ensures
bidirectional communication from one DTE device to another
Most Frame Relay connections are PVCs rather than SVCs.
Frame Relay provides permanent shared medium bandwidth connectivity that carries
both voice and data traffic.
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Packet Switching Connection Options

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology is capable of transferring voice,

video, and data through private and public networks
It is built on a cell-based architecture
ATM cells are always a fixed length of 53 bytes
ATM was designed to be extremely scalable and can support link speeds of
T1/E1 to OC-12 (622 Mb/s) and higher.

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Broadband Service
DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DSL technology is an always-on connection technology that uses existing twisted-pair

telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, provides IP services to subscribers.
A DSL modem converts an Ethernet signal from the user device to a DSL signal

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Broadband Service
Cable Modem

Coaxial cable is widely used in urban areas to distribute television signals.

This allows for greater bandwidth than the conventional telephone local loop.
Enhanced cable modems enable two-way, high-speed data transmissions
using the same coaxial lines that transmit cable television.
Cable modems provide an always-on connection and a simple installation.

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Broadband Service
Broadband Wireless

WiMAX
Described in the IEEE standard 802.16
WiMAX operates in a similar way to WiFi, but at higher speeds, over greater
distances (10 miles), and for a greater number of users.
It uses a network of WiMAX towers that are similar to cell phone towers
Satellite Internet
The upload speed is about one-tenth of the 500 kb/s download speed
To access satellite Internet services, subscribers need a satellite dish, two modems
(up and down), and coaxial cables between the dish and the modem

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VPN

Virtual Private Network (VPN) is defined as network connectivity deployed on a

shared infrastructure with the same policies and security as a private network.
A VPN can be between two end systems, or it can be between two or more
networks.
A VPN can be built using tunnels and encryption. VPNs can occur at any layer of
the OSI protocol stack.
A VPN is an alternative WAN infrastructure that replaces or augments existing
private networks that use leased-line or enterprise-owned Frame Relay or ATM
networks.
There are two types of VPN access:
Site-to-site VPNs
Remote-access VPNs

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Internet Connection Options

Site-to-site VPNs

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Internet Connection Options

Remote-access VPNs

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Internet Connection Options

Metro Ethernet

Extending Ethernet to the metropolitan area

Metro Ethernet is a rapidly maturing networking technology that broadens
Ethernet to the public networks run by telecommunications companies.
IP-aware Ethernet switches enable service providers to offer enterprises
converged voice, data, and video services such as IP telephony, video
streaming, imaging, and data storage

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Good luck with this module!