Table of Contents

The TABLE OF CONTENTS includes the chapter titles, the first and second level
headings and the pages where they are located. The page locations are placed at or near the
right margin and separated from the chapter title/headings by light line (dot every two
spaces). Chapter titles and first level headings must be written exactly the same as in the
text. Second level headings that are longer than 4 inches are to be divided to two or more
lines, placing the second and succeeding lines below with a three-space hanging indention.
One space is to be maintained between entries (titles, headings, subheadings) in the table
of contents (Appendix E).

Body of Thesis
The Introduction and Introductory page
The INTRODUCTION provides a brief description of the problem and the aim of the
study. It should be brief and should interest the reader in the remainder of the paper. It
should be written in present tense. The introduction includes:
1. Statement of the Problem
The statement of the problem describes the problem to be investigated. It
contains a general statement of the problem followed by the specific questions or
subproblems. The problems are to be identified and defined clearly and precisely.
2. Importance of the Research
The importance of the study discusses the reasons why the research has to be
undertaken. It answers the following questions: Why make the study? What benefits
would be derived from it? Will the study add to knowledge? Will it have practical
application?
3. Objectives of the Study
This section includes a statement of the purpose/s or objective/s of the study.
Studies usually have a general and specific objectives. General objective is a statement
of the long term target to be achieved, while a specific objective is a statement of the
inquiry that requires answers in the study. Objectives are listed in the order of
importance.

Citation
Examples:
Sediment transport capacity of a flow is mainly a function of flow
parameters and sediment characteristics (Borah, 1989). Generally, it is
proportional to the five-thirds power of both hydraulic gradient and the
flow rate (Beasley, 1979).
The shear stress of laminar flow caused negligible or no erosion
because the shear stress associated with such flow is very small compared

to the shear strengths of most soil. Only in turbulent flow that erosion
occurs (Nearing et al., 1994).
If a certain article is cited in the text and the name of the author(s) forms part of
the sentence, then only the year of publication is enclosed in parenthesis.
Examples:
David (1986) discussed the influenced of wind action, slope and surface
configuration on energy of falling rain.
Mutchler and Young (1975) suggested that a water depth of more than
three times the median raindrop size essentially eliminated detachment by
raindrop impact.
Daniel et al. (1945) reported that soil loss are not directly proportional to
the total amount of rainfall but were more closely associated with rainfall
intensity.
More examples of review of related literatures are presented in Appendix K.

A. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

1. Summary
The summary is a complete and detailed statement of the contents of the thesis. It
includes the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, brief description of the
methods used and the findings. Findings are statements of significant information
provided by the analyzed data obtained from the study.
2. Conclusion
This is the abstraction, general statements and generalizations of the findings.
Conclusion should be brief and short, yet it conveys all the necessary information
resulting from the study.
3. Recommendation
This is an appeal to solve or help solve the problems discovered in the
investigation. This usually contains an appeal for further research on the same topic but
of different methodology or to be conducted in different conditions to verify or amplify
the findings of the study.
B. Literature Cited
The LITERATURE CITED contains the list of authors or/and articles referred to
anywhere in the text. The list should be arranged in alphabetical order using authors
surname.

The citation should contain the authors name in upper case (capital), if there are coauthors only the name of the first author shall start with the surname followed by the
initials of the first and middle names. Only the surname of the first author is arranged
alphabetically. The name of co-author shall start with initials of the first and middle names
followed by the spelled out surnames. Comma is used to separate names. The name of
author(s) is followed by the year of publication, Title of book, Edition and the Publisher
and place of publications. The second and succeeding lines are placed below with a fivespace hanging indention. Literature cited is single spaced and typed double-spaced between
citations.
Examples:
1. Book
SCHWAB, G.O., R.K. FREVERT, T.W. EDMINSTER, and K.K. BARNES. 1966.
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. New York.
2. Journal
References from journals contain name(s) of the author, year of publication, title
of article, name of journal (italicized), volume and pages covered by the article.
LAFLEN, J.M., W.J. ELLIOT, J.R. SIMANTON, C.S. HOLZHEY, and K.D. KOHL.
1991. WEPP Soil Erodibility Experiments for Rangeland and Cropland Soils.
J. Soil and Water Conservation. 46:39-44.
3. Proceedings
For proceedings, include the name(s) of author(s), year of publication, title of
article, name of proceedings, place of publication and pages.
SMITH, R.E. 1976. Simulating Erosion Dynamics with Deterministic Distributed
Watershed Model. Proceedings of the Third Federal Inter-Agency
Sedimentation Conference. Water Resources Council. Washington, D.C. pp
1:163-173
4. Bulletins/Monographs
References from Bulletins/Monographs contain name(s) of the author(s), year of
publication, title of publication, publisher and pages.
PCARRD. 1982. The Philippines Recommends for Irrigation Water Management.
PCARRD Technical Bulletin Series No. 50. Philippine Council for Agriculture
and Resources Research and Development, Los Baos, Laguna. pp 50-55.

