Lecture 9 (9/23)

Binge vs current vs heavy use of alcohol: Ineachcategory(currentuse,bingeuse,heavyuse)

ofdrinking,age2125hadthehighestlevels.5+ drinks at one sitting = binge drinking
Thoseenrolledincollegebetweentheagesof1822haveahigherchanceofgettingwasted
Molecular structure of ethanol:
EthylAlcohol
H
H
H C C O H
H
H
Alkuhul=finepowderedantimony,fineessence,essentialspirit.Usedtobeusedaseye
shadow
Yeast: ProducedbyfermentationofsugarsbyyeastSaccharomycescerevisiae.eats simple
sugar and turns it into alcohol
Fermentation: Fermentation=anaerobicdegradationofglucoseandothersugarstoobtain
energy.
Malting: sproutinggrainandbreakdownofcomplexcarbohydrates,corn,rice,etc.the
sprouting of the germination of the grain that is used to make alcohol that is grain-based
(whiskey).
Beer admixtures: Beeradmixtures(otherthingsinw/thebeer)toaddpsychoactiveeffects.
Henbane,wormwood,rosemary,opiumpoppy,cannabis,ginger,dandelions,hops
Distillation: Heat something up, some things vaporize more quickly than others. Alcohol boils
off before water. Alcohol comes off easier, you can collect it. Collect condensed vapors (you can
do it with a tube)
Azeotrope: nochangeonboiling.Combination of liquids. If you keep boiling it, there comes
a point when the combination of alcohol+water boils off together, it cannot be boiled off. 95%
alcohol, 5% water
Alcohol metabolism: Takesplaceprimarilyintheliver.EthanolAcetaldehydeAcetic
acid/acetate.Enzymes:Alcoholdehydrogenaseandacetaldehydedehydrogenase.Alcohol
dehydrogenaseremovesthehydrogenintheOHofethanolacetaldehyde.Acetaldehyde
dehydrogenaseafterpreviousstepaddsanoxygenandturnsthemoleculeintoaceticacid.One
drinkismetabolizedevery12hours.Onestandarddrink=1ozspirits,12ozbeer,or4ozwine
BAC: bloodalcoholconcentration.Howconcentrationismeasuredinthebody.Gramsof
ethanolin100mlofblood.Approximatelyequaltothepercentofethanolintheblood.2125
hadhighestlevelofdrivingundertheinfluence(1820and2629isclosetoo)
Alcohol effects: Relaxation,anxiolytic,disinhibition
Impairmentofcoordinatedmovement
Impairmentofmemorystorage(alcoholblackout)
Sleep
Death
.01
thresholdintoxication
.04
relxation,behavioraldisinhibition,impairedjudgement
.08
legallyintoxicated,reactiontime/coordinationimpaired
.15
grossintoxication,balanceandmovementimpaired

