Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Numerical modeling of dynamic and parametric instabilities of

single-walled carbon nanotubes conveying pulsating and viscous uid
A. Azrar a, L. Azrar a,b,, A.A. Aljinaidi b
a
b

Mathematical Modeling and Control, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essadi University, BP 416, Tangier 90000, Morocco
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Available online 7 February 2015
Keywords:
Carbon nanotube
Vibration
Complex modes
Dynamic and parametric instabilities
Pulsating and viscous uid
Differential quadrature method

a b s t r a c t
The dynamic and parametric instabilities of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conveying pulsating
and viscous uid embedded in an elastic medium are modeled and numerically investigated. The partial
differential equation of motion based on the nonlocal elasticity theory, Euler Bernoulli beams model and
uidtube interaction is given. Based on the differential quadrature method, complex eigenmodes and
associated eigenfrequencies are investigated with respect to the ow velocity as well as to the other considered physical parameters. Multimodal formulation based on real and complex eigenmodes are presented in the frequency and time domains. Models are elaborated for dynamic instabilities such as
divergence and utter as well as for parametric instability behaviors. The inuences of the nonlocal parameter, the uid pulsation and viscosity, the viscoelastic CNT parameter and the thermal effects on the
dynamic behaviors of the CNT-uid system are analyzed. Instability boundaries and interaction between
the dynamic and parametric instabilities are investigated.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) conveying uid have become ones of
the most important structures in nanotechnology. They may be
used at micro or nano-levels for uid storage, uid transport, drug
delivery, micro-resonator, molecular reactors as well as for many
nano-uidic device applications. In such applications, the dynamic
characteristics, such as natural frequencies, eigenmodes, stability,
critical ow velocity and parametric instability zones are of considerable interest. During the last years, a signicant amount of
research has been elaborated for the dynamic behavior of CNT. A
review paper on vibration of CNT and their composites has been
published by Gibson et al. [1]. Lee and Chang [2] studied the vibration analysis of a viscous uid conveying single walled carbon nanotube embedded in an elastic medium. Wang [3] proposed the
vibration analysis of uid-conveying nanotubes with consideration
of surface effects. Eringens nonlocal elasticity theory [4,5] allows
one to account for the small scale effect that is very signicant
when dealing with micro and nanostructures. Reddy [6] studied

Corresponding author at: Mathematical Modeling and Control, Department of

Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essadi
University, BP 416, Tangier 90000, Morocco.
E-mail addresses: azrarlahcen@yahoo.fr, l.azrar@uae.ma (L. Azrar).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.01.044
0263-8223/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

the nonlocal theories for bending, buckling and vibration of beams.

Duan et al. [7] used microstructured beam to calibrate length scale
coefcient in nonlocal beams. Wang et al. [8] and Zhang et al. [9]
proposed the calibration of Eringens small length scale coefcient
for initially stressed vibrating nonlocal Euler beams based on
microstructured beam model. The nite element analysis of forced
vibration for pipe conveying harmonically pulsating uid has been
studied by Seo et al. [10]. Hong et al. [11] studied the vibration of a
single-walled carbon nanotube embedded in an elastic medium
under a moving internal nanoparticle. Mirramezani and Mirdamadi [12] analyzed the effects of nonlocal elasticity and Knudsen number on uidstructure interaction in carbon nanotube
conveying uid. Baohui et al. [13] used the wave method to investigate the free vibration analysis of micropipe conveying uid.
Ghavanloo et al. [14] studied the vibration and instability analysis
of carbon nanotubes conveying uid and resting on a linear viscoelastic foundation. Wang et al. [15] reported the exural vibrations of microscale pipes conveying uid by considering the size
effects of micro-ow and micro-structure. Wang and Ni [16] proposed a reappraisal of the computational modeling of carbon nanotubes conveying viscous uid. The thermal mechanical vibration
and instability of a uid conveying single walled carbon nanotube
embedded in an elastic medium based on nonlocal elasticity theory
have been analyzed by Chang [17]. Ghannadpour et al. [18] studied

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A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

bending, buckling, and vibration problems of nonlocal Euler beams

using Ritz method. The transverse waves propagating in carbon
nanotubes via a higher-order nonlocal beam model is proposed
by Huang et al. [19]. Ansari et al. [20] studied the dynamic stability
of embedded single walled carbon nanotube including thermal
environment effects. Vibration and dynamic instability analyses
of CNT are elaborated in [2123] and the higher order free vibration of SWCNTs was extensively analyzed in [23]. The dynamic stability of parametrically excited linear resonant beams under
periodic axial force has been recently studied by Jing et al. [24].
To the authors knowledge, there are no studies in literature on
the dynamic instability of CNT based on complex modes nor on
the dynamic and parametric instabilities interactions of these
structures. Therefore, numerical and analytical methodological
approaches are here proposed, proving simplied models as well
as theoretical and numerical insights into the dynamic and parametric instabilities of CNT uid system and on their interactions.
In the present paper, the governing equation of motion is rst
derived based on the uidtube interaction, the nonlocal theory
and the Euler Bernoulli beams model. A numerical procedure based
on the differential quadrature method and multimodal formulations have been elaborated for the dynamic and parametric instabilities of viscoelastic CNT conveying pulsating and viscoelastic
uid. Frequency and time domains are considered and instability
analyses have been performed with respect to the considered inuencing parameters based on analytical and numerical procedures
with an emphasis on complex modes. The inuences of the nonlocal
parameter, uid viscosity, viscoelastic coefcient, foundation of the
elastic medium, thermal environment and static and dynamic velocity effects on the dynamic behaviors of the CNTs-uid system are
analyzed. Various types of instabilities such as divergence, utter
and principal parametric instabilities as well as their interactions
are analyzed.
2. Mathematical modeling
The exural vibration of a slender carbon nanotube conveying
uid and subjected to axial force, thermal loading, uid ow, and
uid pressure can be modeled based on the EulerBernoulli beam
model by the following partial differential equation:

@Q
@2W
mt
Fe FT Ff Fp
@x
@t 2

where W; Q and mt are the transverse displacement, shear force and

mass of the tube per unit length respectively. F e ; F T and F f are the
axial force, the thermal force and the force per unit of length
induced by uid ow. F p represents a force due to the axial uid
pressure. The momentum-balance equation for the uid motion
may be described by the NavierStokes equation: [16,25]

dU
rP #r2 U
dt

in which Ut U r ; U h ; U x is the time dependent uid velocity in

the cylindrical coordinate system with components in r, h and x
directions. q, P and # are the mass density of the internal uid,
the pressure and the viscosity of the owing uid.
The exerted force due to the uid ow in the nanotube can be
obtained from (2). At the point of the contact between the inside
tube and internal uid, their respective velocity and acceleration
in the direction of exural displacement become equal. These
relationships thus can be written as: [16]

