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PowerPoint Presentation to accompany

Chapter 9
Engineering Alloys

CO 9a

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CO 9b

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CO 9c

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Figure 9.1

 Oxygen C
FeO + C
Fe + CO

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Figure 9.2

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Figure 9.3

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steel plate by hot rolling

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Figure 9.5b

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Phase diagram of Fe-Fe3C

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Variety of phases in Fe-Fe3C system

Austenite: - Fe interstitial solid solution

- Face centered cubic
- high solid solubility for C about 2.08%
(compared with Ferrite)
Ferrite : -Interstitial solid solution in BCC
-small solid solubility about 0.02% C
Ferrite : -Interstitial solid solution in BCC
- Medium solid solubility about 0.09% C
Cementite : -Fe3C intermetallic
- contain C 6.67% and Fe 93.9%
- Hard and Brittle

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Invariant Reactions
Peritectic : at 1495C

Liquid (0.53%C) +(0.09% C)

Eutectic : at 1148 C

Liquid (4.3%C)

(0.17% C)

austenite(2.08%C)
+ Fe3C cementite (6.67%C)
Eutectoid : at 723 C

austenite(0.8%C)
Ferrite(0.02%C)
+ Fe3C cementite (6.67%C)
Eutectic steel : steel contain C 0.8%
Hypoeutectic steel : steel contain C less than 0.8%

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Slowly cool down in Eutectoid plain carbon

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Microstructure of Eutectoid plain steel

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Hypoeutectoid plain carbon steel (slowly cool down)

Proeutectoid ferrite

Eutectoid ferrite

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Microstructure of hypoeutectoid plain carbon steel with 0.35%C

When slowly cooled down from Austenite phase

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Hypereutectoid plain carbon steel

Proeutectoid cementite

Eutectoid cementite

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Microstructure of hypereutectoid plain carbon steel with 1.2%C

When slowly cooled down from Austenite phase

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Figure EP9.3

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Hardening by quenching
Fe-C martensite
BCT: body centered tetragonal (Martensite)
(supersaturated interstitial solid solution)

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Lath martensite structure in plain carbon steel

(C-content smaller than 0.6%)

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Plate martensite structure plain carbon steel

( C-content larger than 1.0%)

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Lath martensite structure in

Ferrous alloy

Some residual Austenite can

be observed

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Plate martensite
structure in Ferrous
alloy

BCC Fe unit cell

BCT Fe unit cell

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FCC Fe unit cell

Martensite transformation in plain carbon steel:

- Diffusionless transformation
- Thermal activation energy is not required!
- Occur very fast

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Hardness and strength of Fe-C martensite steel

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Isothermal Decomposition of Austenite

(Isothermal Transformation diagram)

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Figure 9.21

IT diagram

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Pearlitic

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723-550C

Lower temperature: Fine pearlite

Quenching from above 723C :

martensite

Quenching austenite to 530-250C

Followed with isothermal treatment
Martensite and pearlite
mixed structure
Bainite

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Microstructure of Upper bainite (quenching to 550-350)

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Microstructure of Lower bainite (quenching to 350-250)

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Figure EP9.4
Problem

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IT diagram of hypoeutectoid plain carbon steel with 0.47%C

( can not obtain complete martensite )

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CT diagram of eutectoidplain carbon steel

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Change in microstructure of eutectoid plain carbon steel

Under various cooling rate

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Annealing and normalizing in plain carbon steel

1. Full annealing
Hyporutectoid, eutectoid: heating up to austenite above
Austenite-ferrite line 40C followed by furnace cooling
proeutectoid ferrite + perrite
Hypereutectoid : heating up to 40 C above eutectoid temp
austenite-cementite
2. Process annealing or stress relief: softenning of
Cold-worked low C-content steel by relief the internal stress
i.e. hypoeutectoid steel with C-content less than 0.3%
Process annealing can be carried out at temperature lower
than eutectoid temperature around 550-650 C

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Normalizing : heating up to temperature above austenetic

temperature followed by air-quenching
i.e. Hypoeutectoid steels after normalizing will contain
fine proeutectoid ferrite and pearite

Purpose of normalizing process

1. Development of grain structure
2. Increase strength of steel
3. Homogenization of composition (decrease segregation of
alloy composition) I.e. after forging and casting process

Merit : economy way because of air quenching

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Tempering process of plain carbon steel

heat-treatment of martensite steel under eutectoid temperature

Resulting in softenning and increasing of ductility
Rapid quenching
Heating up to austenite

Pure martensite (without

pearite and cementite)

Tempering below eutectoid temperature

(microstructure changed to iron carbide in ferrite phase)

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Figure 9.29

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Fe3C precipitate in martensite

steel with 0.39% C-content
after 1 hour tempering.

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Spherodite (cementite after tempering at 400-700 deg

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Effect of tempering temperature to strength

of plain carbon steel

When tempering temp increases, C diffuse from

interstitial position (high internal stress) to form Fe3C

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Martempering process ( Marquenching)

Keep temperature
constant
(finish before bainite
formation)

Prevent the deformation or crack from non-homogeneous cooling.

Heating to
austenite
temperature

Tempering
process

Oil quenching
to temperature
few degree
above Ms

Slowly cooling
down to room
temperature

Tempered martensite
(high impact energy)

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Martempering on IT diagram of eutectoid plain carbon steel

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Austempering process

Keep temperature
constant until
structure changed to
bainite

Creat bainite structure by constant temperature

Merit: ductility and strength can be raised comparing
with quenching and normal tempering.

Heating to
austenite
temperature

Oil quenching
to temperature
few degree
above Ms

Slowly cooling
down to room
temperature(air
)

Austempered eutectoid plain

carbon steel (Bainite)

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Austempering on IT diagram of eutectoid plain carbon steel

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Figure 9.35

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Figure 9.36

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Figure 9.37

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Figure 9.38

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Figure 9.39

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Figure 9.40

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Figure 9.41

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Figure 9.42

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Figure 9.43

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Figure 9.44

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Figure 9.45

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Figure 9.46a

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Figure 9.46b

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Figure 9.46c

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Figure 9.47

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Figure EP9.5

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Figure 9.48

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Figure 9.49

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Figure 9.50

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Figure 9.51

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Figure 9.52

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Figure 9.53

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Figure 9.54

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Figure 9.55

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Figure 9.56

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Figure 9.57

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Figure 9.58

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Figure 9.59

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Figure 9.60

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Figure 9.61

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Figure 9.62

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Figure 9.63

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Figure 9.64

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Figure 9.65

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Figure 9.66

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Figure 9.67