COURSE: DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC

WORKS

TOPIC: CROSSING STRUCTURES AND /

OR GO.

DATE: 11/11/2015
MEMBERS:

- ARCILA CABREJOS, SANDRA

- RONCAL CHAVEZ, Kevin Alexander
CONTENT
CROSSING STRUCTURES OR GO

SIFON CROSSING A RIVER

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

TYPES OF SECTIONS
DESIGN
PARTS OF A TRAP
LAYOUT AND DESIGN OF A TRAP
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION FOR EVERY
KIND
F. EXAMPLE
ACUEDUCTOS
A. CRITERIA
B. HYDRAULIC DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL
C. EXAMPLES

A. TYPES OF SECTIONS

But the circular traps are used for

its resistance to external pressures,
but also n frame used by a
need to rea ection.

Diamtre min: 150mm.

At least two lines (repairs)

B. PARTIES
1. Tube: They can be pre-fabricated
concrete
reinforced
prestressed

with

steel,

CROSSING STRUCTURES
AND / OR GO

2. Transitions: These are the input

and output structures, reduces loss,
erosion and maintains immersion

In many cases a channel must save a

depression as a stream a river etc., can
siphon bridge or channel used. It is chosen
from one of them by the economic factor; the
aqueduct is usually more comfortable if this
additional work.

3. Valve gates: You can install inlet

(water level) and / or output of a
siphon (immersion)

SIFON CRUZADONDO A
RIVER

Some
traps
have
rectangular
cross
sections. Traps can have a straight lateral
alignment, or may have changes in direction

4.
Structures
and
purge
ventilation (air control): A valve
outlet in the top of the pipe at a low
point in the trap. Help in an emergency
and maintenance, because of this
section shall miss her a man.
Others have simple vertical pipes to
vent the air from the pipeline, but they
may have the opposite effect. Some
structures are the "clamshell" type, with
top and bottom sheets off a tee, at the
bottom of the siphon

6. clamps are used

damage to the pipes
7.

Canal

to

evacuator A

prevent

evacuator
sometimes built into the right channel
input upstream siphon to divert the flow
channel in the case of obstruction of the
siphon or other emergency. The design

should have a loading chamber (dam) to

calm the turbulence before entering the
siphon; otherwise, the air intake can be
significant

Pipe diameter

Suitable transition structures in the inlet

and outlet,

Siphon arrangement according to the

existing terrain and the proposed (or
existing) elevations channel input and
output

Requirements pipe pressure

Total pressure in the discharge siphon

design

If the loss is too high, choose a larger or

different pipe material tube; Or, consider
adjusting the elevations of the channel
input and output

1. CALCULATION
SECTION

C. LAYOUT
1.

2.

ION ALIGNMENT HORIZONTAL

The alignment should be straight. A
curved or angled one to be
avoided. If a curved necessary,
access should be posted for
maintenance purposes

CROSS

Speed
Drag material between 2.3 and 6
m / s.
Q=V/A

2. Pload
losses or n
inverted siphon
Friction losses
CIRCULAR SECTION

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
This consists of angular lines,
inspect the points with greater
deflection. A deflection point in the
middle of the siphon should be
avoided, this can cause sediment
possibly failure. The best design is
uniform to a local large gradient.
The
maximum
slope
of
the
downstream leg approaching the
outlet structure will be 15%
For an inverted cross a stream or
canal siphon upper inverted siphon
is not less than 3 feet below the
level of potential scour the river or
canal.

D. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION
Determining step in designing:

OF

Route

where

Table (2): The values of

aybnbsp;
The surface materials

to

Smooth iron pipe

Tuber embedded ed
Smooth cement plaster
Blocks or bricks work
Mamposter IA or stone
throwers

0.00497
0.00996
0.00316
0.00401
0.00507

0.025
0.025
0.030
0.070
0,250

Formula most used

10 fifteen 20 25 30
Channel Are 5
a % Or bar
area
Oss p
0.12 0.25 0.42
0.62 0.86 1.1
5
coefficient(Ks
)

Where
L = length of pipe (m)
Tube V = velocity (m / sec)
g = gravity (m / s2)
D = tube diameter (m)
F = coefficient of friction
(dimensionless

Losses elbows and bends

The losses in an elbow or a bend in a
pipe seem to be due to secondary
movement and flow crunch. Weisbach
gives the following formula for the
pressure loss at elbows

FRAME TYPE SECTION

Where
V = duct velocity (m / sec)
n = coefficient maning
L = Length of pipe (m)
R = Hydraulic radius (m)

The losses of output and input

where
K 1: Input coefficient that obtained
from the following table onde:
K 2: Output coefficient is taken as
1.0 for most outlets.
Table (3): coefficient input

Accordingto to this theory if

he radio from curvature R ago do
not change the long from b e n d i n g , there v
ery littlee ff e c t of pressure drop. Leliavsky,
Serrge

D: diameter meter of the pipe.

