International Journal of Engineering Science Invention

ISSN (Online): 2319 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 6726

www.ijesi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 11|| November 2015 || PP.54-59

Application of GIS in Evaluationof Coastal River Bathymetry,

A Case Study of OpoboChannel, Rivers State, Nigeria
Ezeugwu M. U1, Idhoko K.E2, Nnamah, P.O3 and Ofuenyi J. O4
Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nnamdi
AzikiweUnversity, Awka. Nigeria.

ABSTRACT :Opobo Channel is the lower section of Imo River-II, adjoining the Estuary into the Atlantic.
The channel connects two important towns, Opobo in Rivers State and IkotAbasiin AkwaIbom of Nigeria. The
unexplored socio-economic potential of these towns has been hindered by poor navigability of the only marine
channel from the sea. OpoboChannel was only and lastly dredged in 1996 when Aluminium Smelting
Company of Nigeria (ALSCON) became operational. A marine vessel delivering petroleum products to
Synergy Tank Farm in IkotAbasiran aground in 2014 at the Estuary due to reduced channel bathymetry and
estuarine accretion.A bathymetry survey was conducted in February 2015 to determine the existing water
depth profile of the 14km (7.64nautical miles) channel from the Estuary to IkotAbasi, hence its
navigability.Computer assisted data analysis using Geographical Information System (GIS) was employed
toassess and evaluate the acquired bathymetric data. Based on planned deployment of 8m maximum draft
vessel, 45% of the channel, was discovered to be deeper than 8m while the rest is less. This shows that for
safeyear-round navigation, 55% of the channelrequires dredging. The data was further used to create a
dredge limit of 12m water depth and the total volume of material to be dredged was computed. Its
recommended that periodic bathymetric survey be planned to continuously monitor rate of siltation along the
Channel, including the Estuary and the Fair-way sections. Its expected that with further bathymetric data
acquisition and analysis, it will be possible to predict when subsequent maintenance dredging shall be
conducted to keep the channel open and free for safe all-year-round navigation.
Keywords:-bathymetric survey, morphology, accretion, siltation, sediment budget, estuaries, hydrography,
water depth, GIS.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Opobo Channel is the main marine link from two major coastal towns,IkotAbasiand Opoboto the Atlantic.
Opobo is land locked with no motorable land access, while IkotAbasi is not. The geographical location of
IkotAbasi has a great untapped socio-economic potential,which is hindered by poor navigability of the marine
channel from the sea. Due to the existing dual carriage express road leading to the nearest capital cities of Port
Harcourt and Uyo, if fully developed, IkotAbasi could serve as the next major sea-port (inland) in the southsouth region of Nigeria.
The main objective of the hydrographic survey is to assess the existing water depth and its suitability for safe
navigationbetween IkotAbasi and the Opobo Channel estuary.According to (Payoyo, 1994), coastal and marine
areas are ever increasing in value to the welfare of nations and her citizens. These areas provide natural, social
and economic functions that contribute toincreased quality of life. In addition to the aforementioned, the coastal
environment is instrumental in determining climate thatbeneficially affects all life on Earth. Some social and
economicfunctions include tourism, commercial and recreational fishing, oil and gasdevelopment, and
construction (Eckert, 1979; Prescott, 1985; Gomes, 1998).It is clear therefore that coastal and marine areas are
of vital importance to human life and the nation as a whole, which IkotAbasi could be explored to full
benefit.The facts that approximately 71% of the planets surface is covered with water and that these are as rich
and productive as the land in terms of food and transport, increase the importance of hydrographic
measurements (Erkaya and Hoba, 1998; Ozgen and Algul, 1977).
The navigability of Opobo channel is the key to unlock the potential of IkotAbasi leading to development of a
port that will not only add to thenationsrevenue but also improve the life of impoverished indigenes of
IkotAbasi and environ. The backbone to this is the morphological characteristics of the channel, i.e., the channel
width and water depth. The channel width ranges from 1m to 1.7km, which is of no concern, irrespective of
morphological changes over time. The main concern is water depth which is a function of the sediment

