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BandCombinations

Landsat5(TMsensor) Wavelength(micrometers) Resolution(meters)

Band1
0.450.52
30
Band2
0.520.60
30
Band3
0.630.69
30
Band4
0.760.90
30
Band5
1.551.75
30
Band6
10.4012.50
120
Band7
2.082.35
30

Landsat7(ETM+sensor) Wavelength(microme
Band1
0.450.515
Band2
0.5250.605
Band3
0.630.69
Band4
0.750.90
Band5
1.551.75
Band6
10.4012.5
Band7
2.092.35
PanBand
.52.90

GroundFeature
Water
Urban
Farmland
Forest
SaltScald
Scrub
Parks/Golf

LandCoverType
Water
Urban
Farmland
Forest
SaltScald
Remnant
Vegetation
Irrigated
Vegetation

TerrainFeature

Water
Bodies

Soil

Vegetation

ManMade
Materials

SnowandIce

BandsUsed
1,2,31,2,41,4,5
1,2,31,4,5
1,2,31,4,5
1,2,31,4,5
1,2,31,4,5
1,4,5
1,2,3

Contrast
Manipulation
No
Yesband4(1,4,5)
Yesband4(1,4,5)
Yesband4(1,4,5)
Yesband4(1,4,5)
Yesband4(1,4,5)
No

Limits
No
Yesband4(1,4,5)
Yesband4(1,4,5)
Yesband4(1,4,5)
Yesband4(1,4,5)
Yesband4(1,4,5)
No

SpectralBandCombination
Band1,4&7/Band1,2&3
Band1,4&7
Band1,2&3
Band1,4&7
Band1,2&3
Band1,4&7
Band1,4&7

ReflectanceResponse
Generallyreflecthighinthevisiblespectrum,however,clearerwaterhas
lessreflectancethanturbidwater.IntheNearIRandMidIRregions
waterincreasinglyabsorbsthelightmakingitdarker.Thisisdependent
uponwaterdepthandwavelength.Increasingamountsofdissolved
inorganicmaterialsinwaterbodiestendtoshiftthepeakofvisible
reflectancetowardtheredregionfromthegreenregion(clearerwater)of
thespectrum.
Northernlatitudeshaveblacksoilsandtropicalregionshaveredsoils.
Soilreflectancedecreasesasorganicmatterincreases.Assoilmoisture
increases,reflectanceofsoildecreasesatallwavelengths.Textureof
soilwillcauseincreasedreflectancewithdecreasedparticlesize,i.e.,the
biggerparticles(rocks,sand,andsoils)basicallycastalargershadow.
Thespectralreflectanceisbasedonthechlorophyllandwaterabsorption
intheleaf.Needleshaveadarkerresponsethanleaves.Therewillbe
variousshadesofvegetationbasedontype,leafstructure,moisture
contentandhealthoftheplant.
Concreteandasphaltbothdisplayspectralcurvesthatgenerallyincrease
fromthevisiblethroughtheNearIRandMidIRregions.However,as
concreteages,itbecomesdarkerandasasphaltagesitbecomeslighter.
Oldsnowmaydevelopacompactedcrustandthemoisturecontent
increaseswhichmakeitlessreflectiveintheNearIRandMidIRregion.
ItispossibletocompareoldandnewsnowbyitsMidIRreflectance.

R,G,B

4,3,2

PotentialInformationContent

Thestandard"falsecolor"composite.Vegetationappearsinshadesofred,urban
areasarecyanblue,andsoilsvaryfromdarktolightbrowns.Ice,snowandclouds
arewhiteorlightcyan.Coniferoustreeswillappeardarkerredthanhardwoods.
Thisisaverypopularbandcombinationandisusefulforvegetationstudies,
monitoringdrainageandsoilpatternsandvariousstagesofcropgrowth.Generally,
deepredhuesindicatebroadleafand/orhealthiervegetationwhilelighterredssignify
grasslandsorsparselyvegetatedareas.Denselypopulatedurbanareasareshownin
lightblue.ThisTMbandcombinationgivesresultssimilartotraditionalcolorinfrared
aerialphotography.
The"naturalcolor"bandcombination.Becausethevisiblebandsareusedinthis
combination,groundfeaturesappearincolorssimilartotheirappearancetothe