5. Thesis/Dissertation

For thesis and dissertation, include the name of the author, year, title of
thesis/dissertation, type of work (e.g. Undergraduate Thesis, PhD Dissertation). Name
of College/University, address and pages covered.
CREENCIA, R.F. 2003. Design and Evaluation of Low Cost Hydroponics System for
Lettuce Production. Undergraduate Thesis. Cavite State University, Indang,
Cavite. pp 30-35.
6. Anonymous Author
ANONYMOUS. 2004. How Rain Intensity Affects Soil Erosion. 3rd Edition. Winnie
Publishing Company. Dingalan, Aurora. pp 12-20.
7. Popular Magazines, Newspaper
ARIAS, P.R. 2004. Endangered Species List Growing. Manila Bulletin. November 9,
Vol. 383 No. 9. p B-12.
8. Internet
ROSANGELA, S.S. 2001. Computer Aided Instruction of Foreign Languages: the case
of Beginning Brazilian Portugese. URL:http://. Date Accessed: June 1, 2004.
C. Appendices
The APPENDICES contains data, information, and procedures used in the
preparation of the results and discussions, and materials and methods. It is not included in
the main presentation because it would break the continuity of the text presentation.
Included in this section are standard procedures used in the study, questionnaires, master
tables, and figures. Contents of appendix section support the information and help reader
understand the materials presented in the text.

IV. Paper Technical Details

A. Paper Size and Margin
Thesis manuscript should be presented on a standard size short bond paper (81/2in x
11 in). The left margin is 1.5 in and the top, bottom, and right margins are one inch.
B. Font and Pagination
Times New Roman font is to be used in the text of the manuscript with font size of
12 points. The page of the manuscript should be numbered consecutively, beginning with
the first page of the INTRODUCTION as number one using Arabic numerals. Page
numbers are place on the top right corner of the page. Beginning of chapters (e.g.
INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE, MATERIALS AND METHODS,
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSIONS,
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION
AND
RECOMMENDATION, AND LITERATURE CITED) have imaginary page numbers.
Preliminary pages are numbered using small Roman numerals starting with the title page as
i. Title page and Approval Sheet have imaginary page numbers.

C. Chapter Title and Headings

Beginning of chapters should start on new page. Chapter titles are capitalized,
boldface, centered between margins, and written on the first line of the page. It consists of
the following: INTRODUCTION; REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE;
MATERIALS AND METHODS; RESULTS AND DISCUSSION; SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION; AND LITERATURE CITED.
The first level headings are boldface and begin at the left margin. The first letter of
all the important words is capitalized. Headings more than 4 inches long are divided to two
or more lines placing the second and succeeding lines below with a 3-space hanging
indention.
The second level headings (paragraph heading) are underlined, and indented five
spaces. Only the first letter of the first word and that of proper noun are capitalized and
ends with a period. The text begins on the same line.
The succeeding levels of headings follow the format of the number-letter sequence.
Only the first letter of the first word and that of proper noun are capitalized. The numberletter sequence is shown in the example below:

D. Spacing and Indention

Text are typed in double space except the footnotes, table and figure titles, contents
of tables, and Literature Cited which are to be written in single space. First level headings
are typed single spaced two lines after a chapter title or after the last line of a paragraph.
Text in a paragraph should start two spaces after a chapter title and one space after a first
level heading. One space should be maintained between paragraphs.
The first line of a paragraph is indented five spaces and the subsequent lines are
flushed to the left margin.
E. Presentation of Tables
Tables present numerical findings arranged in rows and columns. Computer
program listings are also to be presented in tables. Tables could be placed along with text
or in separate page. If placed along with text, maintain three spaces after and before the
text. Tables are presented after it is mentioned in the text. If possible, only summary tables
should be presented. Entries may either be single- or double-spaced. The units of quantity
in the column heading are enclosed in parenthesis.
Each table should have a descriptive full subject title above preceded by the word
Table and table number in Arabic numerals followed by a period. Tables are numbered
consecutively in the order of appearance in the text. The title should be written in the first
level heading format and vertically aligned with the table. Long titles are divided, placing
the second and succeeding lines below aligned with the first line (example 3 below).

Tables should be presented with double lines on the top and bottom parts. The top
double line should be placed two spaces below the title.

Example:
Table1. Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce (cm)
TREATMENT

PLANT AGE (WEEK)

3
4

Foam as holder

5.58

7.45

10.53

Mixed charcoaled rice hull +

coir dust + compost

5.71

7.73

12.73

15.72

18.80

21.87

16.80

19.84

23.95

For long tables that cannot be accommodated in one page can be continued to the
next page with title heading of Table (number). continued .... For very large tables, the
size may be reduced by photography, but be sure that the reduced version is legible.

