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SUBMITTED BY:
SHIKHA VERMA
MURP 1ST SEM
Europe is a small continent, but it is very diverse. Many different landforms,water features, and climates can be found there.
Although we call Europe a continent, it is actually part of Eurasia, the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia.
Geographers consider the Ural Mountains to be the boundary between the two continents
Of Society
The living conditions on land and the hope of better economic circumstances drove the poor to migrate to the towns.
The town and market centralizing function for the surrounding countryside.
Of trade
The early Middle Ages were largely populated by farmers, and frequently the artisans also had pieces of ground which they
cultivated.Only the inner town of Rothenberg, the Herrenstadt, possesses high-gabled buildings which were owned by the
town counselors and their families.The other main district of Franekerconsisted mainly of large blocks of Streets with garden
areas of varying sizes on the inside. The better residential districts grew up alongside the two main canals .
Of War
The building of new towns were increasingly influenced by the vision of the 'ideal town' of the Italian master builders. Town
fortifications in the form of hexagons octagons and dodecagons were published.
The rectangular network of streets which is often broken by radial roads, was now adopted as an axiom in town planningThrough the appearance of fortification builders, the physical layout of the town became subject to conditions imposed by
the fortifications
INTRODUCTION
The time span between fall of the Roman empire till the start of renaissance is termed as DARK AGES as no great
construction or development was carried out during this period.
A period of tribal migration which saw the break-up of the Mediterranean economy and the end
of Ancient World). The urban ideal of the antique world came to an end with the
sacking of Roman towns by barbarian invaders (3rd century onward), th whom the
urban culture of Hellenic and Roman tradition meant little.
Economy was rooted in agriculture and the feudal system was the new order.
Merchants & craftsmen formed guilds to strengthen their social & economic position.
Wars among the rival feudal lords were frequent.
PLANNING
1.Early medieval town was dominated by church or monastry & castle of lords.
2.For protective measures, towns were sited in irregular terrain, occupying hill tops or islands. Towns assumed informal &
irregular character.
3.Church plaza became a market place.
4.Roads generally radiated from church plaza& market plaza to gates with secondary lateral roadways connecting them.
5.Castle was surrounded by wall & moat as a protective elements.
Irregular pattern in planning was devised to confuse enemies; as enemies unfamiliar with town.
Open spaces, streets, plazas developed as an integral part of site.
Streets were used for pedestrian while wheels were restricted to main roads
NAARDEN is a municipality and a town in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands, shaped in the form of a
star. This small town is a textbook example of a popular style of fortification that evolved in Europe during the 16th century.
Naardens star fortification is complete with fortified walls and a moat which are in as good as state as five centuries ago. In
fact, Naarden is one of the best preserved fortified towns in Europe today.
1.CARCASSONNE
Carcassonne is located in theAudeplain between two great axis of circulation linking the Atlanticto theMediterranean seaand
theMassif Centralto thePyrenees.
Its strategic importance was quickly recognized by the Romans who occupied its hilltop until the demise of their western
empire and was later taken over by theVisigothsin the fifth century who founded the city.
Irregular pattern for streets is seen. It contains market square,castle & church of St.Nazzair.
Carcassonne is a fortified medieval walled city in southwestern France.
The City of Carcassonnes double row of fortified walls run almost two miles long and accentuated by 56
imposing
watchtowers.
The city of Carcassonne followed a irregular pattern of planning composing of market square, castle and church.
The fortification was protected by the construction of a defensive wall some 1,200m long. The fortifications, consisting of
two lines of walls and a castle, which is itself surrounded by fortifications, extend over a total length of 3km
Irregular pattern of streets are seen.
The market square has narrow streets which also follows a irregular pattern.
The walled town of Carcassonne is roughly rectangular in shape, up to 525 meters long and 250 m wide. It is surrounded by
its medieval double enclosure wall; the inner curtain is 1245 m in length, with 29 towers, while the outer has 18 towers and is
1320 m long.
The outer wall contains seventeen towers and barbicans. Most of the outer towers were built with open sides facing the inner
walls so that if taken the towers could not provide protection for the attackers.
NOERDLINGEN
A Cathedral
B Moat
City of Germany, marked by a walled enclosure dominated by the church st. George main road radiated from the
town centre to the city walls.
It shows the radial & lateral pattern of irregular road ways with the church plaza as the principal focal point of the town.
- is a most typical form of radial plan with a regular oval to circular shape or outline.
- originally a Roman settlement but town structure evolved in medieval times around a central growth point: a Royal
Frankish Court.
- town gradually formed successive rings of buildings (rather protective of its precious centre) around nucleus.
3.CITY MOUNT ST. MICHEL
RENAISSANCE
INTRODUCTION
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the
Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but
since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural
movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in
painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the
Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Although the Renaissance saw
revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic
developments and the contributions of such polymaths as
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man"
ades brought the concentration of the people to towns situated of the main cross roads.
le hand machines.
formal and monumental buildings drawing upon the classical heritage of Rome.