Ur

dW
dt

where



dW
@
@
W

U x r
dt
@t
@x

Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and using Eq. (4) one obtains:

F f Af

@pr
@r

@2W
@2W
@2W
2U x
U 2x
mf
2
@x@t
@x2
@t
!
@3W @3W
2
#Af U x
@x3
@x @t

in which mf is the mass of the uid per unit axial length and Af is
the cross sectional area of the internal uid respectively.
The axial resultant force due to the thermal loading, F T , and the
force due to the axial pressure exerted by the uid, F p , are given by
[25]:

FT

EAax T s @ 2 W
;
1  2t @x2

F p mf

dU x
@2W
L  x 2
@x
dt

in which E, A, L; t; ax and Ts represent the Young modulus, tube

cross sectional area, length, Poisson ratio of the CNT, thermal
expansion and the temperature change respectively.
Based on the EulerBernoulli beam theory, the transverse shear
 of the viscoelastic tube are given
force Q and bending moment M
by [25]:




@M
@ @3W
I
Ec
@t
@x3
@x


and M

zrxx dA

where c is the viscoelastic coefcient of the tube and rxx is its axial
stress.
Based on the nonlocal elasticity theory, the following differential constitutive equation for one dimensional case is adopted
[4,5,17,2123].

rxx  e0 a2

@ 2 rxx
Eexx ;
@x2

where e0 a; exx are the nonlocal parameter and the axial strain of the
 is obtained by
nanotube respectively. Using Eq. (8), the moment M
the following differential equation.
2 
2
  e0 a2 @ M EI @ W ;
M
2
@x
@x2

Combining Eqs. (1), (5)(9), the partial differential equation of

motion for a CNT conveying uid and subjected to the considered
forces can be written as:




 2
@
@4W
@U x
@ W
2
EI
1c

m
U

N

L

x
T
f
f
x
@t
@x4
@x2
@t

!

 @2W
@2W 
@3W @3W
KW

#A
U
mf mt

2m
U

x
x
f
@x@t
@x3
@x2 @t
@t2
"

@4W

 @4W
mf U 2x  N T
 e0 a2 mf mt
2
2
@x4
@x @t
#
2
@4W
@ W 0
10
2mf U x 3 K
@x @t
@x2

 are respectively the axial resultant force due to the

where NT and K
thermal loading and the constant of the elastic medium. Note that
the time and space (t, x) dependences are omitted for readability
purpose.

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A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

In this paper, a pulsating internal axial ow is considered and

the ow velocity is assumed to be harmonically uctuating and
to have the following form:

U x t U 0 1 g cosXt

11

where U0 is the static mean ow velocity, g is the amplitude of the

harmonic uctuation and X its frequency.
The following dimensionless variables and parameters are used:

W
x
w ; y ; s
L
L
s


EI
c
a
;
mf mt L2

s


EI
t
;
mf mt L2

r
mf
LU x ;
EI

 4
KL
NT L2
; k
;
EI
EI

s


mf
EAax T s
#A
;
; b p ; M r
NT 
1  2t
mf mt
EImf
s
r
mf
mf mt L4

LU 0 ; x
x
V0
EI
EI

e0 a
;
L

3. Numerical procedure

3.1. Differential quadrature method

12

Eq. (10) is thus transformed into the following dimensionless

partial differential equation:




 2
@ @4w
du
@ w
1a
u2  T Mr
1  y
4
@ s @y
ds
@y2

!
@2w
@2w
@3w
@2w
2Mr u
kw 2  b u 3 M r 2
@y@ s
@s
@y
@y @ s
!
!
 @4w
@2 @2w  2
@4w
0
k 2

u

T

2M
u
 l2
r
@y2
@y4
@y3 @ s
@s

periodically varying coefcients. Mathematical formulations based

on numerical and analytical procedures are elaborated.
It should be noted that for accurate investigation of the instability of CNT conveying uid,the used modal basis has to be carefully selected. For this aim, the parametric free vibration analysis
is rst extensively studied using numerical and analytical methods
with respect to the uid velocity and to the other considered parameters. Complex eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies are obtained.
Based on the obtained eigenmodes and the Galerkin procedure,
various modal bases are used for dynamic and parametric instability analyses.

For numerical investigations of vibration, dynamic and parametric instability analyses of the considered CNT-uid system,
the differential quadrature method (DQM) is adopted here.This
method, akin to approximate the derivative of a function at any
location by a linear summation of all the function values along a
mesh line [26,27]. The procedure DQ application lies in the determination of the weighting coefcients. The continuous solution is
approximated by functional values at discrete points. In the present paper, the following Chebyshev-GaussLobatto quadrature
points are used.

yi
13

The objective of this paper is to investigate the dynamic and parametric instability behaviors as well as their interaction of the
CNT-uid system based on the partial differential Eq. (13). The time
dependent uid velocity is considered leading to a PDE with




1
i1
1  cos
p for i 1; 2; 3; . . . . . . ; n
2
N1

14

where yi xLi and n is the number of grid points in the domain [0, 1].
For a function f y, DQ approximation of the mth order derivative at the ith point is given by:

f y

n
X

lj yf yj

15-a

j1

Table 1
Resonant frequencies of a simply supported CNT for V 0 = 0, 2, 4 and (l = 0, b = 0, a = 0, Ts = 0).
V0

V0 = 0

x1
x2
x3
x1
x2
x3
x1
x2
x3

V0 = 2

V0 = 4

DQM

Finite difference method

Analytical

N=7

N = 10

N = 15

N = 15

N = 50

N = 100

3.1490
5.9207
7.8871
2.7513
6.1219
9.5479
1.9439  1.9439i
5.5630
9.2757

3.1415
6.2783
9.6355
2.7523
6.1207
9.3227
1.9473 + 1.9473i
5.5421
8.9954

3.1416
6.2832
9.4247
2.7520
6.1219
9.3205
1.9464  1.9464i
5.5468
8.9869

3.1359
6.2374
9.2705
2.7453
6.0747
9.1647
1.9474 + 1.9474i
5.4930
8.8243

3.1411
6.2791
9.4108
2.7514
6.1175
9.3065
1.9465  1.9465i
5.5418
8.9722

3.1415
6.2822
9.4213
2.7519
6.1206
9.3171
1.9464 + 1.9464i
5.5454
8.9832

3.1416
6.2832
9.4248
2.7520
6.1218
9.3204
1.9463  1.9463i
5.5467
8.9868

Table 2
Resonant frequencies of a clampedclamped CNT for V 0 = 0, 4, 7 and (l = 0, b = 0, a = 0, Ts = 0).
V0

