CDB 2052

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1

Sept 2015

Experiment
Group
Group Members

Lab Instructor
Date of Experiment

: 2-Viscosity Measurement
: 13
: Mohd Hafiz bin Mohd Nor

19992

Nurfatien binti Bacho

20005

Tracy Chua Peng Ling

20443

Vegenes A/L Venkatasal Rao

: Claudya Debbie
: 26th November 2015

ABSTRACT

19867

Viscosity is a property arising from collisions between neighboring

particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. Due to internal
friction among their particles, liquids and gases have different viscosities.
Hence, the experiment was conducted to measure the viscosity of the
fluid in different conditions.
The main objectives of this experiment is to determine the
relationship between the viscosities of pure liquid substance with the
temperature and to evaluate the effect of mixture of liquids to the
viscosity. Liquids and gases have different viscosities due to the internal
friction among the particles which are also dependent on their structure
and temperature. Therefore, this experiment is conducted to measure the
viscosity of the fluid in different conditions.
In order to measure the viscosity of Newtonian fluid, the Hppler
principle of falling ball was used by recording the time taken for the
specific ball to fall through the a sample-filled tube under the influenced of
gravity.
This experiment is divided to two parts. The first part is to
investigate the between viscosities of pure liquid substance with
temperature. The temperature was varied between 40C, 45C, 50C,
55C and 60C for two balls which are Boron Silicate Glass (ball 1) and
Nickel-Iron (ball 3). For each ball, two type of liquids was used that are
water and methanol. It can be observed that ball 1 took longer time to
reach the bottom line than ball 3. Meanwhile, the second part is to
determine the effect of mixture liquids to the viscosity. The temperature is
kept constant at 60C and only one type of ball was used that is ball 1.
The concentration of mixture is varied by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%
water and the rest is methanol. It is assumed that pure substance has a
lower dynamic viscosity than its mixture. The viscosity is calculated based
on the volume ratio of water and methanol.
In short, the main factor that affects viscosity of pure fluid is
temperature while the mixture of pure solution gives out different values
of dynamic viscosity.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Fluid Mechanics is the study of forces and motion in fluids and it is among
the important component in our daily lives. The significance of fluid
mechanics can be grasp through the importance it brings in our daily lives
which include the air that human breathe, drinking water, human body
internal environment which include blood circulation and etc (Nevers,
1991). As the fluids come in two types; liquid and gases, the properties of
fluid need to be taken into consideration. The behaviour of fluid in flow is
mostly related to two intrinsic physical properties which is density and
viscosity. The properties of density are the measure of the heaviness of a
fluid. However, this properties are not sufficient enough to characterize
how fluids behave as certain fluid (e.g. oil and water) have approximately
the same value of density-approximately 900-1000kg/m 3 but behave
differently when flowing. This is where viscosity takes charge to
differentiate the fluids.
According to Never (1991), viscosity is defined as measure of
resistance to flow. In other words, viscosity is the measure of the
thickness of the liquid, a property that resist the force tending to cause
the fluid to flow. Due to internal friction among their particles, liquid and
gases have different viscosities. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion
because its molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid with
low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very
little friction when it is in motion.
Newtons law of viscosity states that the shear stress is linearly
proportional to the velocity gradient and demonstrated using the following
equation

dv
dy ..(1)

From the Newton Laws of viscosity, the following equation can also be
used to demonstrate the definition of viscosity
=

dV /dy ..(2)

where = dynamic viscosity

=shear stress

The value of viscosity varies with the types of fluid; Newtonian fluid
or Non-Newtonian fluid, timeand it is highly dependent on temperature
(Munson,Young,Okiishi & Huebsch, 2009).

