VOLCANOES

A volcano is a vent
or chimney that
connects molten rock
(magma) from within
the earths crust to the
earths surface.
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
Vulcan god of fire
Loki god of underworld (norse
mythology)
Hephaestus god of fire &
volcano (greek mythology)
Madame Pele goddess of
volcanoes (Hawaii mythology)

 Satan a decidedly malevolent

entity
(deri)
who
possesses
demonic
qualities
(Christian
mythology)
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
An eruption of magmatic material
onto the earths surface.
The types of volcanic activity is
often determined by its geographical
and tectonic plate setting.
Volcanic eruptions occur on a
divergent/convergent plate boundary
(many around pacific).

HOW & WHY DO VOLCANOES ERUPT?

Hot molten rock (magma) is buoyant
(has a lower density than the

surrounding rocks) and will rise up

through the crust to erupt on the
surface

EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
Can be catastrophic
3 products from explosive
eruption
- Ash fall
- Pyroclastic flow
- Pyroclastic surge
EFFUSIVE ERUPTION
- Characterized by outpouring of
lava of the ground.
VOLVANIC HAZARDS

Pyroclastic flow
Lahars/mud flow
Pyroclastic fall
Lava flow
Hoxious gas
Earthquakes

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
FISSURE - flat

SHIELD gentle
slope

DOME thick fast

lava
ASH CINDER ash

COMPOSITE
strato layer

CALDERA cone
inside cone
ECONOMIC POTENTIAL
-

Construction materials
Crop suitable land
Clothing industry
Mining
Tourist
Renewable energy

ERUPTION
Icelandic low viscosity
Hawaiian fountain lava

Strombolian gas inside; no lava

flow
Volcanian high gas excreted
Peelean lava & pyroclastic flow
Plinian highly explosive

CLIMATOLOGY
Focuses on how the climate
changes
Paleoclimatolo

1.
gy
2.
logy
3.
climatology

Paleotempesto
Historical

Weather
Day to day changes in the atmosphere
-

Precipitation
Humidity
Cloud cover
Sunshine
Air pressure
Wind direction
Wind speed
Temperature

TROPOSHERE Part of the

atmosphere weather occurs.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Incoming shortwave radiation
converted into long wave radiation,
which is then trapped by atmospheric
gases.
HEAT CAPACITY

Term used to call the amount of

energy material needs to absorb to
change its temperature.
CLIMATE
Overall pattern of weather, usually
based on an average per 30 years.
-

Polar (windy, cold temp.)

Temperate ( dry, hot& cold)
Arid ( dry & hot temp.)
Humid ( rainy, hot & sticky)

DESERT
(near equator)

TUNDRA
(small trees)

TAIGA
(big trees)

DECIDOUS FOREST
(maple, squirrel)

RAINFOREST
(many animals)

GRASSLAND
(zebra)
CLIMATE GRAPHS
Show how temperature & precipitation
vary throughout the year for a
particular place.
PRECIPITATION
Plotted by bar graph
TEMPERATURE

Represented as line graph

FACTORS THAT AFECT CLIMATE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Latitude
Ocean current
Wind
Elevation
Relief
Proximity to water

CONVECTION
Unequal heating of the earth.
COUNTER CLOCKWISE
Northern hemisphere
CLOCKWISE
Southern hemisphere

WIND
- Cyclomic fall
- Anticyclomic fall
STARS
Brightness of an object depends on
both distance and energy output.
LUMINOSITY
second
Amount of
radiates.

(L):
energy

Energy
output

per
star

APPARENT BRIGHTNESS (m)

How bright the object appears on
earth.
ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE (M)
How bright the star actually is.
PRECESSION

Motion of the earth that alters the

position of the north celestial pole.
Most luminous star: Sun
Least luminous star: Sun
Blue hottest
Yellow middle
cold

Red

STARS PROCESS OF BEING BORN

Hydrogen key component of star
Gravity most important force of a
star.
- If there is no gravity there is
no star.
- Can destroy star itself
Thermal Nuclear Fusion

Produces energy
Fuse hydrogen to helium etc
Happens
when
temperature

there

is

high

Red dwarf stars common stars

Sun blue main sequence star
Electrons
being
compressed is the last one
to stop the gravity.
In the death of a star size
really matters.
Brown Dwarf failed star
Massive Star short life span
Constellations
Name for group of stars to form
shapes in the sky.
Right Ascension longitude

Declination - latitude
Common Constellations:

Milky way
hole

Black

Portfolio
In
Science
Submitted by:
Michaela Bertulano
9 Fermi

REFLECTION:
In this lesson I have learned that
volcanoes have different
characteristics. They could be
dormant or active, just like in life,
sometime life is quiet and peaceful,
and sometimes its full of
challenges. When a volcano erupts,
I can compare the lava flows,
mudslides, avalanches and falling
ash to the problems we encounter
in life, which could be very
devastating. Not to mention it
could also trigger earthquakes and
tsunamis which represents the

different adversities in life but will

eventually be resolved.
I have learned that life is not
always dormant because you
cannot learn any life lesson if thats
the case. Sometimes you have to
experience some struggle in order
to make you a strong individual.

REFLECTION:
In this lesson I have learned that
weather reflects short-term
conditions of the atmosphere while
climate is the average daily
weather for an extended period of

time at a certain location, meaning

when we are talking about climate
change, we are talking about
changes in long-term averages of
daily weather. In most places,
weather can change from minuteto-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day
season. In relation to life, there are
also short-term and long-term
changes. I can compare weather to
the clothes we wear, and all the
other little decisions we have to
make for the day. However, I can
relate the climate to the major
decisions we have to carry out,
such as what degree to take up in
college, which will eventually
dictate our future. However, I have

learned that whether it is a small or

big decision, either will definitely
make an impact to our lives.