V0 = 0

V0 = 4

V0 = 7

x1
x2
x3
x1
x2
x3
x1
x2
x3

DQM

Finite difference method

Analytical

N=7

N = 10

N = 15

N = 15

N = 50

N = 100

4.7498
7.6435
9.3753
4.1809
7.1085
8.9864
1.9899 + 1.9899i
5.4779
7.8852

4.7299
7.8483
11.1148
4.1349
7.4487
10.8456
2.2783 + 2.2783i
6.3596
10.230

4.7300
7.8532
10.9956
4.1354
7.4543
10.6968
2.2769 + 2.2769i
6.3697
9.9951

4.6875
7.6999
10.6334
4.0896
7.2959
10.3267
2.2975 + 2.2975i
6.1767
9.5971

4.7261
7.8390
10.9615
4.1313
7.4397
10.6621
2.2789 + 2.2789i
6.3523
9.9581

4.7291
7.8496
10.9871
4.1344
7.4506
10.6880
2.2774 + 2.2774i
6.3654
9.9857

4.7300
7.8532
10.9956
4.1354
7.4543
10.6968
2.2769 + 2.2769i
6.3697
9.9949

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A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

8
9
f y1 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

f
y
2 >
<
=

8
9
f y1 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

f
y
m
2 >
<
=
d
m

H
;
m
ij
..
..
>
>
>
dy >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
.
.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
:
:
;
;
f yn
f yn

Hm
ij
i; j 1; 2; . . . ; n

15-b

Gy

Gy
;
y  yi G1 yi
n
Y

for i 1; 2; . . . ; n

15 - c
15 - d

j1

G1 yi

for i 1; 2; . . . ; n; j i

15 - h
15-i

The discrete classical boundary conditions at y = 0 and y = 1, using

the DQ method, can be written as:

w1 0
n
X
Hn1k0 wk 0

16 - a
16 - b

wn 0
n
X
Hnn1k wk 0

16 - c
16-d

k1

yi  yj ;

for i; j 1; 2; . . . ; n

15 - e

for i; j 1; 2; . . . ; n; i j

15 - f

j1; ji

H1ij

k1

y  yj

n
Y

n
X
Hm
Hm
ii 
ij

Hm1
ij

xi  xj

j1
ji

in which lj y are the Lagrange interpolation polynomials and Hm

ij
represent the weighting coefcients given by [26].

f yi

H1ij Hm1
ii

G1 yi
;
yi  yj G1 yj

n
X
H1ii  H1ij
j1
ji

The higher derivative, mth, can be calculated as:

15-g

where n0 and nl may be taken as either 1, 2 or 3 and wk wyk is

the transverse displacement of the tube at yk. Choosing the values of
n0 and nl can give the following classical boundary conditions:
[26,27]
simply supported: n0 = 2; nl = 2
clampedclamped: n0 = 1; nl = 1
clamped-simply supported: n0 = 1; nl = 2
clamped-free: n0 = 1; nl = 3
free-free: n0 = 2; nl = 3

Fig. 1. Real and imaginary parts of the rst complex mode shape, mass normalized, of a simply-supported SWCNT at different dimensionless small ow velocities V0,
(b = 0.01, a = 0, l = 0.1, Ts = 0.1, k = 0.5).

Fig. 2. Real and imaginary parts of the rst complex mode shape, mass normalized, of a simply-supported SWCNT at different dimensionless ow velocities V0, (b = 0.01,
a = 0, l = 0.1, Ts = 0.1, k = 0.5).

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

131

Fig. 3. Real and imaginary parts of the rst complex mode shape, mass normalized, of a clamped SWCNT at different dimensionless small ow velocities V0, (b = 0, a = 0,
Ts = 0, k = 0).

Fig. 4. Real and imaginary parts of the rst complex mode shapes, mass normalized, of a clamped SWCNT at different dimensionless ow velocities V0, (b = 0, a = 0, Ts = 0,
k = 0).

Fig. 5. Real and imaginary parts of the second complex mode shapes, mass normalized, of a clamped SWCNT at different dimensionless ow velocities V0, (b = 0, a = 0, l = 0,
Ts = 0, k = 0).

132

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

Applying Eqs. (15) and (16) to Eq. (13), one obtains the following ordinary differential system for i = 1,2,. . .,n.
! 
X
n
n
n
X
X
@u
_ k u2  T Mr 1  y
H4ik wk a H4ik w
H2ik wk
@s
k1
k1
k1
!
n
n
n
X
X
X
i 2Mr u H1ik w
_ k kwi  b u H3ik wk M r
_k
w
H2ik w
"
 l2

k1

k1

k1

#
n
n
n
n
X
X
X
 2
X
2
4
3
2

_
Hik wk u  T
Hik wk 2Mr u Hik wk k Hik wk 0
k1

k1

k1

k1

17-a

This system can be rewritten in the following matrix from.

g Csfw
_ g Ksfwg 0
Mfw

17-b

where

fWg fw1 w2    wn gT

19

and [K], [M] and [C] are the resulting stiffness, mass and damping
matrices respectively.
The assumed boundary conditions can also be expressed in a
matrix form using (16)

K B fW B g K C fW S g 0

20

where fW B g fw1 w2 wn1 wn gT and fW S g fw3 w4    wn2 gT . K B 

and K C  are 4  4 and 4  n  4 matrices respectively.
Using this vector decomposition, Eq. (18) can be rewritten as:



K D fW B g K S fW S g xC S  x2 MS  fW S g 0

21

Coupling Eqs. (20) and (21), one gets:

M I1  l2 H



K 1  l2 us2  T H4




@us
us2  T M r
1  y H2 k I1  l2 H2  busH3
@s
1

C 2M r usH  bMr H  2l M r usH aH

fwg fw1 ; w2 ; . . . ; wn g

Note that the matrices C and K depend on time as well as on some

inuencing physical parameters. Numerical time response can be
obtained by numerical methods such as Newmark, h-Wilson,
RungeKutta, etc. As the matrices K and C depend on the uid ow
velocity, considered time dependent, various types of instabilities
such as divergence, utter and parametric can occur and then
may complicate the dynamic response analysis. For the sake of
clarity, these types of instabilities are separately formulated.
3.2. Dynamic instability formulation
For static uid velocity ut V 0 g 0, the differential system
(17-b) is then reduced to the following eigenvalue problem by
assuming that ws Wexs

where fWg denotes the unknown dynamic displacement vector

dened by:

x2 M xC  K  fWg 0

18

n
o
K S   K D K B 1 K C  xC S  x2 M S  fW S g 0

22

where K S ; M S  and C S  are n  4  n  4 matrices.