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Application of GIS in Evaluation of Coastal

dynamics and the resulting hydrographic profile of the channel bed. In todays dynamic world of advancing
technology, computer assisted data analysis currently plays an important role in creating a graphical
representation of scenes for easy understanding and appreciation by its audience. This serves as a vital key in
decision-making for coastal protection, development and management, especially of national and natural
resources of great help to man-kind.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based information management system used to digitally
represent and analyze geo-spatial features. It is used to input, store, manipulate, analyze and output spatially
referenced data (Burrough and McDonnell, 1998). A GIS can be distinguished from database management
systems or from visualization packages through its specialized capability for spatial analysis. The use of GIS for
coastal zone management has expanded rapidly during the past decade and references are numerous (Durand,
1994; Populus, 2000; Wright and Bartlett, 2000). GISiscommonly used in efficient and effective data
management for hydrographic data (Millett and Evans, 2009). This computer assisted data analysis tool, was
considered as best fit and therefore, used to manipulate the acquired bathymetric data to create a visual
representation of channel water depth profile in different forms. Such as:1. Existing water depth and bottom profile, between IkotAbasiand the estuary.
2. Considering maximum vessel draft of 8m, section with sufficient depth was shown, including section
with insufficient water depth that will require dredging.
3. A threshold water depth limit of 12m was assumed for uniform dredging, and then the volume of
material to be dredged was computation.

II.

STUDY AREA

Opobo Channel is the lower section Imo River-II, located south-south region of Nigeria. Its tidal and connects
both IkotAbasi and Opobocoastal towns to the Atlantic. Numerous creek and creek-lets connected the channel,
includingJaja Creek, Fine Face Creek and Strong Face Creeks. Imo River-11 is the administrative boundary
between AkwaIbomand Rivers Statesof Nigeria. Its located between Latitude 040 33 55.31 and 040 28
30.04Northof Equatorand Longitude 070 31 31.63 and 070 35 35.38 East of Greenwich.

Figure 2 :- Map of Nigeria, AkwaIbom and Rivers State, and Opobo Channel.

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Application of GIS in Evaluation of Coastal

III. BATHYMETRIC DATA AQUISITION
(I) Bathymetric Measurements
Hydrography is an aspect systematic measurement in marine environment to determine the topographic status of
the bed for many purposes including water depth, which amongst other uses, informs the navigability of the
surveyed area. Duringbathymetric survey, water depth and position measurements were
conductedsimultaneously to provide spatial definition of each survey point in both horizontal and vertical
planes.
(II)Navigation and Positioning System
The navigation and positioning on the survey boat,fitted with the depth sounding equipment was with
Hemisphere VS100 dual frequency DGPS system. Thesewere setup on the survey vessel with offset
measurementsbetween the GPS antenna and echosound transducer positions, made and registered in the survey
navigation software EivaNavipac. This enabled position co-ordinate determination of the E/S transducerposition
for every sounding point. The survey computer runs the EivaNavipac navigation software, which was
configured to received and log raw data in real-time from the interfaced DGPS, gyro compass and Echo Sounder
systems.The software also transformed the logged raw GPS co-ordinate from WGS-84 format to local grid
reference to Nigeria Mid Belt co-ordinate system using a set of 7 datum shift parameters. The real-time output
data were local grid co-ordinate and uncorrected water depth at all annotated fix points, including screen display
of the GPS data health statistics.
(III) Water Depth Measurements Process
A single beam, Dual Frequency E/S was used to measure the water depths along the channel center line.
However, only the acquired high frequency data was used for the water depth reduction during post processing.
The measured echo signal displayed digitally, while the digital raw depth data, logs automatically in the
interfaced survey computer for every annotated fix-points.
Prior to commencement of the actual survey and measurements, a bar-check was conducted to calibrate the echo
sounder anddetermine the sound speed in water. At reconciled water depth setting of 2 and 3m, the velocity of
sound in water was noted and set as 1530m/s for the survey. Total Tide Software was used to simulate the
predicted tide from Admiralty Tide Table for the nearestOpobo river entrance standard port. The simulated tidal
difference against observed time was developed and used to correct all measured depths for tidal fluctuation,
using LAT (Least Astronomical Tide) as Datum.
All acquired data were post-processed, resulting in the x,y,z coordinate listing of all bathymetric survey points.
These were the primary data and used to plot the water depth profile using ArcGIS software.
Table of GPS/Echo Sounder Data point Quantity
Survey Date
Bathymetric Survey
Chart Datum
Method
12 February 2015
GPS/Echo Sounder
LAT

III.

Port Ref for Tidal

Correction.
OpoboRiver
Entrance Port.