Figure 1 : viscosity depend on the types of fluid

A number of methods are used to measure the viscosity of fluids.
This are typically based on one of three phenomenaa moving surface in
contact with a fluid, an object moving through a fluid, and fluid flowing
through a resistive component. These phenomena utilize three
major viscometers in the industry, i.e., a rotating viscometer, a falling-ball
viscometer, and a capillary viscometer.
In this experiment, the existence and nature of viscosity can be
demonstrated using The Hppler principle. This method is discovered by
Fritz Hppler in 1932 and the method is named after him. The principles is
used to measure the viscosity of Newtonian fluids. The viscosity can be
experimentally determined by measuring the rate of a fall of a ball in a
tube filled with liquid to be investigated.
Under Hoppler principle, the falling time of a ball of known diameter
and density through a close to vertical glass tube of known diameter and
length, filled with the fluid to be tested. The viscosity of the sample liquid
is related to the time it takes for the ball to pass a distance between two
specified lines on the cylindrical tube. The average time of three tests is
taken and the result is converted into a viscosity value using a simple
formula
When the sphere moves through the liquid, it is affected by the
gravity, buoyancy and frictional forces: Gravity as downward force,
buoyancy and friction as the upward forces
W=mg=Vsg=4/3r3 sg..(3)
4

s :density of sphere
g: gravitational acceleration
V: volume of ball
r: radius of ball.
The viscosity measurement are used and apply in the industry to
enhance the research and optimize the production of the desired product.
Among the industry that are familiar with this concept are food industries,
petroleum industries, concrete industries, cosmetics industries and etc.
One of the industries that performed the concept of viscosity is the
petroleum refining facilities. This industry manufacture a wide variety of
fuel and lubrication products. In order to ensure exact product
specifications, accurate viscosity measurements are needed (Hart
Scientific).
Jenton writes that Viscosity also plays a very prominent role in the
petroleum industry. The viscosity of a crude oil affects our ability to pump
it out of the ground; the viscosity and volatility of a fuel affect how easy it
is to atomize in the fuel injector; the viscosity of a lubricant affects its
ability to protect an engine. The application of viscosity in petroleum
industries is further supported by CSC Scientific Company,InC(2014) who
states that viscosity measurements project the effectiveness of lubricating
oil and determines design elements of pipeline.

METHODOLOGY
In experiment 2: Viscosity Measurement, there are two parts of
experiments that were conducted, which are part 2(a) and part 2(b).
Experiment of 2(a) aimed to determine the relationship between
viscosities of pure liquid substance with temperature.
In experiment 2(a), the relationship between the viscosities of the pure
liquid substance with temperature using the Hppler principle of falling
ball were studied. During the conduct of experiment 2(a), a minimum of 5
temperature readings were obtained which are 40 C, 45 C, 50 C, 55 C
and 60 C .The temperature were regulated accordingly through the water
bath provided. A liquid sample, which is distilled water, is used for the
experiment and its density is determined using available data. A glass
sphere with a diameter of 15.810mm is selected, named Ball 1 and metal
sphere with a diameter of 15.639mm is selected and named Ball 3. A
viscometer tube is fill with the water and regulated to temperature of 40
C. The glass ball 1 is placed into the tube and a stopper is secured to the
tube. The time taken for Ball 1 to fall from one ring mark to another is
recorded with a stopwatch. Ball 1 is substituted with Ball 3 and the time
for the movement of the ball from one ring to another is recorded. The
steps are repeated using temperatures of 45 C, 50 C, 55 C and 60 C.
The whole experiment is then repeated again using methanol instead of
distilled water. The corresponding viscosity of the liquid samples are
determined. The results are then compared with the theoretical value.
Discussion were made using the data given.
Experiment 2(b) aimed to evaluate the effect of mixture of liquids to the
viscosity. The relationship between the concentrations of the pure liquid
substance with viscosity using the Hppler principle of falling ball is
studied. In the experiment, a minimum of 5 different concentrations of
liquid mixtures consisting of pure water and methanol are prepared. A
volume-to-volume ration (v/v %) is used. The variation of the
concentration of both distilled water and methanol are determined
accordingly. Glass Ball 1, is selected for the experiment. The temperature
were regulated to 40 C through the water bath provided. Liquid mixture of
concentration ratio of water to methanol is 1.0:0.0 is fill into the
viscometer. Ball 1 is placed into the tube and a stopper is secured to the
tube. The time taken for Ball 1 to fall from one ring mark to another is
recorded with a stopwatch. The steps are repeated with liquid mixtures of
different concentration with the ration of water to methanol being
0.75:0.25, 0.50:0.50, 0.25:0.75 and 0.0:1.0. The corresponding viscosity of
6

the liquid samples are determined. Discussion were made using the data
given.