This frequency dependent relation is rewritten in the following
eigenvalue problem form:

8
>
< CY xY;

 
M s 0 1 0
>
C

:
0 Ms
Kh

Kh
CS


;

Ws

xW s

23

K h K S   K D K B 1 K C :
By solving this eigenvalue problem, eigenmodes and associated
eigenfrequencies can be numerically obtained for various types of
boundary conditions. Based on this numerical procedure, real and
complex eigenmodes and the associated eigenfrequencies can be
obtained with respect to V0, T and to the other relevant physical
parameters. As the Galerkin procedure will be based on the
obtained eigenmodes, two distinct cases are considered here.
3.2.1. Case 1: Classical real modal basis
In this case, the free vibration analysis is done by considering
V0 = T = k = a b = Mr = 0. This will lead to natural frequencies
and real eigenmodes independent from V0, T, k, b and a. These real
modes are classically used in modal vibration analysis of tubes
conveying uid. For example, for simply supported case, the eigenmodes wj x sinjpx=L are classically used by many authors. It

Fig. 6. Real and imaginary parts of the third complex mode shapes, mass normalized, of a clamped SWCNT at different dimensionless ow velocities V0, (b = 0, a = 0, l = 0,
Ts = 0, k = 0).

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

133

Fig. 7. Real and imaginary parts of the rst and second complex mode shapes, mass normalized, of a clamped SWCNT at a ow velocities V0 = 9, (b = 0, a = 0, l = 0, Ts = 0,
k = 0).

Fig. 8. Real and imaginary parts of dimensionless frequency x as a function of ow static velocity V0 for clamped and simply-supported CNT based on one-complex-mode one
and two-real mode approaches.

should be noted that the simplied modes can not be used for
accurate prediction of the dynamic instability analysis of CNT
and particularly at large uid velocity. In this simplied real modal
basis, the imaginary parts are disregarded as well as the uid velocity effect.
3.2.2. Case 2: General modal basis
By considering all parameters, complex eigenfrequencies and
eigenmodes are resulted. These complex characteristics have been
carefully computed for the considered boundary conditions. Using
the numerically obtained eigenmodes, Galerkins method will be
applied for dynamic and parametric instability analyses.
4. Multi-modal formulation
For multimodal analysis, the CNT deection can be approximated by N modes as:
Fig. 9. Variation of dimensionless frequency of a CC-CNT with ow velocity for
different temperature changes (e0a/L = 0.05, K = 0 MPa), based on the complex
mode.

Ws

N
X
Z i qi s
i1

24

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A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

Fig. 10. Real and imaginary dimensionless rst, second and third frequency of a cantilever SWCNT with ow velocity for different physical parameters.

where Z i and qi s are the vector eigenfunctions that depend on the

considered physical parameters and the generalized coordinates
respectively. Eqs. (17-b) and (24) lead to the following time dependent differential system for j = 1N.
N
X

N
X



i s
MZ i ; Z j q
C 0 C 1 cosXsZ i ; Z j q_ i s

i1

i1

N
X




K 0 K 1 cosXs K 2 cos2 Xs K 3 sinXs Z i ; Z j qi s 0 25

i1

where







M I1  l2 H2 ; K 0 H4 V 20  T H2 k I1  l2 H2


 l2 V 20  T H4  bV 0 H3
K 1 2gl2 V 20 H4 2gl2 V 20 H2  bV 0 gH3 ;


K 2 g2 V 20 H2  l2 H4 ; K 3 M r V 0 gXy  1H2


C 0 aH4  bM r H2 2Mr V 0 H1  l2 H3 ;


C 1 2Mr V 0 g H1  l2 H3

 j stands complex conjugate of Z j .

and Z
For the dynamic response, numerical solution of the time
dependent system (25) can be conducted based on a numerical
procedure for the considered mode number. The effects of the considered parameters can be investigated.
For a deep analysis of instability behaviors of the considered
CNT-uid system, models of dynamic and parametric instability
behaviors are formulated hereafter.
Static uid case (g=0).
For the dynamic instability analysis of CNT conveying static uid velocity, the critical uid velocities and velocityfrequency
dependence can be investigated based on Eq. (23). The time
response at any static velocity level can be obtained by numerically
solving the following reduced differential system.
h
i
h
i
r gT aH4 2M r V 0 H1  bMr H2 2l2 Mr V 0 H3 fq_ r gT
I 1  l 2 H 2 fq
h


i
1
V 20  T  l2 k H2 kI  bV 0 H3 1  l2 V 20 H4 fqr gT 0
26

fqg fq1 ; q2 ; . . . :; qN g
where

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

135

Fig. 10 (continued)

D
E
D
E


I1 Z i ; Z j ; H1 C 1ij Z i ; Z j ; H2 C 2ij Z i ; Zj ;
D
E
D
E
H3 C 3ij Z i ; Z j ; H4 C 4ij Z i ; Z j ;

of the inuencing parameters V0, T, k, l and b. Here, the effects

of g and X on the system stability are the main focuses at various
velocity V0 levels.
The generalized coordinate qj s is assumed periodic and is
expressed in the form:

5. Parametric instability formulation

The parametric instability behaviors of carbon nanotubes conveying pulsating uid can be investigated at various xed values

qj s





 
N
X
kXs
kXs
bk cos
ak sin
2
2
k0

27

136

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

Fig. 11. One-mode based instability regions of the CNT with different values of the viscous parameter b and viscoelastic coefcient a for a simply supported CNT.

Fig. 12. One-mode based instability regions of the CNT with different values of the nonlocal parameter l and the thermal coefcient Ts for simply supported CNT.