Data Point Quantity

430

BATHYMETRIC DATA ANALYSES USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SYSTEMS (GIS)

GIS provides a stable platform with facilities for the data integration, sophisticated analysis, manipulation and
cross-examination ofdata and its associated derivatives. It enhances display and visualization of data to awider
audience.According to Yomralolu, 2005, a geographical information system is an information system for the
acquisition, preservation, analysis and presentation of graphical and non-graphical data, based on its spatial
attributes. This also implies that GIS could be used for data analysis in a wide range of applications. In deriving
attribute information required for the geographical information systems, reliable data acquisition process is one
of the most important phases, requiring huge time and cost.
(I) Gathering Attribute Information
Attribute information for evaluating the water depth and river bed profile were derived from the result of the
bathymetric survey of Opobo channel. The post processed co-ordinate listing and reduced water depth were the
primary data. These were used to plot the water depth profile of Opobo Channel from IkotAbasi to the Estuary.
The initial water depth chart was produced from these primary data, which formed the bases for further data
manipulations.

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Application of GIS in Evaluation of Coastal

(II) Integration and manipulation of Bathymetric Data to GIS Medium

The attribute spatial data of the study area was integrated into ArcGIS 10 software. Firstly, the bathymetric data
(x,y,h) were exported to ArcGIS 10 software in ESRI shape format. Then, adigital water depth model of the
study area was produced using the TIN (Triangulated IrregularNetwork) and the 2D Analyst module. The initial
river bed was modelled showing existing water depth, with indication of sections deeper and shallower than 8m.
Different scenarios were then created from the given attribute data in different layers. A chart showing section
with water depth less than 8m, which will require dredging, was created. Then,another chart with a
recommended uniform water depth of about 12m was created with the computation of volume of anticipated
dredged material to be removed for a width of 200m.

Figure 2:- Composite Water Depth Chart of Opobo Channel (IkotAbasi to the Estuary)

Figure 3:- Composite Water DepthProfile of Opobo Channel (IkotAbasi to the Estuary)

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Application of GIS in Evaluation of Coastal

IV.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Within the scope of this study, digital water depth models and bathymetric chart of Opobo Channel was
obtained using ArcGIS 10 software (Figure 3.1 and 3.2).The available water depth that will support safe
navigation and possible dredging requirement, including dredged volumes were examined using the ArcGIS 10
utilities.
These results showed reduced water depth that will not support safe navigation within the channel. About 54%
of the channel is shallower than 8m water depth and will require dredging. Due to high sediment dynamics of
typical coastal rivers, a threshold of 12m was recommended as uniform dredge limit.Based on this water depth
limit, the material volume to be dredged was computed using Cut-and-Fill utility in the GIS software. The
volumetric model boundary for the computation was set for 200m width and 14km long. The derived volume of
29,000,000 cubic meters was compared with another computation method using Surface Difference. The
correlation was more than 98%.
Unfortunately, it was not possible to get the bathymetric data of 1996 dredging works in the channel. This
would have enable the evaluation of rate of sedimentation. However, the current bathymetric works will serve as
baseline for future assessment and determination of sedimentation rate. With this information, time for
subsequent maintenance dredging could be predicted and planned for. Also the anticipated dredge volume will
enable budgetary planning.

V.

CONCLUSIONS

The GIS utilities have shown to be a reliable tool for effective management of bathymetric data that will provide
a realistic overview of water depth information for safe navigation in Opobo Channel. This is a key decisionmaking tool for planning the dredging works within the channel.
In addition, there is need for continuousstudy and update of hydro-morphological characteristics within the
channel and especially around the estuary, which has more sedimentation dynamics. With this continuous
information, an updated co-ordinate listing that defines safe route will be made available to
mariners/vesselsarriving the channel.
Forproper budgetary planning and financial management, the availability of GIS enables a prediction tool, with
information on time, volume and cost of future maintenance dredging works. This added value of theGISwill
provide a prediction tool with high level of confidence for safe navigation, especially, when one considers the
huge cost of vessel beachment.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology hasallowed Opobo Channel bathymetry to be twodimensionally modelled, analyzed and displayed. By deploying such information manipulation tool, the
efficiencyand effectiveness of coastal river channel management may be considerably augmented for optimal
effect.Once the channel is free for year-round safe navigation, other developmental processes can now key-in.
This assures the realization of the ultimate goal of exploring and exploiting the socio-economic potential of
IkotAbasi and environ, including Nigeria as a country.

Due to multiple influent creeks and creek-lets along the channel, including the downstream estuarine sediment
yield, there is need for a detailed morphological research on the evolution of sediment dynamics and
characteristics of Opobo Channel. This will bring history to the fore and create a reliable baseline for
management of the channel.

VI.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Managing Director of SckopemateKonsult Limited, ChigboOkeke
(FNIS), for providing and authorizing the use of bathymetric data and charts of Opobo Channel.Also,
NwekeChukwuemeka, who, in addition to his very busy schedule, willingly made out time to assist in
resourcing technical materials. We thank you all and may God reward you abundantly.

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Application of GIS in Evaluation of Coastal

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