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Centrifuge
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This article is about the scientific device. For the Christian camp, see Centrifuge (camps). For
spin direction in quantum mechanics, see Spin (physics)#Spin direction.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (January 2009)
A laboratory tabletop centrifuge. The rotating unit, called the rotor, has fixed holes drilled at
an angle (to the vertical). Test tubes are placed in these slots and the motor is spun. As the
centrifugal force is in the horizontal plane and the tubes are fixed at an angle, the particles
have to travel only a little distance before they hit the wall and drop down to the bottom.
These angle rotors are very popular in the lab for routine use.
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by an electric motor (some older
models were spun by hand), that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a
force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle,
where the centripetal acceleration causes denser substances to separate out along the radial
direction (the bottom of the tube). By the same token lighter objects will tend to move to the
top (of the tube; in the rotating picture, move to the centre).
Contents
1 Theory
3 Types
4 Uses
o 4.1 Isolating suspensions
o 4.2 Isotope separation
o 4.3 Aeronautics and astronautics
o 4.4 Geotechnical Centrifuge Modeling
o 4.5 Commercial applications
6 Further reading
7 See also
8 External links
Theory
Protocols for centrifugation typically specify the amount of acceleration to be applied to the
sample, rather than specifying a rotational speed such as revolutions per minute. This
distinction is important because two rotors with different diameters running at the same
rotational speed will subject samples to different accelerations. During circular motion the
acceleration is the product of the radius and the square of the angular velocity , and the
acceleration relative to "g" is traditionally named "relative centrifugal force" (RCF). The
acceleration is measured in multiples of "g" (or "g"), the standard acceleration due to
gravity at the Earth's surface, a dimensionless quantity given by the expression:
where
is earth's gravitational acceleration,
is the rotational radius,
is the angular velocity in radians per unit time
This relationship may be written as
where
is the rotational radius measured in centimetres (cm), and
is rotational speed measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).
Types
There are multiple types of centrifuge, which can be classified by intended use or by rotor
design:
Types by rotor design: [1][2][3][4]
Fixed-angle centrifuges are designed to hold the sample containers at a constant angle
relative to the central axis.
Continuous tubular centrifuges don't have individual sample vessels and are used for
high volume applications.
Ultracentrifuges are optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds and are
popular in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry and polymer science. This
type may include preparative or analytical, fixed-angle or swing head varieties.[3]
Haematocrit centrifuges are used to measure the percentage of red blood cells in
whole blood.
Industrial centrifuges may otherwise be classified according to the type of separation of the
high density fraction from the low density one:
Screen centrifuges, where the centrifugal acceleration allows the liquid to pass
through a screen of some sort, through which the solids cannot go (due to
granulometry larger than the screen gap or due to agglomeration). Common types are:
o Screen/scroll centrifuges
o Pusher centrifuges
o Peeler centrifuges
o Decanter centrifuges, in which there is no physical separation between the
solid and liquid phase, rather an accelerated settling due to centrifugal
acceleration.
o Continuous liquid; common types are:
Uses
Isolating suspensions
Main article: Laboratory centrifuge
Simple centrifuges are used in chemistry, biology, and biochemistry for isolating and
separating suspensions. They vary widely in speed and capacity. They usually comprise a
rotor containing two, four, six, or many more numbered wells within which the samples,
contained in centrifuge tubes, may be placed.
Isotope separation
Main article: Gas centrifuge
Other centrifuges, the first being the Zippe-type centrifuge, separate isotopes, and these kinds
of centrifuges are in use in nuclear power and nuclear weapon programs.
Gas centrifuges are used in uranium enrichment. The heavier isotope of uranium (uranium238) in the uranium hexafluoride gas tends to concentrate at the walls of the centrifuge as it
spins, while the desired uranium-235 isotope is extracted and concentrated with a scoop
selectively placed inside the centrifuge.[citation needed] It takes many thousands of centrifugations
to enrich uranium enough for use in a nuclear reactor (around 3.5% enrichment),[citation needed]
and many thousands more to enrich it to weapons-grade (above 90% enrichment) for use in
nuclear weapons.[citation needed]
Commercial applications
Centrifuges with a batch weight of up to 2,200 kg per charge are used in the sugar
industry to separate the sugar crystals from the mother liquor.[8]
Standalone centrifuges for drying (hand-washed) clothes usually with a water outlet.
Centrifuges are used in the attraction Mission: SPACE, located at Epcot in Walt
Disney World, which propels riders using a combination of a centrifuge and a motion
simulator to simulate the feeling of going into space.
Large industrial centrifuges are commonly used in water and wastewater treatment to
dry sludges. The resulting dry product is often termed cake, and the water leaving a
centrifuge after most of the solids have been removed is called centrate.
Large industrial centrifuges are also used in the oil industry to remove solids from the
drilling fluid.
2.
3.
^ab
http://uqu.edu.sa/files2/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/4250119/lectures/1._instr.p
df
4.
^ Heidcamp, Dr. William H.. "Appendix F". Cell Biology Laboratory Manual.
Gustavus Adolphus College,. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Further reading
Naesgaard et al., Modeling flow liquefaction, its mitigation, and comparison with centrifuge
tests
See also
Lamm equation
Sedimentation
Centrifugal force
Centrifugation
Gas centrifuge
Sedimentation coefficient
Clearing factor
Hydroextractor
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Centrifuges
Look up centrifuge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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