.30

lossofconsciousness

.40
approximatehumanLD50
Influencedbytolerance
Therapeutic index: Lethal dose (divided by) therapeutic dose. The higher the number, the safer.
Lethaldose(whatwillkillyou)dividedbytherapeuticdose(whatwillmakeyoufeelgood).The
highernumber,thebetter.
Lecture 11 (9/30)
Alcohol prevalence: Persons12yearsofage.Useever=83%(204million).Useinpastyear
=66%(163million).Useinpastmonth(currentuse)=51%(126million).Atleast15%of
currentusershavealcoholabuseproblems(20millionpeople).Prevalenceofalcoholabusein
generalmedicalpractice,Outpatient15%,Inpatient40%
Medical problems associated with alcohol abuse: Chronicmedicalproblemsassociatedw/
alcoholabuseLiverproblems(Fattyliver,hepatitis,cirrhosis).Healthyhumanliverisnotfatty.
Hepatitis=myliverhurts.Reversible.Cirrhoticliverhasfibrousnodules.Scarringand
irreversible.Pancreatitis.Gastrointestinalproblems.Cardiovascularproblems.Nervoussystem
problems(Peripheralneuropathy,Cerebralatrophy,Cognitiveimpairment).Detectingcerebral
atrophyBrainatrophyoccursw/chronicheavyalcoholconsumption.Longerventricles
(meaningsmallerbraintissuevolume)andsmallercorpuscallosuminalcoholics.Economiccost
ofalcoholabuseintheUSA$150billionperyearAutoaccidents50%arealcoholrelated
Suicides30%involvealcoholMortalityintheUSA150,000peryear
Effect of alcohol on fetal development: TeratogenicEffectsFetalAlcoholSyndrome(FAS),
FetalAlcoholEffects(FAE),Prenatalandpostnatalgrowthretardation,Malformationsoffacial
structure,CNS/brainabnormalities:mentalretardation,attentiondeficits,behavioralissues
Effects of alcohol on the nervous system:
Health effects of light alcohol use: Lessthan1to2drinksperday,IncreasedHDL(high
densitylipoprotein)goodcholesterol,DecreasedLDL(lowdensitylipoprotein)bad
cholesterol,Decreasedatherosclerosis,Decreasedheartattackrisk,Increaseinbreastcancerrisk
inwomen(10%increasedriskfor1to2drinksperday,30%increasedriskfor3to4drinksper
day)
Ethanol pharmacology: GABA, glutamate, adenosine:
GABA(gammaaminobutyricacid)
Majorinhibitoryneurotransmitterinthehumanbrain
Ethanolfacilitates/enhancesGABAactionatGABAreceptors(notanagonist!)
ResultsinglobalCNSinhibition
Glutamate
Majorexcitatoryneurotransmitterinthehumanbrain
Ethanolantagonizesglutamatereceptors(glutamatehasnoexcitatoryeffect)
Meansmoreinhibition
ResultsinglobalCNSinhibition
Adenosine
Inhibitoryneurotransmitter(similartoGABA),slowsthingsdownwhenactive
Ethanolblockspresynapticreuptakeoradenosine

Increasesneuralinhibition
Sedative-hypnotic drugs:
AlcoholisaSedativeHypnoticDrug
Sedaretocalm
Hypnostosleep
Acuteeffectsofsedativehypnoticdrugs
Relaxation,anxiolytic,disinhibition
Impairmentofcoordinatedmovement
Impairmentofmemorystorage(blackout)
Sleep
Death
Addiction to and withdrawal from sedative-hypnotic drugs: Sufferanxiety,tremor,increased
heartrate,increasedbloodpressure,hallucinations,delerium,deleriumtremens(DTssevere
autonomicinstability),seizure
Lecture 12 (10/5)
Inhalant general anesthetics: ether, halothane, enflurane, etc: Whensomeonebreathesthefumes
theyrelativelyquicklypassout(suchashalothaneandenflurane)Halogenatedhydrocarbonsand
ethers.Halogens=chlorine,fluorine,andbromine.
Injection general anesthetics: propofol, etc
Inhalants, solvents: Glue,paintthinner,whiteout,nailpolishremover,acetone,petroleum
distillates,toluene,xylenes,etc.Huffingcancausedamagetothelungs,brain,etc.A
treacherousally.Sheturnsonyouquitesuddenly.Alsoknownasafossilfuel.
Barbiturates: Syntheticpharmaceuticals(notfromplants).Thiopental(sodiumpentothal).
Deathpenaltyexecutionlethalinjectioncocktail.Shutsdownbrain.Easytooverdoseespecially
whenusedwithalcohol,lowtherapeuticindex.Usedasantiseizuremedicinefordogs
Benzodiazepines: Muchsafer,hightherapeuticindex(Valium1964,Librium1960)
Sedative-hypnotic neurochemistry: GABA(Gammaaminobutyricacid)isthemajorinhibitory
neurotransmitterinthebrain.ThesedativehypnoticdrugsfacilitateGABAactionatGABA
receptors,resultsinCNSinhibition
Sedative-hypnotic plants:
KavaPipermethysticum(blackpepper)
Presumedactivecomponents:
Kavalactones
ValerianValerianaofficinalis
Activecomponents:
GABA,valericacid,etc
ChamomileMatricariarecutita
Activecomponents:
?Unknown
LavenderLavandulaaugustifolia
Lavenderessentialoil
Activecomponents:

