DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING: APPLICATION FOR
ABNORMAL INCIDENT DETECTION
K.Pradeep Kumar
IV/IV B.tech
RVR&JC College of Engineering
Guntur
Ph:9347075053
pradeep_ec865@rediffmail.com
Abstract- Intelligent vision systems (IVS)
represent an exciting part of modern sensing,
computing, and engineering systems. The
principal information source in IVS is the
image, a two dimensional representation of a
three dimensional scene. The main advantage
of using IVS systems is that the information is
in a form that can be interpreted by humans.
Our paper is an image process application for
abnormal incident detection, which can be
used in high security installation, subways,
etc. In our work, motion cues are used to
classify dynamic scenes and subsequently
allow the detection of abnormal movements,
which may be related critical situations.
Successive frames are extracted from the
video stream and compared. By subtracting
the second image from the first, that
difference image is obtained. This is the
segmented to aid error measurement and
thresholding. If is the threshold is exceeded,
the human operator is alerted. So, that he /
she may take remedial action Thus by
processing the input image suitably, our
system alerts operators to any abnormal
incidents, which might lead to crtitical
situations.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Need for automated Surveillance
Motion-based automated surveillance or
intelligent scene-monitoring systems were
introduced in the recent past. Video motion
detection and other similar systems aim to alert
operators or start a high-resolution video
recording when the motion conditions of a
specific area in the scene are changed.
K.Sai Prasad
IV/IV B.tech
RVR&JC College of Engineering
Guntur
mailto:saik_882@yahoo.co.in
In recent years interest in automated surveillance
systems has grown dramatically as the advances
in image processing and computer hardware
technologies have made it possible to design
intelligent incident detection algorithms and
implemented them as real-time systems. The
need for such equipment has been obvious for
quite some time now, as human operators are
unreliable, fallible and expensive to employ.
1.2. Motion analysis for incident detection
Interest in motion processing has increased with
advance in motion analysis methodology and
processing capabilities. The concept of
automated incident detection is based on the idea
of finding suitable image cues that can represent
the specific event of interest with minimum
overlapping with other classes. In this paper,
motion is adopted as the main cue for abnormal
incident detection.
1.3. Image acquisition
Obtaining the images is the
first step in implementing the system.
1.4. Camera position
The camera is placed at a fixed
height in the subway or corridor. This portion
need not be changed along the course of
operation.
 Where ε is a small positive number. The figure
3 shows the resultant image obtained by
subtracting the images 1 and 2. The threshold
level used in the system is 0.8, which is found to
be sufficient for obtaining a good binary
difference image

fig1. Camera Position

1.5. Frame extraction

In this system, motion is used

as the main cue for abnormal incident detection.
It is henceforth obvious that the first concern is
obtaining the images required from the source. In
the circumstances described (subways, high Initial position final position
security installations) usually a closed circuit
television system is employed.
Any ordinary video systems
use 25 frames per second. The system described
here uses scene motion information extracted at
the rate of 8.33 times per second. These amounts
to capturing a frame once every two frames in
the video camera system. In practical real time
operation a hardware block-matching motion
detector is used for frame extraction.

