A Reproduced

Copy

OF

/q,/f7
CF)- 7-H-. I<92

Reproduced

for NASA
by the

NASA

FFNo 672 Aug 65

Scientific

and

Technical

Information

Facility

NAT!0i[AL

ADVISORY

C0[_[ITTEE

TECHNIOAL

FOR

AERO}TAUTICS.

,,Tr,_r_TO. "_82

I._]DUCED FnA'_ OF
By

L.

}_/LTIPLANES.

Frandtl.

_Imvar_y.

The
win@

most

i_o_tant

systez:,

_:hen the

the

cslculstion

the

wings

ordinates

the

inducel

distribution

The

tables

o_r9

are

is

drag,

of
b_sed

is

distributed

of

of

for

most

favorable

discussed

an l the

numei-i ca!

examples.

can

lift

on

upon

the

a]ono_

semi-e_!ipse

given

the

1).

arrangements

of

wings
that

biplo,_es

further

in

of

i_

the

proportion

Voin_als_s
drag.

drag

theoretically,

individual

_.:ing in

the

or

c_,icul5ted

a_sumotion

the

calculating

are

be

the

(Fig.

results

resiszanc3

and
this

lift
to

by

on
the

numerical
connection,

ai_d triplanes

eluci,_lated

h%own.

_eans

are
of

No tatio:!.

velocity

of

fii_ht

in

meters

per

second;

V
W

= horizontal
vertical

L_

= llft

Di," =
D_2

vzing

self-induced

= additional
=

of

velocity
of distarbance
velocity
of disturbance

Technisdhe

coefficient
Berichte,

] produced
by
]
the wings;

!;
d l-a_ of

drag
of
Volume

wing

induced

!;

by

wing

! on

wing

D[_;
IIi,

Ho.7,

pp.

309-315.

_;

-2
=

coefficient

= _2/b_

Duri_g

of

total

-_-e
tic of

experiments

drag

D;

s_ans.

::.,ith6xtr=_

_ar%e

_inl

modc!_

_'_

in

11

gottim_en
the

v:ind tunnel,

char&cteristic

ever

smaller

angle

attack

of

wins

of

the

v_iue,

for

putin

E the

fo_'mab!y

it

be

the

within

In

the

in

di_g _*_ became

an

case

r_'e.
_

of

7cry

frictional_

v:as ezperi_.ented
the

with

_o _;hch

" _:_h
_st_o_._.ed,

thus

bhe

::_ultlp!anes
frictienal

a]_so possible

induced
the

drag.

It

drag

can

ce.icu!_te

folio'_s

the

large

drag,

and

that

the

particular

_Ldu_d

dimensions

of

the

selected

lift
is
for

theoretical

be

_ts
_

the

drag

various

of

importance

the

purpose

in
of
_

p_actica!

dra_

total

in

and

!t .ai_o
co

far

as

corncon-

only
"aoon

esti-

by

dra_,

deoends

p._r
-_ __s.
only

calculation

ap:_roxirna+,e!y

:,ving syste_n

on

mm-._ber = product
Berichte,
Vo.__

e high

_'
_,_= total

that

of

the

* Characteristic
(Comnare
Techniscbe

to

attains

properties

win_-seotion

suitebly

-._ing-seczion

",_r.-_e

adapted.

dzu,_ of

of

'_

...._ oni. y of
cons_=o,_

it

came

contour

distribution
that

is

tha_,

%o t_.i dz_,g.

section

since

with

outer

the

results

induccd

the

wing

_as

the

mated

the

Coo@

section
From

of

numbers,

provided

_va3 foun_

number,

Dart

characteristic

mt

uLon
the

fo l io',vs
it must

view.

,_inz
_c A,

chord
and
_ $_'i

velocity

** Jing-section
drag
in monoc!__._=es = difference
b_tween
measured
dra_
and _'induced draz _'. _ =_-_A_-_-_
- (Compare
T_chnis,_ne
Berichte,
VoI.I,
Tic..5, I_.145).
The
_nd'uUe_ drag"_s
there
c&!_ed
"_snc_d
erstand"
(v'in_-ed;e
dreW).
**" 3Fste_:_atic experiments
on frictional
dra E a_-e in course
of
pr epa_at ion.

