Capacity

No
SB1
SB2
SB3
SB4

16
12
16
10

Dia
mm
20
20
20
16

Ast
Sq mm
5024
3768
5024
2010

Axial Load
kN
2085
1564
2085
834

Permissible stress in Direct Compression,Mpa

Permissible stress in Bending Compression,Mpa
Permissible stress in Direct Tension,Mpa

3.71
2.78
3.71
1.48
6
8.5
3.2

M25
M25
M25

unbalanced torque
Ttotal = Tpump + Tfluid

Shut-off condition

Ttotal = Tpump - Tfluid

Operating condition

Complete Pump Characteristics

Relationships between flow(Q),head(H), speed(N) and torque(T)
to solve the pump operation problem.

Normal pump curve: Positive-Rotation Head-Discharge curve.

Karman-Knapp circle diagram

Speed
Flow

X-axis
Y-axis

lines of constant head(solid) and constant

torque(dashed)

Quadrants of operation

Quadrant I

positive flow and positive rotation.

Q +ve & N +ve

Normal Pump Operation:- Follow Constant Head Line

Quadrant II

positive flow and negative rotation.

Q +ve & N -ve

Quadrant III

negative flow and negative rotation

Q -ve & N -ve

Quadrant IV

negative flow and positive rotation

Q -ve & N +ve

Zone of energy Dissipation

Speed at which the flow reverses:

Intersection of constant head line with

the flow axis

Zone A

Normal Pumping

Q1

H
>0

Q
>0

N
>0

(Ttotal = Tpump - Tfluid) Tfluid is 0

Zone B

Energy Dissipation

Q1

<0

>0

>0

Head across the pump is negative

Turbine that is rotating faster than the runaway speed so the fluid is acting to slow
the rotation of the impeller down to the point where it reaches runaway speed,
except that the blade angle is that of a pump and not of a turbine.
(Ttotal = Tpump - Tfluid) Tpump < Tfluid gives - ve value
Zone C

Reverse Turbine

Q1

<0

>0

<0

Head across the pump is negative

Reverse Turbine zone.
The line of zero torque is the boundary between zones B and C.
Zone D

Energy Dissipation

Q2

<0

>0

<0

In this case flow is traveling from higher head before the pump to a lower head
after the pump but the pump is rotating in reverse causing energy to be lost as it
passes through the pump.

Zone E

Reverse Rotation
Pumping Radial Flow Machine

Q2

>0

>0

<0

Zone E

Reverse Rotation
Pumping Mixed Axial Flow Machine

Q3

<0

<0

<0

Zone E is where the pump, rotating in the wrong direction, is able to provide enough
energy to have a positive gain in head across the pump. The efficiency of zone E
would be very low due again to the improper blade angle and poor exit conditions.
The occurrence of operation in quadrant II is very infrequent.
Zone F

Energy Dissipation

Q3

>0

<0

<0

Case where the turbine is rotating faster than the runaway speed, the fluid
produces a braking effect on the impeller .
The boundary between zone F and zone G is the line of zero torque.

Zone G

Normal Turbine

Q3

>0

<0

<0

<0

>0

pump power failure

Zone H

Energy Dissipation

Q4

>0

It is encountered shortly after power failure to a pump.

This zone of operation begins where the pump is being overpowered by the head
across the pump and flow begins to reverse in the positive direction and it starts to
rotate in the reverse direction. It ends when the flow of the water has finally
stopped the pump from rotating in the positive direction and it starts to rotate in
the reverse direction.
During this time the action of the pump is only creating an energy loss to the flow
as it moves in the opposite direction of the rotating impeller.
(Equilibrium Point) Line
0
constant head line intersects the line of zero torque

0
Run away
Speed

Q +ve & N +ve

Q +ve & N -ve

Q -ve & N -ve
Q -ve & N +ve

of constant head line with

T
>0

d is 0
<0

tive
so the fluid is acting to slow
t reaches runaway speed,
and not of a turbine.
gives - ve value
<0

tive

een zones B and C.

<0

the pump to a lower head

using energy to be lost as it

<0

<0

on, is able to provide enough

p. The efficiency of zone E
gle and poor exit conditions.
s very infrequent.
<0

unaway speed, the fluid

mpeller .
e line of zero torque.

>0

>0

re to a pump.
g overpowered by the head
ive direction and it starts to
w of the water has finally
on and it starts to rotate in

g an energy loss to the flow

rotating impeller.
0

Bonded Prestressed Slab Construction

Ducts
Width(mm)
Depth(mm)
75
19

Strands
4 or 5

Anchorages
Width(mm)
Depth(mm)
230
90

Effects of Prestress on Continuous Beams

Additional Effects of Prestress

2D nature of slab system

Variation in slab depth : Drop panels,Band beams

Force system of prestressing cables on Slab:

1 Transverse forces exerted whereever curvature exists along the cable, which
Effect of these equivalent loads :CH:16:Continuous Beams
2 Applied anchorage forces, which cause axial compression within the slab,but
BM's if the anchorages are eccentric
3 Changes in moment which occurs due to changes in slab thickness as at drop

AS 3600:Cl 8.1.2.3
Dispersion of prestressing force at slab anchorages into slab for slab prestressed in both dir

When a Slab is designed for punching shear around columns:Two conclusions

ong the cable, which result in BM & SF in slab.

n within the slab,but may also give rise to

b thickness as at drop panels

restressed in both directions