Flowchart for Experiment 2(a):

Flowchart for Experiment 2(b):

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiment 2A: Determination of relationship between viscosities
of pure liquid substance
with temperature
Tabulated Data
1) Ball 1 (Glass)
Type of ball

: Boron Silicate Glass

Diameter of the ball, D (mm)

: 15.810

Mass of the ball, m (g)

: 4.594

Density of the ball, p (g/cm3)

: 2.2200

Ball Constant Forward, K (mPa.cm3/g)

: 0.00861

Ball Constant Forward, K (mPa.cm3/g)

: 0.00872
: 0.5 7x10 4

Viscosity Range (mPa.s)

Type of Solution: Water

No
.

Temperature, T
(c)

40

45

50

55

60

Temperatur
e, T (c)
40
45
50
55
60

Time (s)

Distance, s
(mm)

t1
t2
t3
Avg
33.1 33.0 33.1 33.116
2
4
9
67
100
29.3
29.2 29.366
8
29.5
2
67
100
26.5 26.5 26.4 26.526
6
3
9
67
100
24.4 24.3
1
9
24.4
24.4
100
23.5
23.9 23.586
9
23.2
7
67
100
Table 1 : Raw data for water using glass ball
Density
ps
(g/cm3)
2.22
2.22

Density
pl
(g/cm3)
1
1

Experiment
Theoretical
al Viscosity
Viscosity
(mPa.s)
(mPa.s)
0.34786409
0.653
0.30847334
0.596
0.27864141
2.22
1
2
0.547
2.22
1
0.25630248
0.504
0.24775906
2.22
1
4
0.467
Table 2 : Manipulated data for water using glass ball
9

K
(mpa.cm3/g
)

0.00861
0.00861
0.00861
0.00861
0.00861

Percentage
Difference (%)
0.46728317
0.482427282
0.490600709
0.491463333
0.469466672

Type of Solution: Methanol

No
.

Temperature, T
(c)

40

45

50

55

60

Distance, s
(mm)

Time (s)
t1
t2
t3
Avg
21.3 21.0 21.7
9
2
9
21.4
100
17.9 17.4 18.3 17.916
6
5
4
67
100
16.4 16.3 16.4
1
5
7
16.41
100
15.4 15.4 15.4
3
4
2
15.43
100
14.3 14.3 14.4 14.373
7
3
2
33
100
Table 3 : Raw data for methanol using glass ball

40

Density
ps
(g/cm3)
2.22

Density
pl
(g/cm3)
0.792

Experimental
Viscosity
(mPa.s)
0.263114712

Theoretical
Viscosity
(mPa.s)
0.446

45

2.22

0.792

0.22028685

0.4201

50

2.22

0.792

0.201762263

0.3942

55

2.22

0.792

0.189713084

0.3726

60

2.22
0.792
0.176721283
0.351
Table 4 : Raw data for methanol using glass ball

Temperatur
e, T (c)

2) Ball 3 (Steel)
Type of ball
Diameter of the ball, D (mm)

: Nickel Iron Alloy

: 15.639

Mass of the ball, m (g)

: 16.277

Density of the ball, p (g/cm3)

: 8.1268

Ball Constant Forward, K (mPa.cm3/g)

: 0.0723

Ball Constant Forward, K (mPa.cm3/g)

: 0.0722

10

K
(mpa.cm3/g
)

0.00861
0.00861
0.00861
0.00861
0.00861

Percentage
Difference
(%)
0.4100567
0.47563234
9
0.48817284
9
0.49083981
6
0.49652056
1

: 0.5 7x10 4

Viscosity Range (mPa.s)

Type of Solution: Water

No
.