?Unknown
CatnipNepetacataria
ActiveComponents:
?Unknown
HopsHumuluslupulus
ActiveComponents:
?Unknown
Absinthe: FromtheGreekwordapsinthion=undrinkable,Definingplant=Wormwood
Artemisiaabsinthium.Ancientrecipewaswormwoodleavessoakedinwine.Hippocrates400
BC,Greekphysician,Recommendedabsintheforliverproblems,anemia,menstrualpains,etc.
Modernabsintheisacomplexherbalmixture,plantmaterialextractedw/distilledalcohol,then
redistilledSwitzerland1790s,Pernod1798/1805.Primaryantibugingredientistiedto
absinthe.Absinthewaslinkedtonotgettingmalaria
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium): AbsinthinArtemisiaabsinthium,Wormwood,verybitter.
Itisdilutedwithwaterandsugarisadded
Temperance movement: Switzerlandbannedabsinthein1910,Belgiumin1905,Hollandin
1910,USAin1912.TiedtoatemperancemovementalloverWesternEuropeandNorth
America
Lecture 13 (10/7)
Legal status of absinthe: Absinthewasbannedinalargermovementworldwidetryingto
removealcoholfromallcultures.Absinthehas6570%ofalcoholconcentration,Filledwithoils.
Whenaddingwater,theoilsgetoutandthedrinkgetscloudy.Legalagainthroughoutthe
EuropeanUnionwithsignificantlimitationsontheconcentrationofthujonepermitted.USA:
Untilrecently,illegaltosellanyproductsforhumanconsumptionthatcontainthujone.2007,it
canbesoldagainwiththujonelessthan10mg/L
Thujone: foundinwormwood.Alsoincookingsage.GABAreceptorantagonist.Stimulates
CNS.Potentialseizures/convulsions
Other herbal liqueurs: Benedictine, Chartreuse:
Bndictine
Herballiqueur
27plants(herbsandspices)
IncludingHyssopofficinalis
Beenmadesinceaboutthe1500sintheBndictineAbbeyinNormandy,France
DOM=DeoOptimoMaximo=forGod,mostgood,mostgreat
Chartreuse
Herballiqueur
130plants(herbsandspices)
IncludingHyssopofficinalis
LeGrandeChartreuseMonasterynearGrenoble,Franceinthe1700s
Supposedlyonly3peopleknowtherecipeforit

 FDA and FDA history, Bureau of Chemistry: 1880sBureauofChemistry,USDepartmentof

Agriculture,1927Food,DrugandInsecticideAdministration,1930FoodandDrug
Administration(FDA).DrugRegulation(FDA)
Whiskey rebellion: 1794Whiskeyrebellion.Refusaltopaythetaxandresultinginsurrection
inW.Pennsylvanialedtoorganizingandsendingamilitiaforceof10,000+troopstothearea.
MilitiaforcepersonallyledbyPresidentGeorgeWashingtonandTreasurysecretaryAlexander
Hamilton
Harrison Narcotics Act: 1914HarrisonNarcoticsAct.Regulatedandtaxedtheimportation,
manufactureandsaleofopium,cocaandtheirderivatives.Ataxlaw,constitutionallysimilarto
thewhiskeytax.Firsttimetheystartedsinglingoutdrugs.Resultedinthearrestofphysiciansfor
prescribingnarcoticstoaddicts
Alcohol prohibition: 1920EighteenthAmendmenttotheUSConstitution,Prohibitsthe
manufacture,sale,andtransportationofalcoholicbeverages.193321stAmendmenttotheUS
Constitution,Repealsthe18thamendment,ProposedbyCongressin1933,ratificationbythe
statesin1933,tookeffectin1933
Harry Anslinger: Commissioner,BureauofNarcotics19301962
Controlled Substances Act: 1970ControlledSubstancesactreplacedalltheotherlawsthe
regulateddangerousdrugsandcreated5DrugSchedules
Schedule I: NocurrentlyacceptedmedicaluseintheUS,Lackofacceptedsafetyforuseunder
medicalsupervision,Highpotentialforabuse(notnecessarily).ExamplesHeroin,Quaalude,
Nonpharmaceuticalstimulants,Nonpharmaceuticalfentanylanalogues,Allpsychedelics/
hallucinogens. ItisafelonytobeinpossessionofascheduleIdrug
Over-the-counter drugs: Noregulation:OvertheCounter/OTC(Aspirin,ibuprofen,caffeine
pills,etc).
Restricted OTC drugs: RestrictedOTC(Pseudoephedrine,emergencycontraceptionpills).
Prescription drugs: Prescription(Penicillin,antidepressants,oralcontraceptives,etc).
Controlled substances: Controlledsubstances(DEADrugEnforcementAdministration)
(Opioids,amphetamine,benzodiazepines)
Preclinical testing: Preclinicaltesting,Laboratoryinvitrostudies,Receptorprofiles,etc.In
vivoanimaltesting,Toxicity,safety,LD50,Pharmacokineticsmobilityofdrugs
Clinical testing, clinical trials: Clinical(human)trials
PhaseI
Healthysubjects
Safety,tolerability
Pharmacokinetics
PhaseII
Personshavingtheindicatedcondition
Efficacy
Continuedstudyofsafety
PhaseIII
Personshavingtheindicatedcondition
Largergroupofhundredstoseveralthousands
Continuedstudyofefficacyandsafety
Doubleblindandplacebocontrolled