Even Napoleon called the Piazza San Marci the most beautiful reception room in all Europe. All who entered the city of
Venice in the past, did so at St. Marks Square, where the ships brought in the visitors. The ambiance of this magnificent
square is incomparably beautiful. Lined with beautiful historic buildings such as the St. Marks Basilica, the Doges Palace
and the Procuracies. High above everything else stands the imposing Campanile.
The history of St. Marks Square is long. Previously, the square was traversed by a canal and was used as a growing area for
fruits and vegetables. In 1174 the Venetians filled in the canal and paved it over with bricks in 1267. Since this time, it has
been the religious, political and social centre of Venice. The white marble lines across the square are from the 18th century
and mark the locations of the market stalls, which were located here during the week when a large market took place. Today
St Marks Square is both ballroom and boulevard. The vast majority of visitors of Venice begin or end their visit of Venice
here and enjoy one or two coffees in one of the famous square cafes.
MICHAEL ANGELO (A.D. 1474-1564), a famous Florentine sculptor, and painter of the roof of the Sistine Chapel in the
Vatican (A.D. 1508), representing the Fall and Redemption of Mankind, also turned his attention, late in life, to architecture,
but reckless detail mars his work. He finished the Farnese Palace, and carried out the Dome of S. Peter but perhaps his best
work was the reconstruction of the Palaces of the Capitol (A.D. 1540-1644) grand examples of one-order buildings.
His principal works at Florence were the Mausoleum (or New Sacristy) having statues of his patrols, Lorenzo and Giuliano
de Medici, and the Laurentian Library (A.D. 1524), both at S. Lorenzo.
S. Peter, Rome was the most important building erected in the period, and many architects were engaged upon it. In plan it
was a Greek cross, the later extension of the nave and aisles toward tne east practically bringing the whole scheme to a Latin
cross. This wras probably effected so as to inclose the whole of the area of the previously existing church. The nave, 80 feet
wide, consists of four bays of immense size, the central crossing is covered by the dome, 137 feet 6 inches in diameter, and
the short transepts are terminated by semicircular a'pses, the western arm being precisely similar. The high altar stands under
the dome, within a "baldachino," 100 feet high, over the alleged, tomb of S. Peter.
A vestibule at the East end extends the whole width of the church, the chancel being at the west end.
The interior has one gigantic order of Corinthian pilasters, crowned with semicircular barrel vaults, 150 feet high.
The walls are faced with plaster, and colored to imitate marble, producing a rich effect, and the dome is beautifully decorated
in
mosaic.
VERSAILLES IN FRANCE
It was during the 17th century that the King of France, then Louis XIII, invited by the Lord of Versailles, came to Versailles
to hunt. The site pleased the King, and in 1622 he bought a parcel of land in the forest for his personal hunting. Then, two
years later, in 1624, he bought other parcels of land and constructed a gentlemans hunting house or gentlemans castle.
In 1632, the King then purchased the entirety of the surrounding land, and even the seigneurie (meaning a local jurisdiction
governed by a lord) of Versailles and its enlargements, while at the same time transforming the gentlemans castle. Note that
until this period of time, the King had lived in Paris (in the Louvre), in Saint Germain-en-Laye, or in Fontainebleau.
illes.
MODERN VERSAILLES
The city developed according to the plan designed by Louis XIV, who, in the 18th
Century inspired the layout of the city of Washington. Versailles is the Prefecture of the
department of the Yvelines and has close to 90,000 inhabitants. Regional administration sits
there: the Prefecture and the general counsel. Versailles also has one of 30 French universities
with approximately 14,000 students. This is also a garrison city, which inherited role of the
monarchy. Several military organizations are located in Versailles, including the 5th regiment
of military engineers, the national French police force (that includes, among others, the
GIGN), and the central location for the equipment of the land army
In terms of economics - tourism, administration, and the army constitute the principal sectors
of activity in Versailles: for example, Nexter (for armament, assault tanks, rifles), Citron
Sport (rally cars and the champion of world rallies led Sbastien Loeb in the last years).
There are city congresses and theater (every year in June, the month of Molire the streets
are animated with theatrical renditions). The theater Montansier, constructed in 1780, was the
1st French theater. It is a city of commerce with, in particular, its renowned markets.
REFERENCES:
www.wikipedia.org
www.britannica.com
www.google.com
History of architecture by sir Fletcher
The Medieval City Dr.Norman Pounds
Hilary L. Turner, Town Defences in England and Wales: An Architectural and Documentary Study
Illustrations from Towns of the World by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg
William Langland, William Langlands Piers Plowman: The C Version: A Verse Tranlsation, ed. George Economou,
Middle Ages Series (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996)