Temperature, T
(c)

40

45

50

55

60

t1
1.6
6
1.4
7
1.3
9
1.5
1.4
1
Table 5 :

Time (s)
t2
t3
1.6 1.6
6
7
1.5 1.4
1
5
1.3 1.3
8
8
1.5 1.4
1
6
1.4 1.4
2
1
Raw data for

Avg
1.6633
33
1.4766
67
1.3833
33

Distance, s
(mm)

K
(mpa.cm3/g
)

100

0.0723

100

0.0723

100

0.0723

1.49
100
1.4133
33
100
water using steel ball

Temperatur
e, T (c)

Density
ps
(g/cm3)

Density
pl
(g/cm3)

Experimental
Viscosity
(mPa.s)

Theoretical
Viscosity
(mPa.s)

40
45

8.1268
8.1268

1
1

0.857061841
0.760878548

0.653
0.596

50

8.1268

0.712786902

0.547

55

8.1268

0.767748784

0.504

60

8.1268
1
0.728244931
0.467
Table 6 : Manipulated data for water using steel ball

0.0723
0.0723

Percentage
Difference
(%)
0.31249899
1
0.27664186
0.30308391
6
0.52331107
9
0.55941098
8

Type of Solution: Methanol

No
.

Temperature, T
(c)

40

45

50

4
5

55
60

t1
1.5
3
1.2
8
1.3
1
1.3
2
1.2

Time (s)
t2
t3
Avg
1.5 1.5 1.5333
1
6
33
1.2 1.2 1.2766
8
7
67
1.3
1.3
2
1.31
1.3 1.3 1.3333
5
3
33
1.2 1.2
1.23
11

Distance, s
(mm)

K
(mpa.cm3/g
)

100

0.0723

100

0.0723

100

0.0723

100
100

0.0723
0.0723

2
4
3
Table 7 : Raw data for methanol using steel ball

Temperatur
e, T (c)

Density
ps
(g/cm3)

Density
pl
(g/cm3)

Experimental
Viscosity
(mPa.s)

Theoretical
Viscosity
(mPa.s)

40

8.1268

0.790077048

0.446

45

8.1268

0.65782502

0.4201

50

8.1268

0.675000608

0.3942

55

8.1268

0.68702352

0.3726

60

8.1268
1
0.633779197
0.351
Table 8 : Manipulated data for methanol using steel ball

Percentage
Difference
(%)
0.77147320
2
0.56587722
1
0.71233031
1
0.84386344
6
0.80563873
8

Graph of Dynamic Viscosity of Water vs Temperature

1
0.8
0.6
Dynamic Viscosity (mPa.s) 0.4
0.2
0
30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Temperature, T (c)
Ball 1 (Glass)

Linear (Ball 1 (Glass))

Ball 3 (Steel)

Linear (Ball 3 (Steel))

Linear (Ball 3 (Steel))

Figure 1: Graph of dynamic viscosity of water vs temperature by using Ball 1 and

Ball 3.

12

Graph of Dynamic Viscosity of Water vs Temperature

1
0.8
0.6
Dynamic Viscosity (mPa.s) 0.4
0.2
0
30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Temperature, T (c)
Ball 1 (Glass)

Linear (Ball 1 (Glass))

Linear (Ball 1 (Glass))

Ball 3 (Steel)

Linear (Ball 3 (Steel))

Linear (Ball 3 (Steel))

Theoretical Value

Figure 2: Graph of dynamic viscosity of water vs temperature by using Ball 1 and

Ball 3 with comparison with the theoretical value.

Graph of Dynamic Viscosity of Methanol vs Temperature

1
0.8
0.6
Dynamic Viscosity (mPa.s)

0.4
0.2
0
30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Temperature, T (c)
Ball 1 (Glass)

Linear (Ball 1 (Glass))

Linear (Ball 1 (Glass))

Ball 3 (Steel)

Linear (Ball 3 (Steel))

Linear (Ball 3 (Steel))

Figure 3: Graph of dynamic viscosity of methanol vs temperature by using Ball 1

and Ball 3

13

Graph of Dynamic Viscosity of Methanol vs Temperature

1
0.8
0.6
Dynamic Viscosity (mPa.s)

0.4
0.2
0
30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Temperature, T (c)
Ball 1 (Glass)

Linear (Ball 1 (Glass))

Linear (Ball 1 (Glass))

Ball 3 (Steel)

Linear (Ball 3 (Steel))

Linear (Ball 3 (Steel))

Theoretical Value

Figure 4: Graph of dynamic viscosity of water vs temperature by using Ball 1 and

Ball 3 with comparison with theoretical value.