-3-

A method
_ultlplanes
._omewhat
I,

has

_To.4, pp.98
the

up,

from

drag

To

already

The

fore,

that
the

the

wings.

total

n_

This

z ethod,

however,

monoolane
is

ordinates

the

comes

nearer

in

would

the

both

cases

only

is

$inee

would

be

the

that

more
actual

Theoretical

the

the

assu_ption

with

the

method

of

is

_de

the

mutual

I,

of

No.4,

pp.105is,

there-

on

the

wing

span

1),

while,
to

the

be

a_sumption
in

uniformly

rectan_!ar

but

that

regards

the

of

the

the
in-

lift

distribution,

e!liotical
for

would

to

distributed

distribution

basis

nature

proportion

as

of

the

distribu-

a theory

also

which

accord

more

conditions.

investigation

with

to

of

the

consistent,

cal_iat-

equation

Vol.

assumption

furnish

due

Vol.

p.101).

inconsistency,

actual

than

No.4,

wings

assumed
the

el]iptical

expected

with

lift

_pan.

be

not

closely

s_me

[Fig.

two

drags.

an

the

first

calculated

alon_

I,

the

system

in

multiplane

drag
by

and

Berichte,

in

Vol.

individual

semi-elllpse

the
whole

might

tion

biplanes

cont8_ined

the

Berichte,

shows

is

distributed

of

terference,

dra_

which

given

of

is

consists

additional
is

of

(Technische

Berichte,
the

such

Bctz

from

drag

_tum of

the

A.

(Technische

induced

drag
It

method

This

the

lift

over

The

added

= A o a o' = Au a'u

107).

by

monoplane,

then

induced

oroposed,

(Technische

is

of

been

103).

the

tan$

this

the

articles

and
of

influence
W_

calculating

recondite

ing

it

for

is

of

elliptical

Betz.

The

more

complicated

distribution

oroblems

which

of
Betz

throughout,
the

lift,

worked

out

than
for

- 4the case of biolanes,

distribution.
induced

have not all

As yet,

dr_g of the

been acco_p!ished

only

in a very

conduce to a full
results

be

found

curves,

useful

in

which

"vi!i first

will
I.

alent
the

Any

to

of

of

flight

great

the

as

In

by

-ying 1 on

on

,_ing I.
The

an

drag

of
same

plane,

at

win_

:ring 2,

* 1[r. Poh!hausen
and diagrams
and
tant details.

fornulas

given

Iu addition
which

will

all
lift

induced

samc

front

constituent

angles

to

dra_,
vicw,

wing

distribution,

right

Munk,

follows.

total

the
the

wing

due

gave me
i{essrs.

its

what

by

are
the

is
in

equiv-

which

surfaces,
shifted

direction

into
of

system).

equals

is

Iz_,-c discovered

in

havtn_

unstaggered

D_

form.

are

as they

The prlncioal

in practical

general

regards

system

(unstaggered
2.

in so far

Forraulas.

assistance

the

same

DraK

two

prosecute

maintaining
and

state

system,

simpler

centers

_hile
one

be

bas

computations.*

2.

We

this

nann_r.

of the results.

approximate

the total

but

summarized here,

_.oreovcr,

elliotical

of ascertaining

sab.!sf_ctor7

understandinc_

and

for

has been solved,

are only

ar_ reoroduce4,

to tables

the problem

wing syste_

The computations

been solved

system,

the

to

drag

the

valuable
_funk and

fact

the
D_

that

drag

D_2,

induced

by

induced
wing

r:ing i produces

assistance
in the
Orar_r_qel contributed

calculations
some impor-

downward

air

sultant
:.

air
thus

Here,
is

small

are

and

3,
is

which

effect

inclined

velocity

L_

produced
here,

must,

therefore,

that

sin

c,

at

of

velocity

is

c,

not

and

re-

an_le
drag-

__l_ht_

Since

tan(

actually

the

an

the

of

b_T _._n_ l-

sin

w_

being

rear':.ard

is the

velocity

we

the

component,

considered

The

span

_:_ing 2

in

do,wnward

an7les

wing

a we-

= w_JV,

the

the

on

producing

interchanged.
out

toward

pressure

tan

w_

current

and

cnly

rosy be

uniform

through-

write

'l)
In

order

prooosed

by

flow

around

this

flow

series
which

span

w,

at

that

a plate

of

the

the

evaluate

flow
at

(Fig.

