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EXPERIMENT NO: 5
THEORY:
1) STRAIN HARDENING EXPONENT (n-value):
Strain hardening coefficient n is a coefficient, which gives a quantitative measurement of the strainhardening characteristic of a material. It can be defined as:
n = d ln t / d ln
Where, t = true stress
= true strain
Strain hardening is represented by the exponent n in the flow stress equation, which approximates the
relation between true stress and true strain during plastic deformation of a metal. The constant n plays a crucial
role in sheet metal forming,
Strain hardening is a means of strengthening a metal prior to its delivery to the customer. The temper of
an alloy is partially determined by the amount of strain hardening it undergoes at the production mill. However,
strain hardening behavior is not limited to the mill, but occurs any time that the metal is permanently deformed.
It is also a mechanical property that not only determines how a material strengthens, but how well it forms in a
stamping die. This property can be seen in a materials true stress-strain curve.
The strain hardening exponent (n) determines how the metal behaves when it is being formed.
Materials that have higher n values have better formability than those with low n values. As metals work harden,
their remaining capacity for work hardening decreases. This means that high strength tempers of a given material
typically would have lower n values than lower strength tempers of the same alloy.It is the measure of increase
in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation
The equation describing the plastic portion of the curve is thus =143780.50.0713 psi. The green
line in the plot on figure 1 shows that the power function is a good approximation of the plastic portion of the
curve, if one ignores the section in the elastic region.
n-value
Fracture also can be predicted by FEM simulation using the appropriate fracture criterion. Figure 6
shows the fractured specimens for each n-value. It is also quite obvious that materials with higher n values
elongate more before fracture takes place.
CONCLUSION:
In this way, we have studied the strain-hardening exponent, i.e. n-value.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is the strain-hardening exponent?
2. How the n-value is determined?
3. What is the role of n-value in sheet-metal forming?
4. What is the effect of n-value in deep drawing?
5. What is the effect of n-value in fracture of material?
6. How the n-value assist in determining stretchability in sheet-metal?