Ng Description
To square edges flush with the entry with
vertical walls
To round tickets, of radius r where they are
r / D 0.15
Slot oz tube calo
To tubes projecting ng hormig
To project pipelines

K1

0.5
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.85

Losses transitions
It is, as a local change is cross
section, which produces a variation
in the flow of a uniform state to
another.

Loss Screen
Losses through the screens and
trash racks are related to the speed
of approach flow and the geometry
of the frame

Table
(4): Coeicientes for
screens and grills

trash
Where:

K & K Co n: They
are
the
coefficient
of
expansion
and
contraction respectively, which are
obtained from
Contraction angle upstream <=
27.5 and downstream <= 22.5 ,
Table (5): Expansion and
contraction coefficients
Ng
Dischar K ex K
siphonsecti ge m 3
on
/s
Box
2.5-5
0.6 0.3
>5
0.2 0.1
Pipeline <0.5
1.0 0.5
0.5-2.5 0.7 0.4

Ex

3.

Size and shape of the channel material.

Solids transport amount.

This is calculated with the intention
designing our works out of her reach.

For
determination
of
general
Lischtvan scour be used - Levediev:

of

criteria

Erosive speed is the average speed required

to degrade the background is given by the
following expressions:

Hydraulic seal ulico

The hydraulic seal is the

minimum height required upstream, with
respect to the upper edge of the pipe to
siphon
siphon
inlet,
to
prevent
air
entrainment
at
that
location. It
is
recommended 1.5 hv. ,, where hv is the
difference in speed open open upstream
channel and in the pipe (when full

flow). For a more conservative

value of hydraulic seal, use pipe 1.5h, where
h is the charging line speed in the siphon
tube it flows full

4.

Length of protection
enroncamiento
Lp = 3 x diamtro

of

Calculation
submergence on departure

of

5.

DEPTHS CALCULATION OF SOIL

SCOUR

Height
submergence: surface
elevation upstream channel - foot
elevation tube - Hte
Where: Hte = Di / cos
: last tilt tube
That must be met:
submergence Hte h / 6 "
Scour BEDS

Undercutting occurs in a river can not be

calculated accurately estimated only, many
factors involved in the occurrence of this
phenomenon, such as:

Flow.

AQUEDUCT

An integrated water supply channel

developed hydraulic design, it aims to
minimize the area of waterways of moving
water, minimizing the moving mass of water

per unit length of a canal aqueduct. Minimizing

the mass of water results in lower water load
in the water supply channel. Lower aqueduct
water load ensures fewer building materials
and infrastructure and therefore reduces
considerably the cost superstructure making
the cost structure effectively aqueduct.

B.
HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURAL

DESIGN

a) hydraulic design:
The flow characteristics of various components
are as follows.

A. CRITERIA

Field Requirements and Limitations The

following requirements and limitations field
are
considered
for
hydraulic
design
integrated approach:
1) incoming Download will equal the outgoing
discharge. If this condition is not met, there
will be accumulation of water in the canal
upstream of the aqueduct that can make nonfunctional channel to some extent and there
are chances of breaking channel upstream of
the aqueduct.
Q1 = Q2 = Q3
2) The speed in the channel of the aqueduct
will be within 0.9 to 2.5 m / s (EN 7784 Part 1:
1993) to maintain pipeline through self
cleaning and non-erodible. The speed range
can be diverted to 0.75 to 2.0 m / s.
0.9 2.5 V2 or V2 0.75
2.0 (9)
3) the depth of flow in the transition zone and
aqueduct is equal to the channel so that the
irrigation command area in the downstream
side of the aqueduct not decrease.
y1 = y2 = y3 (10)

4) The total losses in the transition zone and

the channel will be lost within allowable load
(HL) in the kerf. If the total is less than the
allowable HL HL, then the bucket size is more
and that will result in the structure of uneconomical. HL If the total is more than the
permitted HL, command the irrigable area in
the downstream side of the aqueduct and
canal decrease water will accumulate in the
upstream of the aqueduct that can make nonfunctional channel to some extent, as well as
there will be no chance of breaking channel
upstream of the aqueduct.

AND

b) STRUCTURAL DESIGN:
MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS:
minimum wall thicknesses:
With h> 3 m. or more 30cm
CUsing h <3 m. 15cm
Coated 20cm 5 cm or more
Spacing max. reinforcing 30cm

Design by factored loads

MU = 1.7 H by earth pressure
1.7 U = fluid pressure F
U D = 1.4 + 1.7 L dead load and live
Multiply
coefficient"

"U"

for

"health

durability

-for Bending reinforcement U 1.30

- To direct 1.65 U traction
- For traction. diagonal 1.30 U
- 1.00 U compression zones

C.EXAMPLES.

SA