Based on the multi-modal formulation and substituting Eq. (27)

into Eq. (25) the following algebraic system is obtained

GfXg f0g

28

 1  2N
 1 matrix and X is a 2N
 1 vector
where [G] is a 2N
T

fXg fb0 ; a1 ; b1 ; . . . ; aN ; bN g

For the sake of clarity, the matrix G is given in the Appendix A
 5. The characteristic equation of this problem, detG 0,
for N
leads to a highly nonlinear algebraic relationship on X given the
instability boundaries. For the sake of simplicity, the characteristic
equation is given for some particular simple cases.

n0 g4 n2 V 20 X2 f0 g2 kX4 c2 X2 c0 0
s
p
n2 V 20 X2 f0  D
g
2n0

29b
29c

where
2

D n2 V 20 X2 f0  4n0 kX4 c2 X2 c0
Y2 Y4
Y4

Y 6 ; a2
Y 6;
2
2
2
Y1 Y3 Y5
a4 ;
2
4
2

a1

a3

Y1 Y3 Y5

 ;
2
4
2

5.1. Particular cases

The stability regions can be obtained based on the algebraic Eq.
(28) by considering the required modes. Various modes and various harmonic decompositions can be considered for the required
accuracy.
5.2. One-mode approach
Based on the one-mode and one-harmonic approach
 1, the instability boundaries can be obtained by solving
N N
the following algebraic equation.

 4 
 2 h



i
2 2
2
X
X
a1 a4 1 l2 H211 a2 a3
1 l2 H211

2
2
a1 a4 0
This leads to

29a
Fig. 13. One and two-real-modes based instability regions of a simply-supported
CNT with different values of the static velocity V0, (l = 0, b = 0, a = 0, T = 0, k = 0).

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143


2
k  l2 H211  1 =16
n0 1=4H411

in which:

S11

l4  1=4H211 1=2l2 H411 H211 V 40 ;

n2 1=4Mr2 F211  1=4H211

l2 1=4H211
2

 1=2Mr2 F 11 H211 1=4H211 Mr2

S12

 1=4l2 H411 1=4l4 H211 H411

2

f0 H211 H411 Tl2 H211 T  H211 H411 H411

2

S14

l2 V 20

 H211 T2 2H211 H411 Tl2 2H211 T  2H211 H411

2

S22

c2 1=2H211  1=2H211 l2  1=2l2 H411

2

1=2l4 H211 H411 V 20  1=4a2 H411 1=2bMraH211 H411

2

1=2H411 1=2H211 Tl2  1=2H211 T

2

 1=4b Mr

2
H211

 1=2l

S23

H211 H411

Yj are given in the Appendix A.

5.3. Two-modes approach

X
2

 6
b8

X
2

 4
b6

X
2

S31
S32

 2
b4

X
2

b2 b0 0

where the coefcients b0 ; b2 ; b4 ; b6 ; b8 are given by:

b0 S11 S14  S12 S13 S41 S44  S43 S42

b2

1
S12 S13  S11 S14 S41 m4 m1 S44
4
1
 S11 m4 m1 S14 S41 S44  S43 S42
4
S11 S23  S21 S13 S42 S34  S32 S44
S11 S24  S22 S13 S32 S43  S34 S41

30

S33

S34
S41

S21 S14  S12 S23 S42 S33  S31 S44

S22 S14  S12 S24 S31 S43  S33 S41
b4


1  2
m1 S14 S44 S11 m24 S41
16
m1
S24 S11 S34  S12 S33 S23 S32 S44  S42 S34

4
S24 S34 S41  S32 S43 S22 S14 S33  S13 S34
m4 m1

S11 S41 S14 S44  S12 S13  S43 S42

16
m4
S21 S14 S31  S13 S32 S23 S11 S32  S12 S31

4
S21 S31 S44  S42 S33 S22 S33 S41  S31 S43
S22 S23 S32 S33  S31 S34 S21 S24 S31 S34  S32 S33


1 
S11 S41 m1 m24 S14 S44 m4 m21
64

1 

S22 S33 S23 S32 m1 m4 S24 S34 m21 S21 S31 m24
16
1
b8
m2 m2
256 1 4
b6

1
MrV0 g bMrH211 MrV0 gF 11 aH411
2

1

MrV0 gF 21 2MrV0 D21  2l2 MrV0 H321

2

1

2MrV0 gD21  2l2 MrV0 gH321

4

1
MrV0 gF 12 2MrV0 D12  2l2 MrV0 H312

2

1

2MrV0 gD12  2l2 MrV0 gH312

4

1
MrV0 g  bMrH222 MrV0 gF 22 aH422 ;
2

1
MrV0 gF 11  aH411 bMr  MrV0 gH211

2

1
MrV0 gF 21  2MrV0 D21 2l2 MrV0 H321

2

1

2MrV0 gD21  2l2 MrV0 gH321

4

1
MrV0 gF 12  2MrV0 D12 2l2 MrV0 H312

2

1

2MrV0 gD12  2l2 MrV0 gH312

4

1
MrV0 gF 22  aH422 bMr  MrV0 gH222

2

1 2 2
2V 0 gH11  2l2 V 20 gH411 k I111 V 20  T  l2 kH211

S24

Based on the two-modes and one-harmonic approaches

 1, the instability boundaries associated to the rst
N 2; N
two modes can be obtained by solving the following algebraic
equation.

 8

k I111 V 20  T  l2 KH211 1  l2 V 20 H411





1
1

bV 0 g  bV 0 H321 ; S13
bV 0 g  bV 0 H312
2
2






1

V 20 g2  2V 20 g H222 2l2 V 20 g  l2 V 20 g2 H422

2

S21

l2 V 20  c211




1  2 2
V 0 g  2V 20 g H211 2l2 V 20 g  l2 V 20 g2 H411
2

k I122 V 20  T  l2 kH222 1  l2 V 20 H422

c0 H211  H411 l4 2l2 H211 H411 V 40 2H211 H411 T

2H411

137

S42

1  l2 V 20 H411




1
1
 bV 0 g 2V 20 g H321 ; S43  bV 0 g  bV 0 H312
2
2

S44

1 2 2
2V 0 gH22  2l2 V 20 gH422 k I122 V 20  T  l2 kH222
2

1  l2 V 20 H422
D
E
F yi C 3ij Z i ; Z j
mi I1ii  l2 H2ii
For more general cases using more eigenmodes and harmonics, a
highly nonlinear algebraic equation f(X = det(G) = 0 will be resulted and thus has to be numerically solved.
Based on these relationships, the dynamic and parametric instability analyses can be numerically investigated. The effects of the
considered physical parameters on the divergence, utter and
parametric instability zones as well as the associated time response can be numerically analyzed.