PhaseIV
Continuedmonitoringofsafetypostmarketing
Placebo:

Lecture 14 (10/12)
CSA Schedules I, II, III, IV, V:
Sched 1
Psychadelics, marijuana
Sched 2
Opiates, cocaine
Sched 3
Some opiates like vicodin
Sched 4
Benzodyazopines
Sedative-hypnotics
Sched 5
Codeine in cough syrup
Exclusions from Controlled Substances Act: AlcoholandTobacco,andPropofol(Michael
Jacksonkiller)
1970 Uniform Controlled Substances Act: 50 states adopt federal schedules of the csa
1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances:
1984 Comprehensive Crime Control Act:
1986 Controlled Substances Analogue Act: Designer drugs illegal is not reviewed by fda and
analogous to a schedule I or II substance
Regulation of Salvia divinorum: Not regulated
State-by-state enforcement of Schedule I classification of marijuana: 14 states do not
US Constitution 10th amendment: not by the federal government given to the states (drug laws
defined by states) but negated by commerce clause
US Constitution Commerce Clause:
Lecture 15 (10/14)
Medical uses of Cannabis: Hasbeenusedbyhumansforthousandsofyearsforitsmedicinal
andpsychoactiveproperties.Analgesiarelieffrompain,Antiinflammatory,Musclerelaxant
antispasmodic(treatsspasms),Appetitestimulant,Antiemeticrelieffromnausea/vomiting,
Reducesintraocularpressure=treatsglaucoma,Antiseizure/anticonvulsant,Sedativerelaxant
(thiscanvarybycannabis),Hypnoticinducessleep,Psychedeliclikealteringthemental
state
Routes of administration for Cannabis: Historicallyitwasoral/digestive(theyateit!).Possible
therewasinhalationofsmokefromincense
Hash(ish): Concentratedresin,HashishorHash.Tomakeit,presstheresinintopresses/slabs.
HighestqualityofNepalesehashish=templeballs.Likeanofferingbecauseitsofsuchhigh
quality.