For this experiment 2(a), there are two materials of ball which is boron
silicate glass and also nickel iron alloy. The boron silicate glass has a
diameter of 15.810 mm while the nickel iron alloy has a diameter of
15.639 mm. The glass ball is then inserted into Hoppler Viscometer and
then the reading for time taken for the ball to pass through 100mm is
noted. The variable is the temperature at which we start at 40 C till 60 C
with 5 C intervals. The experiment is repeated for steel ball to replace the
glass ball. The pure liquid that was used for this experiment was water
and methanol. The results obtain from this experiment is then tabulated in
the table.
The time taken for this readings were taken 3 times to make it an
average so that we can minimize the error in our results. This will also
help to minimize the human reaction time error.
From the results, it is clear that the time taken for the ball to pass
through 100mm for steel ball takes less time compared to the glass ball.
Besides that, it shows that the average time taken for both sphere
decreases as the temperature increases. The equation that is used to
calculate the dynamic viscosity is as follows:
=()
The experiment data is compared to the theoretical value to have the
percentage error which is obtained from Table A-9 (Properties of Saturated
Water) which is attached in the appendix and graph are plotted for a
better view. Based on the graph, as the temperature increases, it is
14

observed that there is a steady declining rate in the theoretical as well as

experimental graph.
The reason why the viscosity decreases as the temperature increases is
that when the liquid is heated, the attractive binding force between water
molecules decreases. Referring to the percentage error, in this
experiment, we have percentage of below 1%. This shows that the
experiment have a very low error which is in acceptable range. But then.
Due to some reasons, there is few errors that exist.
Firstly, parallax error which can be caused by incorrect eye levels position
while observing the spherical ball to fall. Next, time reaction error where u
start the stopwatch late. This errors can be reduced by taking 3 readings.
Some errors are unavoidable such as systematic error for the temperature
reading given by the equipment. The readings also fluctuates a lot. Thus,
to conclude this part of experiment, as the temperature increases, the
viscosity decreases.

Experiment 2b: Evaluating the effect of mixture of liquids to the

viscosity
Specification of Glass ball 1:
Material of Ball 1: Glass
Diameter of Ball 1 (mm) : 15.810 mm
Mass of Ball 1,(g) : 4.594 g
Density of Ball 1 (g/cm3) : 2.2200 g/cm3
Ball Constant Forward, K (mPacm3/g) : 0.00861 mPacm3/g
Ball Constant Reverse, K (mPacm3/g) : 0.00872 mPacm3/g

15

Time taken for ball to move from one ring mark to

Volume (ml)
Ratio
another (s)
Wat Methan
Methano Reading
Reading 2 Reading 3 Average
er
ol
Water l
1(s)
(s)
(s)
Reading (s)
40
0
1.0
0.0
23.58
23.60
23.59
23.59
30
10
0.75
0.25
35.12
35.17
35.16
35.15
20
20
0.50
0.50
32.48
32.53
32.50
32.50
10
30
0.25
0.75
25.47
25.50
25.50
25.50
0
40
0.0
1.0
14.35
14.37
14.38
14.37
Table 2(b)(i): Raw data of mixture with different concentrations at 40 C

Volume (ml)

Concentration
of

Theoretical
Dynamic

Experimental
Dynamic

Percentage
Wat
Methan methanol
Viscosity,
Viscosity,
error
er
ol
(mol/dm3)
(mPas)
(mPas)
(%)
40
0
0
0.653
0.2494
61.81
30
10
6.005
0.6013
0.3884
35.4
20
20
12.01
0.5495
0.3747
31.81
10
30
18.015
0.4978
0.3062
38.49
0
40
24.02
0.446
0.1795
59.75
Table 2(b)(ii): Calculated data on the concentration of methanol and
dynamic viscosity