138

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

6. Analytical procedure
For the sake of accuracy and comparison, analytical procedures
are elaborated for some simple cases.As various parameters such
as uid velocity, thermal effect, tube viscoelasticity and uid velocity and viscosity are considered, the free dynamic behaviors of the
CNT can be affected by all these parameters. To easily handle the
effect of these parameters, it is important to obtain some associated analytical relationships. To this aim, the transverse displacement is assumed of the form:

Wy; s wyeixs

31

The complex characteristic equation associated to the main governing Eq. (13), for a static uid velocity g 0, is given for, wy eky ,
by:





ixa 1  l2 V 20  T k4 ibV 0  2xMr V 0 l2 k3


 V 20  T  ibMr  l2 k  x2 k2 2xMr V 0 k k  x2 0

where the arbitrary constants Ai are determined by the considered

boundary conditions.
It should to be noted that the resulting frequencies and eigenmodes depend on the considered parameters such as V0, k, a, etc
and on the temperature T. This will lead to complex eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes that may be extensively changed with respect
to these parameters.
For simply supported and clamped CNT, the associated eigenmodes are given by:

A3 

c4j  c1j eik3j c1j  c3j eik4j c3j  c4j eik1j

ik2j

c3j  c4j e

c4j  c2j e

ik3j

6.1. Simplied case

The analytical formulation is more simple when a b = Mr = 0.
In this case, Eq. (32) is reduced to:

36
and its solutions are:

v
p
u 2
u V 0  T  l2 k  x2 D
u


;
k1 t
2 1  l2 V 20  T
v

p
u 2
u V 0  T  l2 k  x2  D
u


;
k3 t
2 1  l2 V 20  T

k2 k1 ;

k4 k3


2



where: D V 20  T  l2 k  x2  4 1  l2 V 20  T k  x2 :
In this case, Eq. (35) is reduced to:

Fx k1  k3 2 eik1 k3 eik1 k3  k1 k3 2 eik1 k3 eik1 k3

8k1 k3 0

34

where

A2 

It has to be noted that Eqs. (32) and (35) have to be simultaneously

numerically solved in order to get the frequency and eigenmodes at
required ow velocity levels. A numerical iterative-incremental
procedure based on the NewtonRaphson algorithm has been
elaborated for that goal. The real as well as the complex eigenmodes
can be obtained based on this semi-analytical methodological
approach.

32

33

uj y A1 eik1j y A2 eik2j y A3 eik3j y A4 eik4j y

ik4j

c2j  c3j e

c4j  c1j eik2j c1j  c2j eik4j c2j  c4j eik1j

c3j  c4j eik2j c4j  c2j eik3j c2j  c3j eik4j

35





1  l2 V 20  T k4  V 20  T  l2 k  x2 k2 k  x2 0

For distinct solutions of (32), the general solution associated to (13)

can be written in the form:

wy A1 eik1 y A2 eik2 y A3 eik3 y A4 eik4 y

 k k

e 1j 2j ek3j k4j c2j  c1j c4j  c3j


ek1j k3j ek2j k4j c2j  c4j c3j  c1j
 k k

e 2j 3j ek1j k4j c1j  c4j c2j  c3j 0

A1 ;
A1 ;

A4 A1 A2 A3
in which cij kij and cij k2ij for clamped and simply supported
boundary conditions respectively. The resulting transcendental
equation is thus given by:

Fig. 14. One and two-real-modes based instability regions of a clamped CNT with
different values of the static velocity V0, (l = 0, b = 0, a = 0, T = 0, k = 0).

37

The mode shapes uj y can be classically obtained for the considered boundary conditions by:

uj y A1 eik1j y A2 eik1j y A3 eik3j y A4 eik3j y

38

6.2. Buckling problem

For the sake of completeness, the static buckling problem is also
considered when the foundation is disregarded, (k = 0). In this case,
Eq. (13) is reduced to:


d4 w 
d2 w
1  l2 V 2c  T
V 2c  T
0
4
2
dy
dy

39

Fig. 15. One and two-real-modes based instability regions of a clamped CNT with
different values of the static velocity V0, b = 0.1, (l = 0, a = 0, T = 0, k = 0).

139

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

Fig. 16. Two-real-modes based instability regions of the CNT with different values of the uid viscosity b for simply supported (left) and clamped (right) boundary conditions
for l = 0.1, a = 0.001.



if 1  l2 V 2c  T 0
4

d w
4

dy

c2

d w

wy; s


V 2c  T

0 c2 
dy
1  l2 V 2c  T
2

40

41

For the clamped boundary condition, the transcendental equation is

given by:

 c 
c c
c sin
tan

0
2
2
2

42

c 2np n 2 N or c
43

in which N is the set of integers. The associated buckling mode

shapes are given by:



ccosc  1
cosc  1
wy A1 1 
y
sincy  cosc
c sinc
c sinc
44
For the simply supported boundary condition, the transcendental
equation is given by:

c4 sin c 0

48

Substituting Eqs. (11) and (38) into the main governing Eq. (13) and
integrating over [0, 1], the following second-order ordinary differential system is analytically obtained.

i
h
  l2 B
 2M V 1 g cosXsD
 fq
  bM B

r g aC
A
r 0
r
i
 fq_ g
 2l2 M r V 0 1 g cosXsE
r

h



V 20 1 2g cosXs g2 cos Xs2


  Mr V 0 gX sinXsF
 T  l2 k M r V 0 gX sinXs B

  bV 1 g cosXsE
 1  l2 V 2 1 2g cosXs
kA
0
0

The solutions of Eq. (42) are given by:

8:986; 15:451; 21:808; 28:132; 34:442; :::

uj yqj s

j1

The general solution associated to (40) can be written in the form:

wy A1 A2 y A3 sincy A4 coscy

N
X

g2 cos Xs2

49

 B;
 D;
 C;
 E
 and F are matrices with elements given by: (s,
Where A;
r = 1,2,. . .,N).