 Hemp: Cannabisforfiber:usedasrope,cloth,paper,etc.HempEnglish.Hanaf
German.CannabisLatin.KannabisGreek.CanvascomesfromCannabis.Illegalto
growthehempformanufacturing/selling.GeorgeWashington,thefirstpresidentoftheUS,was
ahempfarmer.ThomasJefferson,thethirdpresidentoftheUS,wasahempfarmer.Benjamin
Franklin,oneoftheUSgovernment,hadahemppapermill.Cannabisisnutritious.Hempseeds
highinomega3fattyacids,contributorstocardiovascularandneuralhealth.Phospholipids
requireomega3fattyacids
Set and setting: Mental setexpectations,priorexperience,personality,andcurrentstateof
mind.Andphysicalsettingcontextofconsuming(withpeople,bythemselves,place?)
Psychedelic effects: Enhancedoralteredsensoryperception(magnifiedexperiences),
Intensificationsofemotionsandthoughts,Alteredsenseofself
Mental effects of Cannabis: Sedation/relaxation,Heightenedanxiety/panic.(Absoluteopposite
ofpreviouseffectlol.Fromtheintensificationofemotions,mostlikely.Weakeningof
psychologicaldefense(hallmarkofThePsychedelics)Strategiesourmindusestoshieldusfrom
anxiety,Impairedshorttermmemory,Storageofnewinformation,Alteredsenseoftime,
Probablyrelatedtomemoryeffects)
Physiological/body effects of Cannabis: Reddeningofeyesfromdilationofbloodvessels,
Increasedheartrate,Decreasedlacrimation(tearing)=dryeyes,Decreasedsalivation=dry
mouth,Increasedappetite=munchies,Slowedreactiontimeandimpairedcoordination,
Sensualenhancement/aphrodisiaceffects
Toxicity of cannabis smoke: Highleveloftoxins,Lungdamagemorerapidthantobacco
smoking?Increasedlungcancerrisk?
Cannabis addiction: Cannabishasawayofpretendingsheisnotdoinganythingsothehemp
smokercanconfusehisintoxicationwiththegroundstate
Lecture 16 (10/19)
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): TheprimarypsychoactivecomponentinCannabis
(uniquetoonlycannabis).THCDelta9Tetrahydrocannabinolacid.Crossesthebloodbrain
barrierbecauseitissufficientlynonpolar.IdentifiedbyRaphaelMechoulamin1964
Raphael Mechoulam: Discoveredlate(mostpsychoactivechemicalsfoundinthe1800s)Did
thisbygettingcannabisextract.Testeditforpotencyofcannabislikesubstances
Dog ataxia test: Doggetssohighhefallsover.Taxiameanstomove(ataxia=cantmove)
Pharmacokinetics of smoked and oral THC: Pharmacokineticsforthisareassessedbyheartrate
(regardlesshow,itincreasesheartrate)SmokedTakes10minutestotakehighesteffecton
heartrate,Largestspikewasthehighestdose.Oral10minutes,nothinghashappened60
minutes,slowlyincreasing90minutes,peakonheartrate
THC excretion and drug testing: Slowexcretionoflipidsolublemetabolitesfrombody.May
produceprolongedpositiveurinetest.Heavyuser:Canlastupto3+weeks.Alwaysstaysinhair.
CocaineshowsupmorethanTHC.Implicationsforworkplacedrugtestingwasaneconomic
methodusedtopersuadebusinessestousethedrugtestingsystems
Marinol, Sativex:
DronabinolAKAMarinol
SyntheticTHCpharmaceutical