Specification of pure substances:

Molar mass
Density
Dynamic
Viscosity

Water
18.02 g/mol
0.9921 g/m3
0.653 x 10-3
kg/ms

Methanol
32.04 g/mol
769600 g/m3
4.460 x 10-4
kg/ms

In Part B of the experiment the objective is to study the effect of

concentration of liquid mixtures to the viscosity by using the Hppler
principle of falling ball. In this experiment, five different concentration of
mixture are prepared. The mixture consist of pure substances which are,
pure water and methanol. A glass sphere ball with diameter of 15.639mm
is selected to conduct the experiments. The bath water is regulated to a
temperature of 40 C and the viscometer is filled with pure water. Glass
ball is then inserted into the viscometer and time taken for the ball to
move from one mark ring to another is recorded. The procedure is then
repeated by replacing water with mixture of different concentrations.

16

0.7
0.65
0.6
0.6
0.5 f(x) = - 0.05x + 0.7
0.4
0.39
0.3
0.25f(x) = - 0.02x + 0.37
0.2
0.1
0

0.55
0.37

0.5
0.31

0.45
0.18

Dynamic Viscosity

The concentration of metanol

Theoretical Dynamic Viscosity, (mPas)
Linear (Theoretical Dynamic Viscosity, (mPas))
Experimental Dynamic Viscosity, (mPas)
Linear (Experimental Dynamic Viscosity, (mPas))

Graph 5: Graph of dynamic viscosity VS concentration of methanol at 40

C

The graph above shows that as methanol concentration increases, the

dynamic viscosity calculated at 40 C increases. However, when the liquid
mixtures reach a certain concentrations where the ratio of water to
methanol is 0.75:0.25 , the dynamic viscosity is decreasing along with
increasing of the mixture concentrations. Theoretically, the mixture of
water and methanol should have a higher dynamic viscosity than pure
liquid substance because the intermolecular forces of the liquid molecules
are strongly interacting with each other. From this, it can be concluded
that the results obtained from this experiment does not follow the theory.
Besides, the highest percentage difference of theoretical and
experimental dynamic viscosity is 61.81%. These are due to the errors
found in the experiment that interfere with the accuracy of the data.

Errors
During experiment, a few errors are being observed causing inaccuracy in
the data collected:
1. Parallax error. This error due to observers incorrect eye levels position
while observing the transition of the ball from one marked ring to another.
17

2. Human error may occur during the starting and the stopping of
stopwatch. Slow reaction time will cause the time recorded to differ from
the actual time of experiment, thus affecting the result.
3. Temperature. The temperature of liquid in Hppler viscometer is not
kept constant thus affecting the experiment result.
Recommendations
1. Observer needs to place the eye level at angle of 90 perpendicular to
the marked ring on the viscometer to avoid parallax error.
2. Three readings of time taken for the ball to fall from one marked ring to
another are taken and
the average is obtained to improve the accuracy of the results.
3. The temperature of the liquid should be left to stabilize to obtain a
constant temperature before conducting the experiment.

CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, we are able to determine the viscosity of pure
water, pure methanol and the mixture of both liquids using the Hppler
Method. The dynamic viscosity for each sample is calculated using the
time recorded and the data is tabulated and then presented in graphical
form.

18

For the first part of the experiment, we can relate the viscosities of
pure substances and its temperature based on the graph plotted. The time
taken for the ball to reach the bottom line is shorter when the
temperature is higher for both substances. From the graph, the increase in
temperature reduces the dynamic viscosity of both water and methanol.
The different material balls with almost the same diameter do not
significantly affect the dynamic viscosity of the fluid samples used. The
experimental values are not approximately the same to the theoretical
values as the might be some errors when the experiment is conducted.
For the second part, we want to evaluate the effect of mixture of
water and methanol to the dynamic viscosity. From the graph made, it
indicated that pure substances has lower dynamic viscosity if compared to
their mixtures as longer time is needed for the ball to fall when mixtures is
used.
However, the might be some error while conducting the experiment.
For example, the existence of air bubble inside the tube affects the time
taken for the ball to fall, as well as the accuracy of taking the reading from
where the ball should fall with the time of manually pushing the
stopwatch. The parallax error might occurs also when observing the ball to
start falling and when it reached the bottom line. Despite the errors, it is
still concluded that the hypothesis is accepted.
Conducting this experiment has deepened our understanding
regarding the viscosity of fluids and the factors affecting it. It is a useful
information especially to transport fluids through pipe over long distances
as part of our field of work. Changing climates and different temperatures
should be considered because it will affect the viscosity and rate flow of
fluids.