2)

thank

_r.

the

wings

is here
as

K.

use

%nd

sngles

the

from

to

mske

below

right

distances

win< _ its_l_,
"
_ =

we

W12_

moved

suitable

I have

The

evaluate

}_nk,

we

of

to

of

above
to

verticsl
the

olane.*

shown

2 units
actual

,_ith
From

,,elocities

is

The

I unit.

its

The

as

condition

a monoplane

olate.

Pohlhausen,
taken

the

for

result,

for

in

3.

and

Fig.

the

velocity

velocities

are,

therefore,
2LI

where

is

taken

consideration
sta_ered
_

(G
"_ng_,

from
=
b_

the
=

Fig.

$ for

vertical
the

_oan

(2,)

the

re tio

distance
of

the

:"
_ lrS

G,/b,

between

coming
the

two

under
un-

__ m-ring)

* Comp.%re Lamb's
Textbook
of Hydrod_namics,
_.
I00 and i01 of
the German
transls.tion
("Lehrbuch
der H_,drodYis_ik
yon L_mb")
by
Fried el.

- 3The integral

must now be formed according

on the assur._tion
a]on_ the span
metry of the
for

different

and

5,

b=.

carves

by

is

the

the lift

This

of

L2

integral

obtained

values

wherein

pressed

that

plotted

the

r = b2/b I =
The

4,

the

arithmetical
abscissa,
In

Fig.

4,

of

in

Fig.

the

ib 2 +

for

s_me

values

tains

the

ratio

mean
but

'

between

the

gap

the

spans,

5,

the

are

for

values

of

b_

0.8

ancl C.8,

in

which

Figs.
is

ex-

b_
b_

plotted

taken

I
i
I

from

!.

b 2,

is

taken

_ I - r
l+r

= De_,
for

we

r'

a die.gram

Values

bio!ane

r = constant

D_2
as

the

- b_
+b_

for

Since

of

and
as

is

the
employed.

and
obtain

= 1
r

in

to

Fig.

the

Table

similar

the

I con-

Fig.

4.

of

o.o5
0.780
0.690
0.540

0.655
0.600
0.485

0.561
0.523
0.437

0.485
0.459
0.394

.m

This

formula

is

constructed

in

\
t

for
L_

self-induced
=

L_,

b_

(3)

G
and

ratio

r = b--_>l
q
O_
'

!.000
0.800
0.600

b_

b:

constant.

nq

curves

of

1.0
0.8
0.6

by plani-

shown

quantity

= D=I

Table

r =

elliptica!ly

1.0,

arc

(I),

equation*

D,=
Fig.

results

unnamed

In

is distributed

has been eva!uatcd

for

O/b I.

to equation

= b

drag
and

D_
G =

O,

similsr

L_
wqbi: whereby

into
c

manner
which
equals

to

the

it passes
1.

formula
when

- 7 Table
0.2,5

r:

!.0
0.8
0.6

O. 420
O. 4CI
0.551

The
and,

values

imatioa

0.35

0.370
0.3_5
0.3!5

0.52'7
0.315
0.385

in

b_

between

Values

0.3

of

therefore,

I.

the

: b_

most

: b,

O/'b = 1/15

end

More

exact

is the

I +

mate

obtains
fornmla

for

0.390
0 "_2
0.255

0.258
0.,U52
O. 2',Z1
case,

represented
_-b

0.5
0.?30
00'

_here

(with

: 1/4)

the

_l

further,

the

value

is

approx-

b7

O/O

and
simply

The

1/2.

T;e fl._t

constructed.

corresponding

quantities

= t

and,

if

0.8
(fcr

to
x

the

a_

bm(I -

sp_ke of

approxi-

+ b_
2

o_)

and,

- 0.I

brevity)

we

s - 0.22

b_
b_

ascur..e

3/'-b

1/15
less

_,

auxi!isry

0.56

and

of

r =

good

b_
calculate

0.210

(4)

+ 3.7

O/b

0,45

formula

= 1.05

between

0.4

I - o.. sol b

which

(Cont.)

_,t

5.3

approximztion

dl

innertent

arc

-"
o, =

of

-b_
+ _ua

_l

-r
1-

-I-

--

__._._

,"7,0

"r .i

_V_
...:.

Numerical
bI =
and
of

12
let

mutual

Examnle.

