The Fourth ADBI

ADBIOECD
OECDILO Roundtable on Labour Migration in
Ai :
B ildi
H
C it l
B d
Asia:
Asia
Building
Human
Capital
across
Borders
Borders

ByMs.A.Srija
Director
Labour&EmploymentDivision
PlanningCommission,
G
GovernmentofIndia,NewDelhi
t fI di N D lhi
2728January,2014,Tokyo
The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute
(ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the
governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data
included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use.
Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
26/03/2014

O tli
f th P
t ti
OutlineofthePresentation
Overviewofrecentlabourmigrationtrends

andpolicies.
p
Migrationtrendregardinginternational
studyinIndia
Indiaspoliciesoninternationalstudyfor
youthinuniversities&toretainorattract
youthbackhome
26/03/2014

Mi ti T d i I di
MigrationTrendsinIndia
Twotypesofmigrants

Internalmigrants
O t i
Outmigrants(Emigrants)
t (E i
t )

Objective

employment,
marriage,
study

OutmigrationpreIndependence
Internalmigrationpostindependence
C d/
Contd/
26/03/2014

I t
l Mi
t
InternalMigrants
Estimated at 3326 million

increased to 400 million

percent increase
Two types:
yp

p j
projected
to have
as per Census 2011 (Rajan 2013) 23
((NSSO 200708)
7 )

circular or seasonal migrants

(i) Estimates vary from around 15 million to about 100 million as

per different sources
p
(ii) Circular migrants face discrimination
permanent migrants

80 percent of internal migrants females (NSSO 2007

200708),
08),
Females marriage, Malesemployment
Males Construction workers, rickshaw pullers, hawkers,etc.
F
Females
l domestic
d
ti workers,
k
construction
t ti workers,
k
exportt units.
it

26/03/2014

Measures to address Migrant Workers

MeasurestoaddressMigrantWorkers
Legislative
g
Programmatic intervention
Legislative
Interstate Migrant
Workmen (Regulation of
Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979.
Building
B ildi & Other
Oth Construction
C
t ti Workers
W k
(R
(Regulation
l ti off
Employment & Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 &
Building & Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess
Act, 1996
Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008,
C d/
Contd/
26/03/2014

M
i l
t dd
Mi
tW k
MeasuresinplacetoaddressMigrantWorkers
ProgrammaticInterventions:
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (National Health
Insurance Scheme) to unorganized sector workers
The MNREGA providing right to employment near
the place of residence to stop distress migration.
Other
Oth
S h
Schemes
f
for
providing
idi
pension/disability
i /di bilit
benefit to the unorganized sector workers
Besides the Employees
p y
Provident Fund Act 1952
95 and
Employees State Insurance Scheme are applicable to
migrant workers.

26/03/2014

O t i
t /E i
t
Outmigrants/Emigrants
Estimate of outmigrants
g
255 million (MOIA Annual Report 201213)
Types:
Indentured labour
Higher education and employment
Job migration

OECD professionally&technicallyqualified
Gulfcountries semiskilledandunskilled
EconomicImpactRemittances,economic

upliftment insourceStates
26/03/2014

E i ti f Ed ti
EmigrationforEducation
Indianstudentsenrolledabroad 2.3million
IndianstudentsinEU 2005 23,926

2009 44,315
IndianstudentsinUK 201112 16,335
335

201313 12,280
IndianstudentsinUSA 201112 1,00,270
, , 7

201213 96754
Reasonsforthedecline:Rupeedepreciation,stricter
immigrationlaws,newerdestinations EU,Canada,China,New
Zealand
l d
26/03/2014

E i ti f Ed ti
EmigrationforEducation
LowCapacityintakeofdomesticinstitutions
QualityEducation;AssuredJobsinlabourmarket
EntryintotheJobMarketofdestinationcountry
CoursePreference
USAManagement&engineeringdegrees
Australia vocationaltraining
UKoneyeardegreecourses
UK