A
sr


B
sr

45


C
sr

Z
0


 s dy; D
ur u
sr
2

d ur
2

dy

The solutions are given by:

c np n 2 N

i
 fq g 0
C
r

d ur
dy

dur
 s dy;
u
dy

sr
 s dy; E
u

dy

 s dy; Fsr
u

Z
0

d ur
3

 s dy;
u

d ur
2

dy

 s dy
u

and the associated buckling mode shapes are given by:

wy A sincy

46

The critical buckling ow velocity is given by:

s
c2 1 l2 T T
Vc
1 c2 l2

47

Note that, when the nonlocal effect is neglected, this equation is

reduced to the simply supported critical Euler buckling value:
V 2c  T np2 [25].
A multimodal dynamic analysis can be elaborated based on the
analytical modes uj y by assuming:

It should be stated that when the modal basis is available

analytically, the dynamic and parametric instability analyses could
be investigated based on the same procedures developed in the previous sections.
7. Numerical results and discussion
Let us note that due to the uid velocity the dynamic instability
will occur at increased static velocity V0. This will lead to divergence and utter instabilities. Then, even if the viscosities of the
uid and tube are disregarded, the complex eigenmodes and frequencies may occur. This paper will focus on complex eigenmodes

140

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

Fig. 17. Instability regions of a clamped CNT with different values of the static
velocity V0 based on various modal approaches, b = 0.1 and (l = 0, a = 0, T = 0, k = 0).

and on the coupling dynamic and parametric instabilities with

respect to static velocity and dynamic uid pulsation. For the sake
of clarity, the one-mode and two-modes approaches are used for
the analysis. Based on these approaches, the rst and second natural frequencies, critical ow velocity and stability regions are
obtained. The time responses are computed for various instability
regions.
For numerical analysis, the following material and geometrical
parameters of CNT-uid system are used. The Youngs modulus
of carbon nanotube is assumed to be E = 1TPa with an effective
thickness about h = 0.34 nm. The diameter d, the mass density qc
and the aspect ratio L/d of SWCNT are 1 nm, 2300 kg/m3, and 10
respectively. The uid inside the nanotube is assumed to be the
water with the mass density qf and viscosity # are 1000 kg/m3
and 1.12  103 Pa respectively [2]. Two cases of the low and high
temperature are considered. At low and room temperature, the
thermal expansion coefcients ax = 1.6e6 K1 and at high temperature ax = 1.1e6 K1.
For comparison and validation of the presented numerical and
analytical methodological approaches numerical results are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The nite difference method (FDM) has
been also used and programmed here for numerical comparison.
The details of this classical numerical approach have been omitted
here. Numerical results of the three rst natural frequencies of
simply supported and clamped boundary conditions CNT are given
for various values of V0. Numerical results are obtained based on
the DQM for point numbers N = 7, 10, 15 and on the FDM for
N = 15, 50, 100 and compared in Tables 1 and 2. The analytical
results, obtained based on Eqs. (32) and (35), are also given for

convergence test. It is demonstrated that the DQM converges for

15 points while the nite difference method needs largely more
discretization points (N = 100) to converge.
Complex eigenmodes will be classically induced by the uid
viscosity, the CNT viscoelasticity and particularly by the static uid
velocity V0. To clarify the uid viscosity and velocity effects on the
CNT vibration behaviors, numerical results of the obtained eigenmodes are presented.
Figs. 1 and 2 present real and imaginary parts of the rst mode
shape, mass normalized, of a simply supported CNT for
V 0 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7 as well as the classical simplied mode
sinpx=L. Note that, for these small values of V0, sinpx=L is
good enough for the real part of the rst mode. The imaginary part,
neglected by this classical mode, is not zero even for V 0 0 as the
uid viscosity is considered. At large V0, the shape of the real part
changes and the imaginary part is highly increased as shown in
Fig. 2. The rst mode of a clamped CNT at various values of V0is
presented in Fig. 3. It is demonstrated that for small values of V0;
V 0 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 the real part is almost unchanged but there is
an imaginary part that is considerably increasing with V0. To show
the effect of V0 on the rst modes a large range of values of V0is
considered and real and imaginary parts of the rst, second and
third eigenmodes are presented in Figs. 46 for a clamped CNT
(b = a = Ts = K = 0). These gures show that there is a transition of
the real part of the rst mode to the second one and that the imaginary parts of all modes become very signicant when the static
velocity V0 exceeds a critical value. To show the coalescence behavior at a critical uid velocity V0, the rst and second modes are presented in Fig. 7 for clamped case.

Fig. 19. Parametric instability bifurcation points for different values of b.

Fig. 18. One-complex mode based parametric instability regions of a clamped CNT with respect to the static velocity V0 for different values of b, (l = 0, a = 0, T = 0, k = 0).

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

The transition from mode to mode and the growing of imaginary parts with respect to V0can be explained by the frequency-velocity dependence curves giving the dynamic instability behavior
of the CNT-uid system. This dynamic behavior is investigated
here based on the one and two-real-mode as well as on the complex modes approaches. Fig. 8 demonstrates the divergence and
utter instability types for the considered simply supported and
clamped CNT. The real frequency parts decreases with increasing
of the ow velocity V0up to the divergence instability (x = 0).
The critical values of V0 for the divergence instability associated
to complex-mode are V0= 3.14 for the considered simply supported
CNT and V0 = 6.29 for the clamped CNT (T = 0, a = 0). The critical
values of the utter instability are V0 = 6.38 and V0 = 9.01 for S-S
and C-C CNT respectively.
It should to be stated that a one-real mode approach leads to
erroneous results for utter analysis but good enough for divergence detection. The predictions obtained for the dynamic instability analysis based on the two-real-modes and the one-complex
mode approaches are very close for simply supported case but
leads to different values for the clamped case at large values of V0.
The temperature effect on the dynamic instability of a clamped
CNT predicted by a one complex-mode approach is presented in
Fig. 9 and only small effects are observed.