(39.37

the

gap

influence

ft.)
O =

Let
and

2 m
_

a biplane

h,._v_ an

_ ]ower-._ing
(6.56

for

the

ft.)
drag

span

to

b2 =

calculate

D_.

unDer-win_
I0
the

s_n
($2.8

ft.)

coefficient

8 We first
bm =

(b_

calculato

+ b_)/2

.....
_._

to

II.0

equation

for

equation

the

sPke

(5),

of

we

= !

for

the mean s_an

'38.09
,

m
(4),

I_,

-_:,

wc

5.3

ft.)

now
1

compariscn,

Then

The

by

agreement

0.1918

we

interpolation

make

0.511,

cal_iation

_/t

_"
_;hencc

I l+r

--

0.0909

_ = 0.511
=

Interpolation

0.61!
in

from

we, obtain

3,

the

x 0.489

we

0.I

0.I

!.432

0.85Z

0.1195

0.0635.
_
n.

+ 0.06552

!_

0.6935

5 @ires

get

= 0.100

r = 0.0909

0.509

auxiliar,_,

0.22

= 10/12

Fitre

J_ = 0.5il.

satisf:_.ctcry.

0.56
+ O.lOO-

r = bm/b_
, =

quite

x 0.511

0.511

Therefore

O.ISiC

0.509

the

fror" Fig.

therefore,

s = 0.8
t

2/'11 =

Eet

i_,

Takin_

obt_,in

I - 0.6_
0.i_!8
1.035
+ 3.7
x 0.]$18
Lastly_

G/bm

_ = 0.490.

values:

-9-

The
plane,

induced

3.

The

the

upyer

drag

of

D:

= D,I

Biplane.

win=_,

for

tLe

that

of

the

lower

D2

Where
dra_

rents
drag
by

of

the

the

olane

lowez

drag

is

_ing

b_

stagger,

as

is

diminished

the

bower

wing;

wing

is

increased,

c_Irrent

the

_ b_

=-rrq

+D_2

a oositive

air

I,2
b_ I

is

-_

is

b7

downward

total

wing

+.he upper

oroduced
of

the

thcre

+ D_2
r_q

the

bi-

is
L. 2

and

unstagscrGd

same

as

in

the

is

by

but,

produced

+ L_ _ "_

on

the

the

to

exactly

by

the

case

generally

the

upward

other

hand,

the

upper

air

curthe

same

wing,

case,

extent,
so

that

oi" 9.n unstaggered

bi-

and
2

With
and

: D_

the
_,

givcn
the

distributed
ssme

as
For

+ D_

i.l___i_<
= _q
b_

values

question
on

that
this

the

of

an

of

the

total

naturally
two

wings

unstaggered

purpose,

let

L_
b_

+ 3 _

L2
b2

+ ____
L_ _ h/
b_

lift,

L,

arises
so

that

as
the

to

(7)

and
how

total

of

the

b_,
lift

dra=_ will

b_,
must
be

be
the

biplane.
L2 =

Lx,

or

L I =

(I

x)

and

* The approximate
formula
(given
in Technische
Barichte,
Volume
I!,
No. 2, p.275)
for the induced
drag,
based
on rather
uncertain
analoTies,
does not
satisfactorily
stand
the test by the more
exact
formula
(7).
Its a_reement
with
the measurements
of 'Yunk s_ems
to point
to inaccuracies
in these
measurements,
which
were made
in
the old wind tunnel.

let
in

us

seek

a value

equation

(7)

caJ.cu]ation

of

is

i0-

for

which

a minimum.

the

Taking

expression

b2/b

_ =

in

r,

breckets

a very

simple

gives

X -

r
1

r+

(8)
_c

If

this

minimum

value

of

is

value

of

the

put

in

induced

equation

we

have,

for

the

drag,

L_"
Dmi n -

(7),

I-

_qb_ 2

z (r

_ _
+ !

(9)

_ 2_)

In
the

the

special

formulas

become

in

other

We

also

words,

case

when

b_

simpler.

the

lift

As

i_

= b_
is

equally

and,

easily

therefore,
I
x = _,

seen,

divided

r = I,

between

the

or,
two

wings*.

have
La

1 + _

D I,

of

(9a)

L_

is

_qb_ _
spsn

b_

eration.
and

course

_7hich
The

(ga)
of

the

gives

factor

thus

induced

__ves

the

drag,
same

following
the

is plotted

ratio

lift

as

this

expression

D/D I =

agsinst

G/b_

the

a monoplane
biplane
in

K
and

In
r

_-ith a
under

consid-

equations

Figure

(9)
the

= b_/b_.