Example:
Table2. Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce (cm)
TREATMENT

PLANT AGE (WEEK)

3
4

Foam as holder

5.58

7.45

10.53

Charcoaled rice hull

5.71

7.73

12.73

15.72

18.80

21.87

16.80

19.84

23.95

(next page)
Table 2. continued . . .
Treatment

PLANT AGE (WEEK)

3
4

Coir dust

4.79

6.55

11.39

15.11

17.98

22.23

Compost

5.71

7.73

12.73

16.80

19.84

23.95

When tables are too wide and cannot be divided into two or more separately
numbered tables, it may be presented in landscape or lengthwise, so that the left side of the
table is at the bottom of the page and the right side is at the top.

Footnotes in the table should be indicated by either small letters or asterisk. Small
letters or asterisks for footnote reference are raised by half space. Footnote below the table
are indented five spaces, typed in single space and typed double spaces between footnotes.

Example:
Table 3. Projected population and water demand of selected municipalities of Cavite in 2005
(JICA, 1995)
MUNICIPALI
TY

POPULATION*

Domestic
Vol
17,219
1,759
4,191
789
4,191

418,034
56,164
114,774
22,431
149,342

Dasmarias
Indang
G.M.A.
Mendez
Silang

%
67.5
86.8
65.7
88.1
82.6

WATER DEMAND (X1000 M3)

Commerciala
Institutionalb
Vol
1,526
205
419
82
545

%
6.0
10.1
6.6
9.2
10.6

Vol
458
62
126
25
164

%
1.8
3.0
2.0
2.8
3.2

Industrialc
Vol
6,294
1,641
186

%
24.7
0.0
25.7
0.0
3.6

Estimated by National Statistics Office, 1995

Commercial water includes small cottage industries based on LWUA methodology manual.

Unit consumption is set at 3.0 m3/day per 1,000 population.

Large water users

F. Presentation of Figures
Figures may consist of pictures, drawings, diagrams, photographs, blue prints,
maps, graphs and charts. Figures are numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals in the
order of appearance in the text. They are presented right after it is mentioned in the text.
The Figure caption should be placed two spaces below and centered with the figure. Long
captions should be cut to two or more lines placing the second and succeeding lines below
vertically aligned with the titles first line.

Example:
6

Grid Lines

5
Boundary of Watershed
4
Watershed

2
A1
1

Figure 1. The horizontal and vertical control of the watershed and grid
lines.

When figures are too large (e.g maps, design drawing of structures and machines)
to fit on a standard page, it may be photographically reduced as long as the material
remains easily readable, or may use papers larger than the standard size (e.g. drawing or
tracing papers) provided that it will be properly folded when it is inserted to the
manuscript.

G. Units of Measurements and numbers

The system international (SI) or metric system should be used in all measurements.
Units that are not preceded by numbers should be written in whole word (e.g. meters,
kilograms). Units that are preceded by numbers are to be abbreviated (1000 ml).
Numerals are used to expressed: mixed fraction (2 ), hours of the days, use colon
to identify hours, minutes and seconds (6:30 a.m.), and dates (June 17, 2005). Numerals are
always use except:
1. number 1 which is always written as one
2. numbers at the beginning of a sentence
3. numbers less than ten which are not followed by units of measurements
H. Equations
Equations are indented 15 spaces (characters) from the left margin. Long equations
are divided into two or more lines after the plus or minus sign. Equations are numbered
consecutively with Arabic numerals enclose in parenthesis placed at or near the right
margin. However, equation number is not necessary if a manuscript contains less than five
equations.

Example:
Y = 2.345 + 4.543X1 + 0.342X2 + 23.345 X3
0.342 X4 + 12.123X5 - 563.231 X6

(10)

J. Commercial Products
Mention of brand name of commercial products in the text should be avoided.
Commercial products should be identified by chemical or generic names, and/or
descriptions. Where the product was part or essential in the outcome of the study, the
propriety name and manufacturers name and address should be included in a lettered
footnote.

Appendix E

TABLE OF CONTENTS
}
} 2 spaces
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viii

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xi

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Time and Place of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Construction of the hydroponics system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

Experimental layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Cost and return analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

Description of the Low-Cost Hydroponics

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

Performance of the Lettuce Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Plant height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

Number of leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusion ..
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

37

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix A .

38

Appendix B ..

39

INTRODUCTION
}
} 2 spaces
Hydroponics is the practice of growing plants in liquid nutrient culture rather than
in soil with or without the use of an artificial medium (Jensen, 1985). It is simply a
highly efficient way to provide water and foods to plants.
}
} 2 spaces
Importance of the Study
In hydroponics cultivation, plants are grown directly in the nutrient solution or in
different plant supports to which the solution has been added. While demand for
substantial increase in vegetable production has risen worldwide, it is well . . .
}
} 2 spaces
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study . . .