141

The effects of the static uid velocity V0, the viscosity b, the viscoelastic parameter a, the nonlocal parameter l and the thermal
coefcient effect Ts on real and imaginary parts of the rst, second
and third frequencies of cantilever CNTs conveying uid are presented in Fig. 10. This effect is more signicant at higher velocities.
A parametric study with respect to all considered physical and
material parameters can be easily done by the presented methodological approaches.
Figs. 11 and 12 demonstrate the effects of the static uid velocity V0, the viscosity b, the viscoelastic parameter a, the nonlocal
parameter l and the thermal coefcient effect T s on the instability
boundaries in the principal parametric resonance based on the
one- real-mode approach. In Fig. 11 the instability areas, origins
of parametric instability are reduced with increase in uid viscosity b and the viscoelastic coefcient a. It should be noted that
a larger ow velocity V0 leads to a large instability region. In
Fig. 12, the effects of the nonlocal parameter l and the thermal
coefcient T s are presented. The parametric resonance regions
move signicantly backwards by increasing the nonlocal parameter l and slightly upwards by increasing T s .
The one and two-modes based parametric instability regions of
the CNT with different values of the static ow velocity V0 of a simply supported and clamped CNT are presented in Figs. 13 and 14

Fig. 20. One real-mode time responses for l = 0.1, b = 0.01, V0 = 2, a = 0.001, Ts = 20, g = 0.1 and different values of XX/2 = 7, 7.5, 8) for a simply supported CNT.

Fig. 21. Two-real-mode time responses for l = 0.1, b = 0.01, V0 = 4, a = 0.001, Ts = 20, g = 0.14 and different values of X for a C-C- CNT.

2
Y6  25
4 MX
1
2 Y2

 52 XY5

0
0

1
2 Y4
 12 Y 1

1
2 Y4
1
2 Y3X

1
4 Y2

1
2 Y2

1
2 Y2

1
1
2 Y4  4 Y2
1

1
Y

4 3
2 Y1 X

0
0
Y2

Y6

0
0
Y1X

12 Y 1
1
2 Y4

1
4 Y 3 X

XY 5

 Y1

1
2 Y 1
1
2 Y4

 Y 3 X

Y6 

34 Y 3 X

1
2 Y4

1
2 Y2
5
2 XY 5

2
1
2 Y 2 Y6  4M X
0

0
1


3
2 Y1  4 Y3 X

1
2 Y4

0
0
2XY5

Y6  4M X2
2 XY 5
1
2 Y2

Y 1 54 Y 3 X


Y 1 54 Y 3 X

0
0
Y6  94 M X2
1
2 Y2

0
0

1
2 Y4

1
2 Y4

Y 1 Y 3 X

0
 32 XY5

2
9
4 MX

2
3
4 Y 2 Y6  M X
0

1
2 Y2
3
2 XY 5

1
4 Y2

0
0
Y 1 Y 3 X
0
0
X Y 5
 M X2 Y 6

0
Y6  14 MX2
1
2 Y4

1
4 Y2

Y 3 X
0

1
Y 2  12 Y 4  14 M X2
2 1

1
1
2 Y 1 4 Y 3 2 Y5 X

0
1


1
1
2 Y 1 4 Y 3  2 Y5 X

1
2 Y 1

1
2 Y4

0
0
0
14 Y 2
1
2 Y4

0
0
0
0

1
4 Y2
0

Vibration, dynamic and parametric instabilities of CNT conveying pulsating uid are analyzed based on the nonlocal elasticity,
uid interaction and EulerBernoulli beam theory. A numerical
methodological approach based on the differential quadrature
method has been formulated and used for numerical solution.
For comparisons in some simple cases, a semi analytical procedure
has been also developed. It has been demonstrated that the
obtained eigenmodes are complex and the amplitude of their imaginary parts, mass normalized, is increasing with V0. For small V0,
this amplitude is too small related to the amplitude of the corresponding real parts. But, for V0 greater than the critical divergence
and utter values, the amplitudes of imaginary and real parts of
the resulting eigenmodes are almost of the same magnitude. The
multimode approach has been formulated based on the numerically computed eigenmodes, for dynamic and parametric instabilities.
For simplied models the one-real mode, two-real mode and onecomplex mode approaches have been developed for both types of
instabilities. The inaccuracy of the one-real mode approach is
demonstrated. The inuences of the internal uid velocity, the
nonlocal parameter, the viscosity, the viscoelastic coefcient as
well as the thermal effects on the dynamic behaviors and ow-induced structural instability of CNTs are studied. Various types of
instabilities such as divergence, utter and parametric instability
and their interactions are investigated.

 14 Y 2 12 Y 4 X
1

3
2 Y1 4 Y3 X

8. Conclusion

1


3
2 Y1 4 Y3 X

1
4 Y2
0

1
4 Y2

respectively. The inuence of the nonlocal parameter on the parametric frequency is presented in Fig. 13. The difference between
the one and two modes predictions instability regions are presented in Fig. 15. It is observed that the critical parametric frequency
and dimensionless pulsation amplitude g, associated to bifurcations point are increased when two-modes is used. The uid viscosity b effect is demonstrated in Fig. 16. Moreover, comparison
between the real and the complex mode approaches are given in
Fig. 17. It is demonstrated that for xed V0 the parametric instability regions are shifted to the higher parametric frequency when
the complex mode are used. For a general representation, Fig. 18
shows the parametric instability regions of the clamped CNT in
three dimensions (X, V0, g based the on one-complex-mode
approach the interaction between dynamic and parametric instabilities is shown. The evolutions of the parametric instability frequencies and the associated bifurcation points for different
viscous parameter b are presented in Fig. 19. These analyses allow
determining the stability boundaries and zones with respect to the
static uid velocity V0 and to the other physical parameters.
To clearly demonstrate the dynamic behaviors in these regions,
time responses are presented in Fig. 20 for SS-CNT and in Fig. 21 for
CC- CNT based on the one-real mode and two-real modes approaches. These gures show the time responses associated to various values of X for xed values of V0. It is observed that the dynamic
response is very sensitive to the static velocity V0 as well to the
parameters g and X. The stability and instability behaviors are
clearly demonstrated with respect the parametric instability zones.

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

142

Acknowledgement

G=

Appendix A

1
2 Y2

Y6

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientic Research

(DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under Grant No. 20135-35-RG. The Authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks
DSR technical and nancial support.

A. Azrar et al. / Composite Structures 125 (2015) 127143

where Y i are given by:



Y 1 MrV0 g F  H2 ;


Y 2 V 20 g2 H2  l2 H4 ;


Y 3 2MrV 0 g H1  l2 H3 ;


Y 4 2V 20 g H2  l2 H4  bV 0 gH3 ;


Y 5 2MrV 0 H1  l2 H3 aH4  bMrH2 ;
1

Y 6 kI V 20  T  l2 kH2 1  l2 V 20 H4  bV 0 H3 ;
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