Russia&China medicaleducation

26/03/2014

T d f Mi
t i t I di
TrendofMigrantsintoIndia
MigrantStockintoIndia(inlakhs)
CountryofOrigin
1990
2000
Total
74,93,204
64,11,272
B
Bangladesh
l d h
4375155
3879110
8
Nepal
518212
664187
Pakistan
1921278
1353230
SriLanka
281720
189850
Myanmar
85706
61883
China
18165
8695
Kuwait
16860
7437
Afghanistan
14159
9892
Malaysia
12295
15219
UAE
9940
14662
B
BruneiDarussalam
iD
l
16220
6
31057
Source:UnitedNations
26/03/2014

2013
53,38,486
3230025
553050
1126796
158083
51529
7240
6193
8237
12672
12209
25861
86

I t
ti
l St d i I di
InternationalStudyinIndia
Atotalof31632foreignnationalstudentsfrom153countriesenrolledin

Indianhigherlearninginstitutesin201112.Malestudents17328,
FemaleStudents 10203.
KeyStates
ey States
Karnataka(10,103) AndhraPradesh(4698),Maharashtra(4329),
TamilNadu(2383),Delhi(1529)&UttarPradesh(1016)
Top10Countries:
Nepal,Iran,Afghanistan,Bhutan,Sudan,UnitedStates,China,Iraq,Sri

Lanka&Malaysia,
HighestnumberofmigrantscomefromBangladeshbutfewas

students.
MaximumnumberofforeignstudentsfromNepal
Contd/
Contd/
26/03/2014

I t
ti
l St d i I di
InternationalStudyinIndia
72%enrolledinundergraduatecourses.
%
ll di d d t
PopularcoursesArts,Commerce,Nursing,Dental,

EngineeringandMedicine
NumberofInternationalStudentsinIndia
Year

199091

199697

200001

200405

200607

200809

Students

12889
9

55841
4

6896
9

13267
3 7

18391
39

21778
77

Source:Association ofIndianUniversitiesascitedinthearticleTheHigherEducationSysteminIndiaandits
ImpactontheEconomy

26/03/2014

P li F
I t
ti
l St d
PolicyFocusonInternationalStudy
Faculty and students exchange programs
Institutional collaboration for teaching and research
Induction of diverse teaching learning models and

enhanced use of technology

Strategy:
S
Bilateral Treaties
Institutional Initiatives
Legal Reforms

Contd/
Contd/
26/03/2014

P li F
I
i
lS d
PolicyFocusonInternationalStudy
Bilateral Treaties
IndoUS Higher Education Summit
UKIndia
UK India Education & Research Initiative
Human Resource Mobility Partnership Agreement

Institutional Initiatives
Manipal University
Indian School of Business
BITS Pilani

Legal Reforms
Higher Education and Research Bill, 2011
Foreign Educational Institutions Bill, 2010
26/03/2014

Internationalization of Higher Education

InternationalizationofHigherEducation
DirectBenefits
Qualifiedworkforce
Reapthedemographicdividend
Savesonforeignexchange
S
f i h

EncourageparticipationofforeignstudentsintoIndia
Indirectbenefits
strengthensancillaryindustrieslikerealestate,
tourism,cateringetc.
generationofemployment

26/03/2014

Pen Picture of Migration

PenPictureofMigration
Emigration

2010

Immigration

2010

StockofEmigrants

11.3million

StockofImmigrants

5.4million

Destination
C
Countries
ti

UAE,USA,
S di Arabia,
Saudi
A bi
UK,Canada,
Kuwaitetc

SourceCountries

Bangladesh,
P ki t N
Pakistan,Nepal,Sri
l S i
Lanka,Myanmar,
Malaysia,
Afghanistanetc
g

Emigrationrateof
tertiaryeducated
population

4.3percent

Femalesas apercent 48.7per cent

ofimmigrants
IInwardremittance
d
i
flow(2009)
26/03/2014

US$55000
US

million

Outwardremittance
O
d
i
US$4000million
US
illi
flow(2009)

ThankYou

26/03/2014