* These
relations
are not quite
exact,
since
the influence
of the
component
of the disturbed
flow,
v,
pawa!lel
to
V,
has been
neglected
for simplicity.
With
more precise
computation,
it appears
that it is not the lift,
but the circulations
of the t_.o
wings
whichmust
be equal,
in order
to obtain
the minimum
drag.
The lifts
are then in the r_otio
V + v
to
V - v.
The effect
of
this correction
on the mmgnitude
of the drag, hc_ever,
vanishes
for all practical
purposec.
**The
quantity
ume
II, No. 2,

k,
introduced
by
p.187)
is equivalent

l__ur.k(TecbD_ische
to
1/j_

Ber1_s_te,

Vol-

- II
It

i_ seen that

all

biplanes

monoplane and that

that
is

is,

when

also

gap

mean

it

that

the

the

among

and

the

the

given

loner

with

the

sr_me

only

is obtained

wings

Lsve

span,

drag

the

tot_.i

when

the
drag

safe

l,

span.

decreases

biplane

an_

the

bipl___e,

in

ior

to

and

the

12

one

If

the
upper

assio_ned

same

It
as

the

to

on

Table

a very

span

of

wing,
the

both

then

lower
the

wing,

oroportion

wings

w'.ngs

arrangements,
the

same

greater

(32.8

ft.)

is

(36.0o_

ft.)

sT-an.

it formation

it

load.

than

a biplane

give

ha_e

that

the
with

li_tl_

on

same
wing

super-

Figure
all

as

these

11_t
"_ _:e caieulaticn.

the

lower

II,

whose

that

that

....

seen

lO

the

case).

both

and

_n_

that

is

ll

fact

with

convinced
it

of

from

_ame

of

I/J_-times

be

to

particular

other

a monoplane

It does

_aocrior

the

both
to

way,

wings

each

having

bini_ne,

sFan

to

all

(apart
in

superior

ft.)

two

s_.naller th__n in

loading

order

(39.$7

with

is

_.th

the

with

biplanes

comps.re

corresponding

relations

the

In

and

span,

for

states

calculated

the

_zisunderstood.

and

be

load,

to

be

once

merely

to

given

of

is

analysis

necessary

spans

however,

biplane

maximum

drag.

not,

monoplanes

same

total

is

end

must

The

enables

that

of

drag than the equi-r.lent

minilu_m dr_

uDper

What,

result

monoplane.

of

have less

increases.

not

the

seen

The

is

their

(which

wing

is

portion
in

would

as

the

lift

of

order
to

taken

to

the

produce

spans.

seem

to

smaller
that
the

If we
be

mort

than
must

that

be

mini:.mlm dra_,
adopt

eoual

desir_-b_-e),

then

the

The
to

lower

ratio
the

may

_,,ing will

x,

smaller

also

be

have

_hich

gives

v_ing,

is

taken

from

12

smaller

the

in

1500
at

numerical

kg

an

(3_C7

altitude

0.065

wlncs
the

of

told the

V_hat are

the

for

From
Hence,

head

the

490
1010

kg

(7.68
ft. 2)
13
the

(!9685

(22?7

for

lb./ft._),
of

which

m = (140
winz

ft. m)

chords

the
27
to
are

ft.).
o

o_
2

this

40

Let

the

total

the

uoper

lift

dotted

dimensions

wing,

assigned

lines

m/sec.

- 5Z

lift

particular

given

fl:r with

the

lift

calculation,

_.nd

load

(IZ1.23

density"

_he

bm

uoper

bet_veen

them

distribution

of

r = 0.,8Z3

and

the

of

ft./sec.)
?
Pg

kg/m 2 (10.65

on

in

ib./fZ2).
and

and

lo,Ter
what

is

lift?

o = 0.490.

(8),

the

lb.).