2. THE DIFFERENCE IMAGE:

There are two major
approaches to extracting two-dimensional
motion from image sequential optical flow and
motion correspondence. Simple subtraction of
images acquired at different instants in time
makes motion detection possible, when there is a
stationary camera and constant illumination.
Both of these conditions are satisfied in the areas
of application of our system.
A difference image is nothing
but a binary image d (i , j) where non-zero values
represent image areas with motion, that is areas
where these was a substantial difference between
gray levels in consecutive images p1 and p2:
d (i, j) = 0 if ⏐ p1 (i, j) – p2 (i, j) ⏐ <= ε
= 1 otherwise
difference image
The second figure shows a slightly
displaced version of the first figure.
The system errors mentioned in
the last item must be suppressed. If it is required
to find the direction of motion, it can do by
constructing a cumulative difference image. This
cumulative difference image can be constructed
from a sequence
of images. This, however is not necessary our
system as the direction of motion is invariably the
same.
Obtaining the difference image is
simplified in the MATLAB image processing
Toolbox. The input images are read using the
‘imread’ function and converted to a binary image
using the ‘im2bw’ function. The ‘im2bw’
function converts the input image to gray scale
image. The output binary image BW is 0.0
(black) for all pixels in the input image with
luminance less than a user defined level and 1.0
(white) for all other pixels.
2.1. Segmentation details
This says about the
segmentation details of the object. There are two
basic forms of segmentation.
1. Complete Segmentation.
2. Partial Segmentation.
2.1.1. Complete and partial segmentation
Complete segmentation results in a set of disjoint
region corresponding uniquely with objects in
the input image. In partial segmentation, the
regions may not correspond directly with the
image objects.
If partial segmentation is the goal, an image is
divided into separate regions that are
homogeneous with respect to a chosen property
such as brightness, color, reflectivity, texture etc.
Segmentation methods can be divided into three
groups according to the dominant features they
employ. First is global knowledge about an
image or its past; edge-based segmentation forms
the second group and region based segmentation,
the third. In the second and third group each
region can be represented by its closed boundary
and each closed boundary describes the region.
Edge based segmentation methods find the
borders between regions while region based
methods construct regions directly.
Region growing techniques are generally better
in noisy images where borders are not very easy
to detect. Homogeneity is an important property
of regions and is used as the main segmentation
criterion in region growing, where the basic idea
is to divide an image into to zones of maximum
homogeneity.
A complete segmentation of an image R is a
finite set of regions R1...Rs ,
s binary image with only two levels-black (1) and
R = U Ri Ri ∩ Rj = Φ i ≠ j
i =1
Further, for region-based segmentation,
the conditions need to be satisfied.
H (Ri) = TRUE i = 1,2,s
H (Ri U Rj) = FALSE i≠j
Ri adjacent to Rj where S is the total number of
regions in an image and H(Ri) is a binary
homogeneity evaluation of region Ri. Resulting
regions of the segmented image must be both
homogeneous and maximal where ‘maximal’
means that the homogeneity criterion would not
be true after merging a region with any adjacent
region.
2.2. Region merging and splitting
The basic approaches to region-based
segmentation are
™ Region Merging
™ Region Splitting
™ Split-and-Merge processing.
Region merging starts with an over segmented
image and merges similar or homogeneous
regions to form larger regions until no further
merging are possible. Region splitting is the
opposite of region merging. It begins with an
under segmented image where the regions are
not homogeneous. The existing image regions
are sequentially split to form regions properly.
2.3. Region growing and segmentation
Our system uses the region growing
segmentation method to video the image in to
regions. In region growing segmentation, a seed
point is first chosen in the image. Then the eight
neighbours of the pixel are checked for a specific
threshold condition. If the condition is satisfied it
is incorporated as part of the region. This process
is repeated for each of the eight neighbours and
this continues until every pixel has been
checked, and the whole image has been
segmented into regions.
In our system, the MATLAB
function ‘bwlabel’ which performs region-
growing segmentation. This function accepts the
image to be segmented as input and returns a
matrix representing the segmented image along
with the number of segments. It is to be noted
that the image at this stage of processing is a
white (0).
2.3.1. Segmentation algorithm
¾ AN INITIAL SET OF SMALL AREAS
ARBITERATIVELY MERGED
ACCORDING TO SIMILARITY
CONSTRAINTS.
¾ START BY CHOOSING AN
ARBITRARY SEED PIXEL,
 COMPARE IT WITH Segment 2:
NEIGHBOURING PIXELS.

¾ REGION IS GROWN FROM THE

0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
SEED PIXEL BY ADDING IN 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
NEIGHBOURING PIXELS THAT 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ARE SIMILAR, INCREASING THE 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
SIZE OF REGION. 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
¾ WHEN THE GROWTH OF ONE
REGION STOPS WE SIMPLY
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
CHOOSE ANOTHER SEED PIXEL 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
WHICH DOES NOT YET BELONG 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
TO ANY REGION AND START 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AGAIN. 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
¾ THE WHOLE PROCESS IS
CONTINUED UNTIL ALL PIXELS
0 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
BELONG TO SOME REGION. 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A portion of the corresponding segment

matrix

3. THRESHOLDING AND ABNORMAL

INCIDENT DETECTION

3.1. Need forthresholding

The process of segmentation aids in extracting

the require information separately – in this case,
example of difference image the segments are a representation of the amount
Segment 1: of motion of the subjects in the scene from one
frame to the next.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Difference image
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.2. Thersholding algorithm
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1. Get the total number of segments k.
2. Repeat through steps 3 to 7 for all k
segments.
 3. Scan the matrix to find the kith 3. RESULTS
segment.
4. Store the column indices of the kith
segment.
5. Find the maximum and minimum
index values; subtract to find their
difference.
6. If difference is greater than or equal
to 16 pixels, sound alarm to alert
the human operator.
7. Continue with next segment.
An example of how the differences are
stored in the form of a column vector is shown.
If any value in the difference matrix is greater
than or equal to 16, the human operator is
alerted.
Sample difference matrix
6 20
8 20
13 20
17 20
20 20
20 20 First image
20 20
20 20
20 20
20 18
20 11

In the sample matrix for the difference image

shown above, the
threshold of 16 pixels is exceeded and the human
operator is alerted.

Second image
 DIFFERENCE IMAGE

4. ADVANTAGES
The system we have explained can be used as
mentioned earlier as an efficient and easily
implementable pedestrian monitoting system in
subways. It can detect quickly any fast or
abnormal movement, which may lead to
dangerous situations. Further, surveillance by
humans is dependent on the quality of the human
operator and a lot of factors like operator fatigue,
negligence may lead to degradation of
performance. These factors may can intelligent
vision system a better option.

5. CONCLUSION

Further, surveillance by humans is dependent on

the quality of the human operator and a lot of
factors like operator fatigue, negligence may lead
to degradation of performance. These factors
may can intelligent vision system a better option.
as in systems that use gait signature for
recognition in vehicle video sensors for driver
assistance.