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+ V- e
( R + jL ) ( G + jC )
R + jL--------------------G + jC
The design of a transmission line is to a large extent about achieving a value of the
characteristic impedance that matches the impedance of the load or whatever device the
transmission line is connected to. By matching the impedance, reflections are kept to a
minimum and the transferred RF power is maximized.
The Transmission Line Calculator comes with predefined user interfaces for computing
the transmission line parameters R, L, G, and C, as well as and Z0 for parametrized cross
sections of some common transmission line types:
Coaxial line
Twin lead
Microstrip line
Coplanar waveguide (CPW)
Plots of the geometry, mesh, electric potential, electric field line, and magnetic flux lines
are also provided. The default input parameters are selected to meet typical design
impedance values for each transmission line type. That is 300 for the twin lead and 50
for the others.
The usage is straightforward:
1 Enter the frequency and other design parameters. Some restrictions on the allowed
tunable input data together with the computed values for R, L, G, and C, as well as
and Z0. Solution plots and mesh plots are included too.
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Optionally, one may use the Preview Geometry and Show Mesh buttons to inspect the
geometry and mesh before solving. A Reset Input button is provided to restore the default
parameter values.
Note: The TEM waves assumption underlying the Transmission Line Calculator is only
valid if the distance between forward and return conductors is substantially smaller than
the wavelength in the medium (<10%). In that case, an error will be issued when clicking
any of the buttons. An error message will also be issued for the microstrip and CPW
geometries if an extreme geometrical aspect ratio is likely to cause problems when
creating the finite element mesh.
( j r 0 )A z + --- A z = V 0 ---
L
where is the conductivity, 0r the permittivity, the permeability, and is the angular
frequency. V0 represents the applied voltage drop over a length unit L and is applied only
to the conductors. An important parameter is the skin depth:
=
2
----------
The skin depth is a measure of the exponential drop in current density with the distance
to the surface inside conductors. It can be very small and needs to be resolved by the finite
element mesh. This is obtained by using a special meshing method known as boundary
layer meshing. After solving, the net current I flowing in the out-of-plane direction is
measured by integration of the current density J:
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2
J = V 0 ---- ( j r 0 )A z
L
over the forward conductor. The resulting out-of-plane impedance Z is computed as:
V0
Z = ------- = R + jL
I
yielding the R and L parameters.
Secondly, a current balance for the in-plane conduction and displacement currents with
the electric potential V as the unknown is solved:
( ( + j r 0 )V ) = 0
A potential difference V1 is applied between the forward and return conductors and the
net in-plane current I1 flowing between the conductors is measured by integration of the
normal component of the in-plane current density J1:
J 1 = ( + j r 0 )V
over the surface (boundary) of the electrode with the applied potential. The resulting
in-plane admittance Y1 is then computed as:
I1
Y 1 = ------- = G + jC
V1
yielding the G and C parameters.
References
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line
2. Microwave Engineering by David M. Pozar, Wiley Education
3. Foundations for Microwave Engineering by Robert E. Collin, Wiley-IEEE Press
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