V =

of

0.83Z
- O.'_o0
-0.853
+ 1.200
- 0.960

lower

(1080 3 lb..) and

kg

to

distribution

former

of

expected

total

equation

lift

the

of. the

x :

The

is

pressure

best

drag

from

8 km

the

6 by

, of

a velocity

fractions

the

ind_ced

and

than

iI.

examole,

lb.)

of

Figare

}:Llm_r_ca_
_ :
_ Exam._le .- A binlane
previous

&erd

flacBion

shown
Table

If

wing

that
we

total

(L

on

then
area

the
_.95

lower
m

the

2_

(7.Z8

ft.)

load

wines

falls

',_ing.

to

Hence,
and

150C

x 0.Z26

.,_
1500
_._n_, _

upper

the

0.328

becomes

assume
of

m 2 ,'2S0 6 ft

x)

of

$7.5

will

be

the

upper

for

the

1.Z0

490

kg/m 2

.40 m 2

(430.6

.wing
o=iven

(4.27

and
spans,

ft.),

resoect-2vely.
*
* If we consider
the horizontal
component
v
of the disturbed
flow
in the same way as Betz
(Technische
Berichte,
Vol.
I, _To.4, o.10v),
then the chord of the upper
wing
is somewh2.t less and that of the
lower
r_ing corresnondingly
greater.
=.,_s correction
is, ho'cever,
reduced
again
by the influence
mentioned
in the footnote
on ?.10.

The

coefficient

of

13

equation

1 0.835
and

(9)

L2

_:

5.14

Table
Values

15002

0.?
0.8
0.9
l,O

0.980)

0.25

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

Values
_'/bl
,-,.'

,_

0.6

0.8
0.9

_
{

0
0

!.o

o/o

07 I o

for

the

Biplane.

o.!

ol

0.35

0.4

0.992
0.849
0.800
0.744
0.684

0.875
0.SZO
0.778
0. 719
O. 662

0.861
0.812
O. 758
0. 699
0.645

L_

x-

T
0

+ L

for

05

1:he

0.2
0_932
O. 897
0.855
0.807
0.742

0.45
0.848
0.797
0.740
0.683
0.629

0.5
0.839
0.783
0

_o

O. 671
0.615

Biolane

0.I

0.I

O, 104
0.164
0.246
O- 359
O. _00

0-]34
0.203
0.285
0.387
0. 500

O. O6O
0.105
0.172
O.3O3
0.500

o.15
0.954
0.926
0.892
847
0.779

_Z! ..

0.5

of

kg (ZS2.S lb.)

82.7

0.956
0.932
0.8,,o0""
0.327

0.91!
0.871
0.825
0.775
0.710

144

Ii

0.990
0.982
0.974
0.950
0.890

1.000
1.000
1,000
1.OCO

G/b 1

0.05

i.o00

---- 0._

52

K = D/D I

of

G/b,

r=

0.865

1.20

0.865

n'qb,__

r=

becomes

0.490

(0.8;_'_15 +

now

hence
D =

.
02
O- 1_=-7
0-228
0.310
0. 402
500

14-

Table
Values

G/b:
r=

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
!.0

In
of

I!

x = ___,'L

0.25

0.3

O. 176
0.249
0.327
O. 412,
0.500

O. 19 _
O. 262
0.558
O. Al9
0. 500

like

of

2-

manner,

(56.09

in

ft.)

the

span

The

frictional

above

example,

for

(36.6

lb.)

which,

togethor

total

drag

on

win T.

the

S = 40

In

order

be

_ssumed
between

the

middle

results
the

upper

(See
is

the
and

obtained
and

footnote

different.

lower
on

the

wings

p.!O).

of

may

m_

the

biplane

with

_ = 0.755

0.224
0.294
O. 364
0.433
0.500

two

wings

and

86.0

!:_ (189.6

0.008

this

induced

0.5

qS.

gives

drag,

lb.)

In

16.6

the

kg

represents

the

Triolane.

in
the

the

the

wings

bio!ane
the
lift

same

problem

have

Under

have

taken
ft _)

the

middle

The

be

(430.6

wings

wings.

with

0.218
0.288
O. 361
O. 431
O. _00

treated

and

lower

0.211
0.281
0.355
0.4.99
0.500

0.511),

The

three

upper

O. 902
0.272
O. 34-7
0.4_5
O. 500

as

complicating

gap

0.45

drag

to

all

_i_lane.

may

that

the

-- 0.755
!_00 _
3.14 x 52 x 121

trip!ane
avoid

be

for

0.4

with

4.

The

(Col]t.)