ItactuallycontainsTHC
2.5,5,and10mgpills
ScheduleIII
Sativex

CannabisextractenrichedinTHC/CBD
ApprovedinCanadaforneuropathicpain
Thingslikediabetes
ApprovedinUKforspasticityduetoMS
ClinicaltrialsintheUSforboththoseconditions
Anandamide and other endocannabinoids: Cannabinoidreceptorsarefoundthroughoutthe
humanbrain.AfterglutamateandGABAreceptors,itisthemostabundantneurotransmitter
receptortypeinthebrain.WedonthaveTHCinourbodies,sowhydowehavethis?
Endogenouscannabinoidneurotransmitter.Endogenous=madeinsidethebrain.Raphael
Mechoulamfoundamolecule.Longcarbonchain,previouslyunidentified.
Arachidonylethanolamide.DeemedAnandamideAnand(Sanskrit)=bliss.Other
endocannabinoidslaterfound.Mostprominentoneis2AG,2Arachidonoylglycerol
Retrograde signaling: Endocannabinoidsinvolvedprimarilyinretrogradesignalingatsynapses.
FirstonetodothiswasNitricOxide(NO).Endocannabinoidsdothistoo.Endocannabinoids
producedfromlipidsthatbreakoff.Gobackwardsandstimulatethecannabinoidreceptor.Main
purposeistoadjustthestrengthofthesynapse.
Addictive potential of Cannabis: Comparabletoalcohol?Mostpeoplewhoconsumedontget
addicted,dontgooutofcontrol,nosubstantialnegativeimpactonlife.Hardtostudybecauseof
illegality
Cannabis withdrawal syndrome: Physicalifcannabisistakenaway,withdrawal,Insomnia,
nervousness,irritability,etc.Psychologicalmentalwithdrawal,Cravings,depression
Prevalence of marijuana use in US and Netherlands: 12+(lifetimeuse)Unitedstates36.9%
Netherlands17.0%
Lecture 17 (10/21)
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum): PapaversomniferumOpiumPoppyNativeofthe
centralandMediterraneanEurope(andsurroundingarea)ScheduleIIcontrolledsubstance(1of2
plants,theotherispeyote)Whenthepetalsfalloff,youreleftw/theseedpod,Green
California poppy (Eschscholzia californica):
Opium: Whenbrokenopen,theyrewetandfilledw/poppyseeds,Lettheseedsmatureand
dry,theyfall,plantsregrow.Whiletheyrestillwet,slicethemw/knives.Oposgreekfor
sap/juice.Collectthesap.MostlegalopiumproductioncomesfromIndia
Physiological effects of opium: Analgesianumbingofpain,Bestpainreliever,Anxiolytic
numbingofpsychicpain,disruptinganxiety/nervousness,Sedation,dreamlikementalstate,
Coughsuppression,Decreasedintestinalmotility,Slowingdownmusclemovementthatpushes
foodasitsdigested,Pupilconstriction,Maybenotmedicaleffect,butitsinteresting,Oppositeof
otherones,whichopenthepupils
Routes of opium administration: Oraldigestive,Smoking,DevelopedinAsiaafterthe
introductionoftobaccosmoking
Mekonium, laudanum:

Mekonium
Choppeduppoppyseedpodsinwater
Mekonisgreekforpoppy
Laudanum
Alcoholtincture/extractofopium
ParacelsusNamedlaudanum
Laudareislatinfortopraise
UsedincoughsyrumorwasMrs.Winslowssoothingsyrupfrom1880
Opium wars & Treaty of Nanking:
1700s1800sLargescaleproductionofopiumpoppybeganw/theBritishinIndia
1850sBuildBritishopiumclipperships
250feetlong,speedof17knots,transportedopiumfromIndiatochina
OpiumWarsbetweenEnglandandChina
18391842FirstOpiumWar
1842TreatyofNanking
ChinacededHongKongtoEnglandinperpetuity
1856SecondOpiumWar
MadeitallthewaytoBeijing!
1984TreatybetweentheUKandChinareturningHongKongtoChinain1997
Friedrich Wilhelm Sertrner:Discoveredandnamedmorphinearound1803.Itisthefirst
alkaloid.Namedaftermorpheusthegreekgodofsleep
Morphine, codeine: Twopsychoactivesfromopium
Morphine10%opium
Codeine1%opium
Have4flatringsand13dringofcarbon
Semi-synthetic opioids, synthetic opioids: Syntheticmodificationsofopiatesfromopium
Heroin: diacetylmorphine(firstoneintroducedtotheworld)FirstintroducedbyBayer,wasa
typeofaspirin.Madefromacetylation
Acetylation: Takesthehydrogensfrommorphineandreplacesitw/acetates,Makesitmore
nonpolar,Preferabletomorphine!!addvinegarOrsalicylicacid,AcetylsalicylicacidAspirin
Routes of opioid administration: EVERYTHING
Naloxone: Narcan(wakesopiateoverdosepeopleupimmediately)
Addictive potential of opioids: VERYHIGH.Dependenceproducingqualities.Physicaland
emotionalanalgesia.Canquicklyproducephysicalandpsychologicaldependence.Tolerance

maulting is the sprouting of the germination of the grain that is used to make alcohol that is
grain-based (whiskey).
yeast eats simple sugar and turns it into alcohol
5+ drinks at one sitting = binge drinking
sedative hypnotic plants know their common names