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3,2,1

7,4,2

4,5,1

4,5,3

7,5,3

5,4,3

5,4,1

7,5,4

5,3,1

BandCombinations

humanvisualsystem,healthyvegetationisgreen,recentlyclearedfieldsarevery
light,unhealthyvegetationisbrownandyellow,roadsaregray,andshorelinesare
white.Thisbandcombinationprovidesthemostwaterpenetrationandsuperior
sedimentandbathymetricinformation.Itisalsousedforurbanstudies.Cleared
andsparselyvegetatedareasarenotaseasilydetectedhereasinthe451or432
combination.Cloudsandsnowappearwhiteandaredifficulttodistinguish.Also
notethatvegetationtypesarenotaseasilydistinguishedasthe451combination.
The321combinationdoesnotdistinguishshallowwaterfromsoilaswellasthe753
combinationdoes.
Thiscombinationprovidesa"naturallike"rendition,whilealsopenetrating
atmosphericparticlesandsmoke.Healthyvegetationwillbeabrightgreenandcan
saturateinseasonsofheavygrowth,grasslandswillappeargreen,pinkareas
representbarrensoil,orangesandbrownsrepresentsparselyvegetatedareas.Dry
vegetationwillbeorangeandwaterwillbeblue.Sands,soilsandmineralsare
highlightedinamultitudeofcolors.Thisbandcombinationprovidesstrikingimagery
fordesertregions.Itisusefulforgeological,agriculturalandwetlandstudies.If
therewereanyfiresinthisimagetheywouldappearred.Thiscombinationisusedin
thefiremanagementapplicationsforpostfireanalysisofburnedandnonburned
forestedareas.Urbanareasappearinvaryingshadesofmagenta.Grasslands
appearaslightgreen.Thelightgreenspotsinsidethecityindicategrassylandcover
parks,cemeteries,golfcourses.Olivegreentobrightgreenhuesnormallyindicate
forestedareaswithconiferousforestbeingdarkergreenthandeciduous.
Healthyvegetationappearsinshadesofreds,browns,orangesandyellows.Soils
maybeingreensandbrowns,urbanfeaturesarewhite,cyanandgray,brightblue
areasrepresentrecentlyclearcutareasandreddishareasshownewvegetation
growth,probablysparsegrasslands.Clear,deepwaterwillbeverydarkinthis
combination,ifthewaterisshalloworcontainssedimentsitwouldappearasshades
oflighterblue.Forvegetationstudies,theadditionoftheMidIRbandincreases
sensitivityofdetectingvariousstagesofplantgrowthorstresshowevercaremustbe
takenininterpretationifacquisitioncloselyfollowsprecipitation.UseofTM4andTM
5showshighreflectanceinhealthyvegetatedareas.Itishelpfultocompareflooded
areasandredvegetatedareaswiththecorrespondingcolorsinthe321combination
toassurecorrectinterpretation.Thisisnotagoodbandcombinationforstudying
culturalfeaturessuchasroadsandrunways.
ThiscombinationofnearIR(Band4),midIR(Band5)andred(Band3)offersadded
definitionoflandwaterboundariesandhighlightssubtledetailsnotreadilyapparentin
thevisiblebandsalone.Inlandlakesandstreamscanbelocatedwithgreater
precisionwhenmoreinfraredbandsareused.Withthisbandcombination,
vegetationtypeandconditionshowasvariationsofhues(browns,greensand
oranges),aswellasintone.The4,5,3combinationdemonstratesmoisture
differencesandisusefulforanalysisofsoilandvegetationconditions.Generally,the
wetterthesoil,thedarkeritappears,becauseoftheinfraredabsorptioncapabilitiesof
water.
Thisbandcombinationalsoprovidesa"naturallike"renditionwhilealsopenetrating
atmosphericparticles,smokeandhaze.Vegetationappearsinshadesofdarkand
lightgreenduringthegrowingseason,urbanfeaturesarewhite,gray,cyanorpurple,
sands,soilsandmineralsappearinavarietyofcolors.Thealmostcomplete
absorptionofMidIRbandsinwater,iceandsnowprovideswelldefinedcoastlines
andhighlightedsourcesofwaterwithintheimage.Snowandiceappearasdark
blue,waterisblackordarkblue.Hotsurfacessuchasforestfiresandvolcano
calderassaturatetheMidIRbandsandappearinshadesofredoryellow.One
particularapplicationforthiscombinationismonitoringforestfires.Duringseasons
oflittlevegetationgrowththe742combinationshouldbesubstituted.Flooded
areasshouldlookverydarkblueorblack,comparedwiththe321combinationin
whichshallowfloodedregionsappeargrayandaredifficulttodistinguish.
Likethe451combination,thiscombinationprovidestheuserwithagreatamountof
informationandcolorcontrast.Healthyvegetationisbrightgreenandsoilsare
mauve.Whilethe742combinationincludesTM7,whichhasthegeological
information,the543combinationusesTM5whichhasthemostagricultural
information.Thiscombinationisusefulforvegetationstudies,andiswidelyusedin
theareasoftimbermanagementandpestinfestation.
Thiswilllooksimilartothe742combinationinthathealthyvegetationwillbebright
green,exceptthe541combinationisbetterforagriculturalstudies.
Thiscombinationinvolvesnovisiblebands.Itprovidesthebestatmospheric
penetration.Coastlinesandshoresarewelldefined.Itmaybeusedtofind
texturalandmoisturecharacteristicsofsoils.Vegetationappearsblue.Iftheuser
prefersgreenvegetation,a745combinationshouldbesubstituted.Thisband
combinationcanbeusefulforgeologicalstudies.
Thiscombinationdisplaytopographictextureswhile731maydisplaydifferencesin
rocktypes.