0.35

case

(0

Note:

Ii

is

these
it

may

same
of

the

way

as

the

biplane.

unnecessarily,
same

span

and

the

same

as

conditions,
be
lift

assumed
for

middle

the
wing,

let
that

it

the

betv:een
from

at

the

once

that

minimmm
however,

drag

- 15Patting
sum

of

the

For

and

the

the

be

wings

D_

- v.qb_

D_

- _qb

D3

= _

the

be

are

_ + o_

The

values

of

from

the

broken

line

than

!/3

and

tain

the

load

the
than

minimum

distribution

of

a
C
_

are

apert

is

o 7 and

we

G.
%.

need

to dis-

apart,
Let

The

and

the

the

corre-

induced

drags

<L(L,
.

+ c'=L_
L3 )
L2

O_ L_L 3 +

L:

L_

L_L3)]

o_

end

L_L3).

are

L_

expressed

in

have

2x

(I + %
+

o_

2 _ _\
- 4c_)

(lo)

! _- (;s - 8_
3 + _2 - 4_
for

x
in

middle
either
drag.
the

the

when

smaller

_L_L2

+ x 2 (3

a minimum,

which

by

msmncr,
we

since

- x)/2,

accordingly:

(L_ = +

x,

(I

influence,

wings,

denoted

[(L_

- 2r_qb _

will

mu$_al

distance

(L_

above

and

L2

This

of

whose

L_ : L3 -- L
L.

adjacent

nines

individual

of

equal

coefficients

in

then

coefficient

bottom

if,
terms

must

between

sponding
of

lifts

the

ti_@uish
top

L2 - L x,

lift

different

Fi E . 7.
wine
the
The

(I!)

The

value

should,
top
error

between

or

of

therefore,
bottom

due
the

O/b

ratios

to
three

is

in

(x

seen
less

have

order

as_m-_ption

wines

be

always

always

wing,
the

can

a
to

of
I/Z)

ob-

equsl
is,

- i6
however,

smal].,

as shown by Figare

7 and Table

Table
Best

Subdivision
Values

Lift

x-

(L_

for

L_
+ L2

Triplane

+ L3

--

i O lel _

Values
a)
b)
c)
d)

Binlane
Triplane
with
x = I/Z
Best
triplane
Best
wing
system

o.15

o._

O. i90

0.202

x =

1
o.os i
o.!
1
,

o.o

G/b I

II!.

of

of

Iii.

of

o.177

_ = D/D i

!.CO0

O. 890

t"
0.027

0.779

7d2

1.000
!.000
1.000

0.889
0.885
0.865

0.824
0.813
0.787

0.774
0.767
0.728

0.732
0.724
0.678

G/b_

0.25

x=

0.5

i
I

0.212

Two

additional

pose

of

like

Figure

_nd

so

sure
of

arranged

and

this

8,

the
__ng

that
that

lower
system

of
0.684

0.695
0.687
0.63'7

O. 656
0.601

0.662

have

been

0.650
0.572

plotted

a biplane,

the

is,

for

a biplane

closed

has

0.244'

i 0.251

o.c451

0.629!

0.607
0.545

for

upper

portion

0.238

0.615

o.3
06371o6,
l o ,to T

one

the

0.5

_ = D/D I

,,.7]0

curves

comparison,

0.45

Values
Binlane
Triplane
with
x = I/5
c) Best
triplane
d) Best wing
systsml

0.4

L
o._31
I

0.222

a)
b)

C.55

to

been

Dortion
inward
evaluated

is

in

Fig.

other

for

laterally

subject

pressure.
accordin_

to
The
to

O. 585
0.521

7 for

the

a _ving
by

C. 565
0.500

pur-

system

panels

outward
induced
a method

oresdrag
which

I
/
/
/
I
...................................................................................

-J

cannot

here

induced

drag

h_ht
to

be

into

in

al!

wing

systems

of

(sum

of

the

a multiplane,

serting

required
which

closer

nt_r._ed_a_e
nite

of

obtain,

in

as

for

win_

For
Grammel

the

the
and

Table

the

If

v;ings

we

:Tings

and

:?ings.

number

the

top

are

load

of

the

system

of

Fig_re

Poh]hausen.

and

actly

total
at

Exem,_le.drag
height

the

be

o_ =

x-

0.21

of
of

for

G/b

0.606
and

for

center

coefficients,

a triplane

more

!imitin_

s_nd in-

continues

to

provided

Zhe

maintained,

in

load

then

case

oz

of

dimensions

-_
d_g,

am

results

same

an

the
infi-

and

induced

G,

drag

may

indeb __ea_ to _essrs.

be

taken

frcm

Fire, re

and
(from

_2

It

,<__

(]_2)
1.04

is

2.5

the

0.125

!
b

to
a

ft.)