REFERENCES
19

Abdullah, M.Z. (2015). CDB 2052 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1

LABORATARY MODULE. Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.(2006). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals &
Application, Pennsylvania USA: McGraw-Hill.
CSC Scientific Company,InC. 2014. Viscosity, Testing the flow ability of
liquids product. Retrieved from http://www.cscscientific.com/viscosity
Department of Energy Technology. SOP for Falling Ball Viscometer.
Retrieved
18
October
2015
fromhttps://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.291037!/ Menu/general/columncontent/attachment/KTH-SOP-H%C3%B6pplerVisc-NanoHex%20Final.pdf
Geankoplis, C. J. (2003). Transport Process and Unit Operations. 4th ed.,
New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Green, D. W. & Perry, R. H. (2008).
Jenton International UK. Viscosity Contol Application. Retrieved from
http://www.viscositycontrol.co.uk/viscosity%20applications.html
Hart

Scientific, Determination of Kinematics Viscosity, Industries

Performing
Kinematic
Viscosity
Testing
Retrieved
from
http://www.mbelectronique.fr/Oil%20&%20Gas%20-%20Kinematic
%20Viscosity.pdf

http://classroom.synonym.com/changing-temperature-affect-viscositysurface-tension-liquid-16797.html
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ldeo/lackner/E4900/Themelis3.pdf
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. United State : McGraw Hill.
White, F. M., Fluid Mechanics, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2005.

20

APPENDICES
Calculations (2a)
t 1+ t 2+t 3
3

Average time taken, t =

Percentage error (%) =

(theoryexperimental )
100
experimental

Density of water () & Theoretical dynamic viscosity () at different

temperatures are obtained from Appendix I (Property Tables and Charts).

Specification of Glass ball 1:

Material of Ball 1: Glass
Diameter of Ball 1 (mm) : 15.810 mm
Mass of Ball 1,(g) : 4.594 g
Calculations (2b)
Calculation for theoretical dynamic viscosity for ratio of water against
methanol (0.75 : 0.25) :
= ( of water at 40 C)(ratio of water) + ( of Methanol at 40 C)(ratio of
Methanol)
= (0.653 10-3 )(0.75) + (4.460 104 )(0.25) = 6.0125 x 10 -4 /
= 0.6013
Calculation for experimental dynamic viscosity, for ration of water
against methanol (0.75:0.25) :
Total volume of solution = 40 0.0013 /1
= 0.04 3
Mole of Methanol = /
=

10 mL(0.001 dm 3/1mL)(769600 g /1m 3)(

32.04 g /mol

= 0.2402 l
Concentration of Methanol

21

0.001m 3
dm 3)
1

0.2402mol
0.04 dm 3

= 6.005 /3
Density of mixture, L
=

(0 .7696 g cm3)(10 cm3)+(0.9921 g cm 3)( 30 cm3)

40 cm3

= 0.9365 /3
Experimental dynamic viscosity,
= ( )
= (0.00861 3 ) (35.15 )(2.2200 0.9365)/3
= 0.3884 s
Percentage error for ratio for ratio water towards methanol ( 0.75: 0.25)
Percentage Error
=|

TheoreticalExperimental Theoretical
Theoritical

=|

0.60130.3884
| 100% = 35.40 %
0.6013

| 100%

22

Appendix: Table A-9 : Properties of Saturated Water

23

Appendix 2 : Properties of Liquids

24