LandsatThematicMapper(TM)
Band1(0.450.52um):providesincreasedpenetrationofwaterbodiesandalsocapableofdifferentiatingsoilandrocksurfaces
fromvegetationandfordetectingculturalfeatures.
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BandCombinations

Band2(0.520.60um):itissensitivetowaterturbiditydifferencesithighlightedtheturbidwaterintheBarkleyLake.Becauseit
coversthegreenreflectancepeakfromleafsurfaces,ithasseparatedvegetation(forest,croplandswithstandingcrops)fromsoil.In
thisbandbarrenlandsurbanareasandroadsandhighwayshaveappearedasbrighter(lighter)tone,butforest,vegetation,bare
croplands,croplandswithstandingcropshaveappearedasdark(black)tone.AlsotheKentuckyLakehasappearedasblacktone.
Band3(0.630.69um):sensesinastrongchlorophyllabsorptionregionandstrongreflectanceregionformostsoils.Ithas
discriminatedvegetationandsoil.Butitcouldntseparatedwaterandforest.Forestlandandwaterbothhaveappearedasdarktone.
Thisbandhashighlightedbarrenlands,urbanareas,streetpatternintheurbanareaandhighways.Ithasalsoseparatedcroplands
withstandingcropsfrombarecroplandswithstubble.
Band4(0.760.90um):operatesinthebestspectralregiontodistinguishvegetationvarietiesandconditions.Becausewaterisa
strongabsorberofnearIR,thisbandhasdelineatedwaterbodies(lakesandsinkholes),distinguishedbetweendryandmoistsoils
(barrenlandandcroplands).Inthisbandcroplandsandgrasslandshaveshowedhigherreflectance(brightertone)thantheforest.
Thisbandhasalsoseparatedcroplandsfrombarecroplands.Sincestandingcrops(vegetation)hashigherreflectanceinthenearIR
region,theyhaveappearedasbrightertoneandduetopresenceofmoisturecontentinthebarecroplands,theyhaveappearedas
darkertone.Intheband4barrenlands,urbanareasandhighwayshavenotbeenhighlightedandtheyappearedasdarktone.Band4
isusefulforcropidentificationandemphasizessoilcropandlandwatercontrast.
Band5(1.551.75um):issensitivetotheturgidityoramountofwaterinplants.Band5hasseparatedforestlands,croplands,
waterbodydistinctly.Forestshaveappearedascomparativelydarkertonethanthecroplands(lightgray).Band5hasseparatedwater
body(darktone)frombarrenlands,croplands,andgrasslands(lightertone).Sinceurbanareaandcroplandshaverespondedalmost
insamespectralreflectanceband5couldnotbeabletoseparatetheseareas.
Band7(2.082.35um):hasseparatedlandandwatersharply.Band7hasstrongwaterabsorptionregionandstrongreflectance
regionforsoilandrock.Urbanarea,croplands,highways,barecroplandshaveappearedasbrighttoneandwaterbody,foresthave
appearedasdarktone.