obtain
span

,,hen

height.
and

= 0.421.

equation

2._i

_ith

(8.2
total

desired

a tri_iane

~
=

induced

total

8.

i_

of

drag

leo_t

Approximately

Numerical

the

same

from

to_ather,

the

has

dimensions

induced

carry

outside

this

The

the

orocecd

_
_e , the
._ultl_.la_

case

of

and

theoretically

wings

the

system

over-all

placed

consider

vithin

we

the

is

_"inT

span

If

the

bottom

_=

calculation

III.

like

surfaces,

of

extreme

cf

maintaining

the

subiivision

This

gs-ps).

supporting

the

the

detal].*

individuel

v.hile

further

decree_se,

and

gone

17-

(I0))

for

Hence
_

G/b
(from

I
= _

of

the
The

the
I0

coefficient
m

middle

(32.81
"lint

ft)
is

ex-

mutual-influence
= 0.25,
equation

,
_the

are

found

to

(!I)

e}:preszion

in

* ! h_ve hrief!y
indicated
the line of er_ament
in my lecture
before the Hamburg
meeting
of the '?issenschaftliche
Oesellschaft
fur
Luftfahrt,
and it will be included
in the printed
report
of the
lecture.

= C .007.
_

brackets)
The

biplane

dle

wing,

wino_s,
The

which
while

gives

and

derived

keepin_

who_e
has

a nT_ch greater
Fi_ure

is

_ap
G =

drag.

8 gives

Translated
by
N9__ional
Advisory
for Aeronautics.

we

take

iustead,
frcm

the

K = 0_710.

biplane,

triolsne

If,

- 18

sane

The
is

In

this

K = 0.637.

Con:_riztee

triplane

distance

three

equal

1.25

thc

1
.x = -3'

to

(4.1
case_

ft.)

by

between

values
the

we

sum
will,

thus
of

_ = 0.803.

_ = r_.593

removing
the

differ

the
on

get

two

thc
The

two

thc

mid-

ou_ex

slightly.
gaps

of

contrarF,
wing

the
have

sFstem

of

t
J

Fig,l.

:i in

'

Elliptical
di_tzibutiou

and _ectangulaz
of lift.

!
\
Fig.2.

Distuzbance
of
around
_ wing.

J_

flow

Figs,3

& 4,

_lane

1.0

a/b_
0._0

C O.

0o8
0.6

e 0,3o

0,4

m
n
o
r
s
u

0,2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0,6
-0.8
-_.0

FiE. 3,

Vertical
velocity
and the

1.O_[

0.9

l
_,

....

component
of the disturbance
plotted
_gainst
the lateral
vertical
distance
from
the wing.

't

o. l

.....

I
_I..... -,_"

I !
"

O.1

0.3

0.2

o._,

0.5

bI + b2

G/' 2
oefficient

of

m,_v_/

Gt_b_+ b_ .

i:fi,_ence

o'.

_=b_/b_

0.25
0.20
0.15
O.lO
0.05
0.00

Figs,5

& 6.

G/
0.9

bl

'

_" b2
2

o.7

0.6"
0-5

=.00
b = .05
C : .I0
d =.20

._..

e
f =._0
. 0

g =.50

0.4_
-

0.3 "-_---

-f==---_

O.1

:o.6

_,_2

. o5 . zo.75.2o.25
b I-

b2

bl+b
2
coefficient
of nutual

Fig.5. The

Blotted

against

influence

bl-

b2

bl+

b2

s _,

.5

0.9

-+
r4
.--I

0.8

" 0.7

06o

3_

,t

"_1

"--l-1

I!

11 t_' / /
I1 p
il

I"

f" ....
0.5 o

.z

i
.2

.3

.5

.4.

G
1
Fig.6.

Distribution

coefficient

and

efficiency

K
!

of

biplane

plotted

against

;),l

G/b l,

with

z=b2/bl.

.5

I i _
0.9 _
l

I i
--! L

"

r '

..

_ ....

_J.....:___

x=_/3

__

':.....
.2

1
_

0.5

)lane
,_ith x=l/3

.l

.a

'

.3

._

.5

G/D
Fig.7.

Efficiency
coefficient

K of various
wing
systems
of distribution
of wing

x,

triplane.

for

the

i
Fig.8.

Best

_ving

system.

and
loads