Lavender, chamomile,
Opium will be on the exam
More from pharmacopoeia
Biggest thing about schedule is that Schedule I drugs have no medical use in the United States
Then by lesser and lesser abuse potential
Inhalant general anesthetics
Used to knock people out during surgeries
Class of drugs where people lose sensation
Because they fall asleep
Alcohol (and other sedatives) is used to amplify GABA
Exaggerates the actions of GABA
Makes it more efficient
US Constitution Commerce Clause
Congress has the power to regulate all interstate/international commerce
Used to justify drug laws
Alcohol distillation
Heat something up, some things vaporize more quickly than others
Alcohol boils off before water
Alcohol comes off easier, you can collect it
Collect condensed vapors (you can do it with a tube)
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmaco = drug
Kinetic change
How a drug is absorbed, how it builds up, and how it is excreted through the body
All sedative hypnotics facilitate GABA receptor
Azeotrope
Combination of liquids
If you keep boiling it, there comes a point when the combination of alcohol+water
boils off together, it cannot be boiled off.
95% alcohol, 5% water
Constant boiling
Alcohol effect on glutamate is opposite of GABA
Antagonist
Blocks the glutamate receptor
You get an inhibitory effect

Metabolism of alcohol
People metabolise about 1 drink every 1 to 2 hours
1 drink 12 ounce beer, 4 oz wine, 1 oz distilled, hard liquor
Sched 1
Psychadelics, marijuana
Sched 2
Opiates, cocaine
Sched 3
Some opiates like vicodin
Sched 4
Benzodyazopines
Sedative-hypnotics
Acetylaldohide
Adding oxygen
Proof is twice the percent of alcohol
Will gunpowder still light?
It did w/ 50% alcohol
Halogen
Chlorine, fluorine, bromine
Substitute for hydrogen
Marijuana involved in retrograde synapses
Retrograde signaling
Starts in dendryte, goes to axon terminal
Backwards
Endocannabinoids
Significance of thujone
GABA receptor antagonist
Arousal and excitation
Stimulant
Found in wormwood
Key ingredient in wormwood
Harry J. Anslinger
Director of the Bureau of Narcotics
Crusader against Marijuana
He was instrumental in it
William James

Principles of psychology, talked about effects of marijuana on time perception

Cannabis effects time
Dog ataxia
Mechulam used this to see most powerful things in marijuana
Dog so high it falls down
Act in 1914
Clinical means given to humans (everything else is pre clinical animals, test tubes)
In vitro is in a test tube
In vivo is in a living organism
Receptor profile
To measure in an in vitro system, which types of neurotransmitters a drug is recepting w/
Salvia Divinorum
Hallucinogenic plant that is not regulated by the federal laws
Some states have passed laws regulating salvia divinorum or making it illegal
Therapeutic Index
Lethal dose (divided by) therapeutic dose
Higher the number, the safer
Set and Setting
Effects of drugs are dependent upon how someone is feeling (their mental SET)
Previous experiences, current mood
And physical SETTING
Where they are, whats the environment
Psychedelics have HUGE set and setting
Cannabis has high set and setting
Alcohol has a moderate set and setting
Caffeine has low set and setting effect
Cannabis in Netherlands has been legalized and available in places like coffee shops for 30 years
People using cannabis is less than the US
Availability didnt make use go up
Gateway to more serious drugs because its available in Netherlands
Well heroin use isnt higher there than here
Addictive potential of cannabis
Virtually no study of it
Exists
People cant cut down on use
Regular users have dysfunctional relationships w/ cannabis

Cant consume less even if they want to

Ethanol is a molecule by a dehydrogenous to
Acidaldehyde by a dehydrogenous to
Acetic acid is a molecule
Clinical trial
Process you have to go through to get a drug approved
Phases 1-3 (sometimes 4)
1 test it to see if it does anything
2 test it on people w/ condition
3 test it on large group of people w/ condition, some have placebo