Ratiotransformationsoftheremotelysenseddatacanbeappliedtoreducetheeffectsofenvironment.Ratiosalsoprovideunique
informationandsubtlespectralreflectanceorcolordifferencesbetweensurfacematerialsthatareoftendifficulttodetectina
standardimage.Itisalsousefulfordiscriminatingbetweensoilsandvegetation.
ThenumberofpossibleratiocombinationsforamultispectralsensorwithPbandsisn=P(P1).ThusfortheTMssixreflectance
bandstherearethirtydifferentratiocombinations15originaland15reciprocal.Forthepurposeofthisstudytenbandratioswere
examinedtoidentifytheLULCfeatures.
TM3/TM4:Thisratiohasdefinedbarrenlandsandurbanareauniquely.Butitcouldnotdefinewaterbody,forestsandcroplands.
TM4/TM3:Thisratiodistinguishedvegetation,waterandcroplands.Ithasenhancedforests,barrenlands.Becauseforestsor
vegetationexhibitshigherreflectanceinnearIRregion(0.760.90um)andstrongabsorptioninredregion(0.630.69um)region.
Thisratiouniquelydefinesthedistributionofvegetation.Thelighterthetone,thegreatertheamountofvegetationpresent.
TM5/TM7:Thisratioseparatedlandandwateruniquely.Sincesoilsexhibitstrongabsorptionintheband7(2.082.35um)andhigh
reflectanceinband5(1.551.75um),soilhasbeenenhancedinthisratio.Landhasappearedaslightertoneandwaterappearedas
darktone.
TM2/TM3:thisratiohasdistinguishedcroplands,barrenlandssharply.Butithasntseparatedcroplands,forestsandwaterbody.
Bothforestsandwaterbodyhasappearedaslightertoneandbarrenlandappearedhasdarktone.Itdidnotenhanceurbanarea.
Chlorophyllhasstrongreflectanceintheband2(0.520.60um)regionandstrongabsorptionintheband3(0.630.69um)region,
vegetationhasappearedashighertone.
TM3/TM2:Thisratiohasseparatedforestsandcroplands.Becauseband3(0.630.69mm)istheredchlorophyllabsorptionbandof
healthygreenvegetationandband2(0.520.69mm)isthereflectancebandfromleafsurfaces.Thisratiocanbeusefulto
discriminatebroadclassesofvegetation.Croplandshaveappearedaslighter(brighter)toneandforestsappearedasdarktone.
TM4/TM5:Itenhancesthewaterbody,vegetationandpresenceofmoisturecontentinthecroplands.Waterbodyhasappearedas
darktoneandvegetationaslightertone.BecausewaterisastrongabsorberinnearIRregion(band4)andhigherreflectanceinband
5region.Itcanbeusefulfordiscriminatingwaterbodiesfromland.
TM5/TM4:Ithasseparatedwaterbodyfromforest,barrenlandsandvegetation.Inthisratiowaterhasappearedasdarktoneand
forest,barrenlands,barecroplandsallhaveexhibitedbrightertone.
TM5/TM7:Ithasseparatedwaterbodyfromlands(soils).Ithasalsoenhancedpresenceofmoistureincroplands.Allwaterbodies
appearedasdarktone.Bothband5andband7aresensitivetomoisturecontentvariationinsoilsandvegetation.Thisratioisuseful
forcropdroughtstudiesandplantvigorinvestigations.
TM3/TM5:Thisratioenhancesbarrenlands,highways,streetpatternswithintheurbanareasandurbanbuiltuporcementedareas.
Itcouldnotenhancetheclearwaterbutitenhancedturbidwater.Thisratioisusefulforobservingdifferencesinwaterturbidity.
Barrenlands,highways,urbanandbuiltupareashaveappearedaslightertoneandforests,waterbodyandcroplandsappearedas
darktone.
TM7/TM2:Thisratiohasseparatedforestsandcroplands.Butitcouldnotseparatedforestsfromwaterbodybothfeatureshave
appearedasdarktone.Itenhanceshighways,urbanandbuiltupareasandcroplandsandallofthemhaveappearedaslightertone.

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